List of pharaohs 1114299 226055528 2008-07-16T17:03:32Z ToePeu.bot 4082686 robot Modifying: [[ar:قائمة ملوك مصر القديمة]], [[hu:Fáraók listája]], [[ko:파라오 목록]] {{refimprove|date=October 2007}} {{Egyptian Dynasty list}} {{TOClimit|limit=3}} This article contains a '''list of the [[pharaoh]]s of [[Ancient Egypt]]''', from the [[Early Dynastic Period of Egypt|Early Dynastic Period]] before [[3000 BC]] through to the end of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic Dynasty]], when [[Egypt]] became a province of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] under [[Augustus Caesar]] in [[30 BC]]. Note that the dates given must be regarded in most instances as approximate. Dating systems for Egyptian studies are quite various, depending on how they are constructed and what assumptions are used. The list of pharaohs presented below is one such interpretation, but it is assuredly not the only one. ==Existing primary old lists of pharaohs== The texts of existing primary old lists of pharaohs are incomplete: *[[Palermo stone]] *[[Turin Royal Canon]] *[[Manetho]]'s [[Aegyptiaca]] (History of Egypt) *[[Abydos King List]] *[[Karnak king list|Karnak Tablet]] *[[South Saqqara Stone]] (discovered 1923, includes dyn. 6) * Saqqara Tablet - discovered 1861, includes dyn. 1-12) [[Archibald Sayce]] gave comparative data on several of these lists in his book ''The Ancient Empires of the East'' (1884)<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=KhYOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277&dq=%22dynastic+tables%22 Dynastic Tables: Kings of Egypt]</ref>, in addition to the lists found in [[Herodotus]], [[Diodorus]], [[Eratosthenes]], and even a fanciful list found in "the Arabic writers". Yet another fanciful list that does not appear in Sayce, is found in the ''[[Book of Sothis]]'' that [[George Syncellus]] attributed to Manetho. ==Legendary period== In the texts of the Palermo, Turin and Manetho king lists, there are different versions of names of 8 god kings that ruled Egypt before [[Menes]].<ref>[http://www.atlantisquest.com/Manetho.html Problems with Manetho's "Reign of the Gods"] Page with different versions of god king lists</ref> Mesdahoma was the greatest pharaoh of them all, he was 17 years old when he became king. ==Archaic period == The Archaic period includes the [[Early Dynastic Period of Egypt|Early Dynastic Period]], when [[Lower Egypt]] and [[Upper Egypt]] were ruled as separate kingdoms, and the [[First dynasty of Egypt|First]] and [[Second dynasty of Egypt|Second Dynasties]] ===Early dynastic: Lower Egypt=== [[Lower Egypt]], known as the Black Land, consisted of the northern [[Nile]] and the Nile [[River delta|Delta]]. The following list may not be complete: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Tiu (pharaoh)|Tiu]]<ref name="breasted36">Breasted (1909) p.36</ref> | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Thesh]]<ref name="breasted36"/> | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Hsekiu]]<ref name="breasted36"/> | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Wazner]]<ref name="breasted36"/> | &mdash; | c. [[31st century BC|3100 BC]]? |} ===Early dynastic: Upper Egypt=== [[Upper Egypt]], known as the Red Land, consisted of the southern Nile and the [[desert]]s. The following list may not be complete (there are many more of uncertain existence): {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Scorpion I]] | Oldest tomb at [[Umm el-Qa'ab]] had scorpion insignia | c. 3200 BC? |- | [[Iry-Hor]] | kingship uncertain | c. 3150 BC? |- | [[Ka (Pharaoh)|Ka]]<ref>Rice (1999) p.86</ref><ref>Wilkinson (1999) pp.57f.</ref> |&mdash; |c. [[31st century BC|3100 BC]] |- | [[King Scorpion]] | Potentially pronounced Serqet, but uncertain; possibly the same person as [[Narmer]]. | c. [[31st century BC|3100 BC]] |- | [[Narmer]] | The king who combined Upper and Lower Egypt.<ref>Shaw (2000) p.196</ref> | c. [[31st century BC|3100 BC]] |} ===First Dynasty=== The [[First dynasty of Egypt|First Dynasty]] ruled from c.[[31st century BC|3050 BC]] to [[2890 BC]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Menes]] | Potentially the same person as [[Narmer]], [[Hor-Aha]], [[Scorpion King|Serket II]], or any combination of the three. | contingent upon identity |- | [[Hor-Aha]] | Arguably the unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt.<ref>Wilkinson (1999) pp70-71</ref> | c. [[31st century BC|3050 BC]] |- | [[Djer]] | &mdash; | 41 years |- | [[Merneith]] | [[Regent]] for Den | &mdash; |- | [[Djet]] | &mdash; | 23 years |- | [[Den (Pharaoh)|Den]] | &mdash; | 14 to 20.1 years |- | [[Anedjib]] | &mdash; | 10 years |- | [[Semerkhet]] | &mdash; | 9 years |- | [[Qa'a]] | &mdash; | [[2916 BC|2916]]?&ndash;[[2890 BC|2890]] |} ===Second Dynasty=== The [[Second dynasty of Egypt|Second Dynasty]] ruled from [[2890 BC|2890]] to [[2686 BC]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Hotepsekhemwy]]<ref>Wilkinson (1999) pp. 83-84</ref> | &mdash; | [[2890 BC|2890]]&ndash;? |- | [[Raneb]]<ref>Wilkinson (1999) p. 84</ref> | &mdash; | 39 years |- | [[Nynetjer]]<ref>Wilkinson (1999) p. 79</ref> | &mdash; | 40 years |- | [[Wneg]]<ref>Wilkinson (1999) pp 87-88</ref> | &mdash; | 8 years |- | [[Senedj]]<ref>Pascal Vernus, Jean Yoyotte, ''The Book of the Pharaohs'', Cornell University Press 2003, p.27</ref> | &mdash; | 20 years |- | [[Seth-Peribsen]]<ref>[http://xoomer.alice.it/francescoraf/hesyra/pribsn.htm] Seth-Peribsen</ref> | &mdash; | 17 years |- | [[Sekhemib-Perenmaat]] | &mdash; | |- | [[Khasekhemwy|Khasekhem(wy)]]<ref>[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/kingkhasekhem.html] King Khasekhem</ref><ref>[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/kingkhasekhemwy.html] King Khasekhemwy</ref> | ?&ndash;[[2686 BC]] | 17 to 18 years |} ==Old Kingdom== The [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Old Kingdom]] is the period in the third millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilisational complexity and achievement (the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley), spanning the period when Egypt was ruled by the [[Third dynasty of Egypt|Third Dynasty]] through the [[Sixth dynasty of Egypt|Sixth Dynasty]] ([[2630 BC|2630]]&ndash;[[2151 BC]]). Many [[Egyptologist]]s also include the Memphite [[Seventh dynasty of Egypt|Seventh]] and [[Eighth dynasty of fEgypt|Eighth]] Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralised at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the [[First Intermediate Period]] -- or, as the Egyptians called it, the "first illness." The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was located at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], where [[Djoser]] established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however, for the large number of [[pyramid]]s which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as ''"the Age of the Pyramids"''. ===Third Dynasty=== The [[Third dynasty of Egypt|Third Dynasty]] ruled from [[2686 BC|2686]] to [[2613 BC]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Sanakhte]] | &mdash; | 2686-2668 |- | [[Djoser]]<ref>Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 1999, pp.83 & 95</ref><ref>Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, pp.79 & 258</ref> | Had the [[Pyramid of Djoser|Step Pyramid]] constructed by [[Imhotep]]<ref>Verner (2001)</ref> | 2668&ndash;2649 |- | [[Sekhemkhet]]<ref>Clayton (1994) p.32</ref> | &mdash; | 2649&ndash;2643 |- | [[Khaba]] | &mdash; | 2643&ndash;2637 |- | [[Huni]]<ref>Clayton (1994) p.42</ref> | &mdash; | 2637&ndash;2613 |} ===Fourth Dynasty=== The [[Fourth dynasty of Egypt|Fourth Dynasty]] ruled from [[2613 BC|2613]] to [[2498 BC]] and included the pharaohs who had the [[Great Pyramids]] built, [[Khufu (pharaoh)|Khufu]] (Cheops), [[Khafra]] (Chephren) and [[Menkaura]] (Mycerinus). {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Nomen (Praenomen) ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- |[[Sneferu]] || Built the [[Bent Pyramid]], which is a pyramid built at a normal angle at the bottom but drastically changes at the top. He also built the first "true" pyramid, known as the [[Red Pyramid]]. Some say that he was buried at the Red Pyramid, while others say that he was buried at the Bent Pyramid. Bones have been found at the Red Pyramid, but there is no evidence that this is Sneferu's body. || |2613&ndash;2589 |- |[[Khufu (pharaoh)|Khufu]] || Greek form: ''Cheops''. Built the great pyramid of Giza. Note that Khufu is spoken of in early sources as being "third" of his family to rule, although there is no known record of a Pharaoh between Sneferu and Khufu. One supposition is that there might have been a very short reign of some elder brother of Khufu, whose inscriptions, name, and monuments have perished for one reason or another. || 2589&ndash;2566 |- |[[Djedefra]] (Radjedef) || &mdash; || 2566&ndash;2558 |- |[[Khafra]] || '''Greek form: '''''Chephren'' His pyramid is the second largest in Giza and has a sphinx as a monument built for him.''' || 2558&ndash;2532 |- | &mdash; || here some authorities insert ''Bikheris'', following [[Manetho]] || &mdash; |- |[[Menkaura]] || Greek form: ''Mycerinus''. His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. || 2532&ndash;2503 |- |[[Shepseskaf]] || &ndash; || 2503&ndash;2498 |- |[[Djedefptah]] || &ndash; || &mdash; |- | here some authorities insert ''Thampthis'', following Manetho || &ndash; || &mdash; |} ===Fifth Dynasty=== The [[Fifth dynasty of Egypt|Fifth Dynasty]] ruled from [[2498 BC|2498]] to [[2345 BC]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Userkaf]] | &mdash; | 2498&ndash;2491 |- | [[Sahure]] | &mdash; | 2490&ndash;2477 |- | [[Neferirkare Kakai]] | &mdash; | 2477&ndash;2467 |- | [[Shepseskare Isi]] | &mdash; | 2467&ndash;2460 |- | [[Neferefre]] | &mdash; | 2460&ndash;2453 |- | [[Nyuserre Ini]] | &mdash; | 2453&ndash;2422 |- | [[Menkauhor Kaiu]] | &mdash; | 2422&ndash;2414 |- | [[Djedkare Isesi]] | &mdash; | 2414&ndash;2375 |- | [[Unas]] | &mdash; | 2375&ndash;2345 |} ===Sixth Dynasty=== The [[Sixth dynasty of Egypt|Sixth Dynasty]] ruled from [[2345 BC|2345]] to [[2181 BC]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Teti]] | &mdash; | 2345&ndash;2333 |- | [[Userkare]] | &mdash; | 2333&ndash;2332 |- | [[Pepi I Meryre]] | &mdash; | 2332&ndash;2283 |- | [[Merenre Nemtyemsaf I]] | &mdash; | 2283&ndash;2278 |- | [[Pepi II Neferkare]] | Possible unto 2224 which would explain the following 4 kings. | 2278&ndash;2184 |- | [[Neferka]] | Only mentioned in the redford. Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-reigner. | 2200&ndash;2199 |- | [[Nefer]] | Reign of 2 years, 1 month and a day according to Turin Canon | 2197&ndash;2193 |- | Aba | Reigned for 4 years and 2 months. Reign dates don't follow Turin Canon. Highly unlikely. | 2193&ndash;2176 |- | Unknown king | Unknown king attested here | |- | [[Merenre Nemtyemsaf II]]<ref>Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73</ref> | Uncertain pharaoh. | 2184 |- | [[Neitiqerty Siptah]] | This king may have been confused in later years as a supposed female ruler [[Nitocris]].<ref>Ryholt & Bardrum (2000) pp.87&ndash;100.</ref> | 2184&ndash;2181 |- |} ==First intermediate period== The [[First Intermediate Period]] is the period between the end of the [[Old Kingdom]] and the advent of the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]]. The [[Old Kingdom]] rapidly collapsed after the death of [[Pepi II Neferkare|Pepi II]]. He had reigned for 94 years, longer than any monarch in history, and died aged 100. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age. The Union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting [[famine]]. Around [[2160 BC]], a new line of pharaohs tried to reunite [[Lower Egypt]] from their capital in [[Herakleopolis Magna]]. In the meantime, however, a rival line based at [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] was reuniting [[Upper Egypt]] and a clash between the two rival dynasties was inevitable. Around [[2055 BC]], a descendant of the pharaoh [[Intef III]] defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs, reunited the Two Lands, founded the [[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|Eleventh Dynasty]] and ruled as [[Mentuhotep II]], the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom. ===Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined)=== The [[Seventh dynasty of Egypt|Seventh and Eighth Dynasties]] ruled from [[2181 BC|2181]] to [[2160 BC]]. (This table is based on the Abydos Table from the Temple of Seti I, taken from [http://www.narmer.pl/main/abydos_en.html www.narmer.pl/main/abydos_en.html]) {| class="wikitable" ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Neferkara I]] ||- || |- | [[Netjerkare]] ||- || |- | [[Menkare]] ||- || |- | [[Neferkare II]] ||- || |- | [[Neferkare Neby|Neferkara Nebi]] ||- || |- | [[Djedkare Shemai|Djedkara Shemai]] ||- || |- | [[Neferkare Khendu|Neferkara Khendu]] ||- || |- | ||Some authorities place here ''[[Merenhor]]'' || |- | [[Neferkamin|Neferkamin Seneferka]] ||- || |- | [[Nikare|Nikara]] ||- || |- | [[Neferkare Tereru|Neferkara Tereru]] ||- || |- | [[Neferkahor]] ||- || |- | [[Neferkare Pepiseneb|Neferkara Pepyseneb]] ||- || |- | [[Neferkamin Anu]] ||- || |- | [[Qakare Ibi]] ||- || |- | [[Neferkaure II|Neferkara II]] ||- || |- | [[Neferkauhor|Neferkawhor Khuwihap]] ||- || |- | [[Neferirkare|Neferirkara]] ||- || |} ===Ninth Dynasty=== The [[Ninth dynasty of Egypt|Ninth Dynasty]] ruled from [[2160 BC|2160]] to [[2130 BC]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Meryibre Khety]] ([[Achthoes I]]) | - | 2160&ndash; ? |- | [[Meribre Khety II]] | - | ? |- | [[Neferkare III]] | - | ? |- |[[Nebkaure]] ([[Acthoes II]]) | - | ? |- | [[Setut]] | - | ? |- | [[Wakhare Khety I]] | - | ? |- | [[Merykare]] | - | ? |- | [[Wankhare Khety II]] | - | ? |- | [[Menethoupe I]] | - | ? |- | [[Wankhare Khety III]] | - | ? |- | [[Khety II]] | - | ? |- | [[Khety II's daughter]] | - | ? |- | [[Merikare's daughter]] | - | ? &ndash;2130 |} ===Tenth Dynasty=== The [[Tenth dynasty of Egypt|Tenth Dynasty]] was a local group that held sway over [[Lower Egypt]] that ruled from [[2130 BC|2130]] to [[2040 BC]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | Meryhathor | &mdash; | 2130&ndash; ? |- | Neferkare IV | &mdash; | ? |- | Wankare (Acthoes III) | &mdash; | ? |- | Merykare | &mdash; | ? |- | &mdash; Courtnie | &mdash; | ? &ndash;2040 |} ===Eleventh Dynasty=== The [[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|Eleventh Dynasty]] was a local group with roots in [[Upper Egypt]] that ruled from [[2134 BC|2134]] to [[1991 BC]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Mentuhotep I]] ''Tepy-a'' | &mdash; | |- | Sehertawy [[Intef I]] | &mdash; | 2134&ndash;2117 |- | Wahankh [[Intef II]] | &mdash; | 2117&ndash;2069 |- | Nakhtnebtepnefer [[Intef III]] | &mdash; | 2069&ndash;2060 |- |} ==Middle Kingdom== The [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] is the period from the end of the [[First Intermediate Period]] to the beginning of the [[Second Intermediate Period]]. In addition to the [[Twelfth dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth Dynasty]], some scholars include the [[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|Eleventh]], [[Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt|Thirteenth]] and [[Fourteenth dynasty of Egypt|Fourteenth Dynasties]] in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. This opening of trade eventually led to the downfall of the Middle Kingdom, induced by an invasion from the [[Hyksos]]. ===Eleventh Dynasty Continued=== The second part of the [[Eleventh dynasty of Egypt|Eleventh Dynasty]] is considered to be part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | Nebhetepre [[Mentuhotep II]]<ref>Labib Habachi: King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representations in form of gods. ''Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte'' 19 (1963), p. 16-52</ref> | Gained all Egypt 2040, Middle Kingdom begins. | 2060&ndash;2010 |- | Sankhkare [[Mentuhotep III]]<ref>Grajetzki (2006) pp. 23-25</ref> | &mdash; | 2010&ndash;1998 |- | Nebtawyre [[Mentuhotep IV]]<ref>Grajetzki (2006) pp. 25-26</ref> | &mdash; | 1997&ndash;1991 |} === Twelfth Dynasty === The [[Twelfth dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth Dynasty]] ruled from [[1991 BC|1991]] to [[1802 BC]], and is considered by later Egyptians to have been their greatest dynasty. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Amenemhat I]]<ref>[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk//chronology/amenemhatI.html] Amenemhat I</ref><ref>Grajetzki (2006) pp.28-35</ref> | &mdash; | 1991&ndash;1962 |- | [[Senusret I]]<ref>Murnane (1977) p.2</ref> (Sesostris I) | &mdash; | 1971&ndash;1926 |- | [[Amenemhat II]]<ref>Murnane (1977) p.7</ref> | &mdash; | 1929&ndash;1895 |- | [[Senusret II]]<ref>Murnane (1977) p.9</ref> (Sesostris II) | &mdash; | 1897&ndash;1878 |- | [[Senusret III]]<ref>Josef Wegner, ''The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III&ndash;Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos'', JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), pp.251</ref> (Sesostris III) | Most powerful of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs. | 1878&ndash;1860 |- | [[Amenemhat III]]<ref>Grajetzki (2006) pp.56-61</ref> | &mdash; | 1860&ndash;1815 |- | [[Amenemhat IV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/amenemhatIV.html|work=Digital Egypt for Universities|title=Amenemhat IV Maakherure (1807/06-1798/97 BCE)}}</ref> | Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at [[Konosso]]. | 1815&ndash;1807 |- | [[Sobekneferu]]<ref>Grajetzk (2006) pp.61-63</ref> | A rare female ruler. | 1807&ndash;1803 |} ==Second intermediate period== The [[Second Intermediate Period]] is a period of disarray between the end of the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]], and the start of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]]. It is best known as when the [[Hyksos]] made their appearance in Egypt, whose reign comprised the [[Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt|Fifteenth]] and [[Sixteenth dynasty of Egypt|Sixteenth Dynasties]]. The [[Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt|Thirteenth Dynasty]] was much weaker than the [[Twelfth dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth Dynasty]], and was unable to hold onto the long land of Egypt. The provincial ruling family in [[Xois]], located in the marshes of the western Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the [[Fourteenth dynasty of Egypt|Fourteenth Dynasty]]. The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of [[Sobekhotep IV]], and around [[1720s BC|1720 BC]] took control of the town of [[Avaris]] (the modern [[Tell ed-Dab'a]]/Khata'na). The Hyksos, led by [[Salitis]], the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, overran Egypt during the reign of [[Dudimose I]]. Around the time [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] fell to the Hyksos, the native Egyptian ruling house in [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] declared its independence and set itself up as the [[Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt|Seventeenth Dynasty]]. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia ===Thirteenth Dynasty=== The [[Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt|Thirteenth Dynasty]] (following the [[Turin King List]]) ruled from [[1800 BC|1803]] to around [[1649 BC]] and lasted 153 or 154 Yrs according to Manetho. This table should be contrasted with [[Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt#Known|Known kings of the 13th Dynasty]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Sekhemre Khutawy]] Sobekhotep or [[Wegaf]] | Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is attested by several Nile Records and Papyri. | 1803&ndash;1799 4 yrs. |- | [[Sekhemkare]] | Amenemhat V Senebef, brother of Sekhemre Khutawy. 3 Yrs. | &mdash; |- | [[Amenemhat]] | &mdash; | 1795&ndash;1792 |- | [[Sehetepre]] | &mdash; | ? &ndash;1790 |- | [[Iufni]] | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Seankhibre]] | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Semenkare]] | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Sehetepre]] | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Sewadjkare]] | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Nedjemibre]] | 7 months | ? |- | [[Sobekhotep I]] | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Renseneb]] | 4 months | c. 1775 |- | [[Hor|Awybre Hor I]]? | &mdash; | c. 1775? |- | [[Sedjefakare]] | A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents. | c. 5 to 7 yrs. |- | [[Sekhemre Khutawy]] [[Sobekhotep]] | Compare [[Wegaf]] | c. 1767 |- | [[Khendjer]] | Minimum 4 yrs and 3 months | c. 1765 |- | [[Imyremeshaw]] | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Antef V]] | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Sobekhotep III]] | 4 years and 2 months | c. 1755 |- | [[Neferhotep I]] | 11 years | 1751&ndash;1740 |- | [[Sobekhotep IV]] | 10 or 11 years | 1740&ndash;1730 |- | [[Sobekhotep V]] | &mdash; | c. 1730 |- | [[Wahibre Ibiau]] | 10 years & 8 months | c. 1725&ndash;1714 |- | [[Merneferre Ay]] | 23 years & 8 months | c. 1714&ndash;1691 |- | [[Merhotepre Ini]] | 2 years & 2 months | ? |- | [[Sankhenre Sewadjtu]] | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Mersekhemre Ini]] | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Sewadjkare Hori]] | &mdash; | ? |} The position of the following kings is uncertain: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Dudimose I]] | &mdash; | c. 1654 |- | [[Dudimose II]] | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Senebmiu]] | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Mentuhotep V]] | &mdash; | ? |- | [[Senaaib]] | &mdash; | ? |} ===Fourteenth Dynasty=== The [[Fourteenth dynasty of Egypt|Fourteenth Dynasty]] was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at [[Xois]] ([[Avaris]]), that ruled from around [[1705 BC|1705]] to around [[1690 BC]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | Nehesy | - | c. 1705 |- | Khakherewre ? | - | ? |- | Nebefawre | - | c. 1704 |- | Sehebre ? | - | ? |- | Merdjefare | - | c. 1699 |- | Sewadjkare ? | - | ? |- | Nebdjefare | - | c. 1694 |- | Webenre ? | - | ? |- | ? | - | ? |- | —djefare ? | - | ? |- | —webenre | - | c. 1690 |} The position of the following kings is uncertain: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Sheshi]]<ref>[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/2interkings/kings2intermediateryholt.html Kings of the 2nd Intermediate Period<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | &mdash; | |- | [[Yakubher]]<ref>[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/2interkings/kings2intermediateryholt.html Kings of the 2nd Intermediate Period<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | &mdash; | ? |} The [[Turin King List]] provides an additional 25 names, some fragmentary, and no dates. None are attested to elsewhere, and all are of very dubious provenance. ===Fifteenth Dynasty=== The [[Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt|Fifteenth Dynasty]] arose from among the [[Hyksos]] people: desert [[Bedouin]]s who emerged out of the [[Fertile Crescent]] to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from [[1674 BC|1674]] to [[1535 BC]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Salitis]] | |- | [[Sakir-Har]] | - | ? |- | [[Khyan]] | - | 30-40 Years |- | [[Apepi (pharaoh)|Apepi]] | - | 40 Years or more |- |- | [[Khamudi]] | - | ? -1535 |} ===Sixteenth Dynasty=== The [[Sixteenth dynasty of Egypt|Sixteenth Dynasty]] was a local native kingdom from Thebes who ruled Egypt for between 80 and 100 years, according to [[Kim Ryholt]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | - |width=400 | name of the first king is lost here in the [[Turin King List]], and cannot be recovered | - |- |width=200| [[Djehuti]] (Sekhemresementawy) || &ndash; || 3 yrs |- |width=200| [[Sobekhotep VIII]] (Sekhemreseusertawy) || &ndash; || 16 yrs |- |width=200| [[Neferhotep III]] (Sekhemresankhtawy) || &ndash; || 1 yr |- |width=200| [[Mentuhotep VI]] (Sankhenre) || &ndash; || 1 yr |- |width=200| [[Sewadjenre Nebiriau I|Nebiriau I]] (Sewadjenre) || &ndash; || 26 yrs |- |width=200| [[Nebiriau II]] || &ndash; || |- |width=200| [[Semenre]] || &ndash; || |- |width=200| [[Bebiankh]] (Seuserenre) || &ndash; || 12 yrs |- |width=200| ([[Sekhemre Shedwast]]) || &ndash; || |- | - |width=400 | The names of five kings are lost here in the Turin King List, and cannot be recovered. Their identity is uncertain | - |} Some sources include as many as six more names &ndash; ===Seventeenth Dynasty=== The [[Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt|Seventeenth Dynasty]] was based in [[Upper Egypt]] and ruled from [[1650 BC|1650]] to [[1550 BC]]: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Rahotep]] Sekhemrewahkhau | - | 1650- ? |- | [[Sobekemsaf I]] Sekhemreshedtawy | - | 3 years |- | [[Intef VI]] Sekhemrewepmaat | - | - |- | [[Intef VII]] Nebkheperre | - |- | [[Intef VIII]] Sekhemreheruhirmaat | - | - |- | [[Sobekemsaf II]] Sekhemrewadjkhau | - | - |- | [[Tao I the Elder]] (ie: Senakhtenre) | - | c. 1558 |- | [[Tao II the Brave]] (Seqenenre) | - | c. 1558-1554 |- | [[Kamose]] | - | 1554-1549 |} ==New Kingdom== The [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] is the period covering the [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|Eighteenth]], [[Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt|Nineteenth]], and [[Twentieth dynasty of Egypt]], from the [[16th century BC]] to the [[11th century BC]], between the [[Second Intermediate Period]], and the [[Third Intermediate Period]]. Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into [[Nubia]] in the south, and held wide territories in the [[Near East]]. Egyptian armies fought with [[Hittites|Hittite]] armies for control of modern-day [[Syria]]. Two of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are [[Akhenaten]], also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the [[Aten]] is often interpreted as the first instance of [[monotheism]], and [[Ramesses II]], who attempted to recover the territories in modern [[Israel/Palestine]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]] that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the [[Battle of Qadesh]], where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king [[Muwatalli II]]. === Eighteenth Dynasty === The [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|Eighteenth Dynasty]] ruled from [[1550 BC|1550]] to [[1295 BC]]: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Ahmose I]], Ahmosis I | Successor to Kamose, above. | 1550-1525 |- | [[Amenhotep I]] | - | 1525-1504 |- | [[Thutmose I]] | - | 1504-1492 |- | [[Thutmose II]] | - | 1492-1479 |- | [[Thutmose III]] | Often called the "[[Napoleon]] of Egypt." Dominated early in his reign by his stepmother Hatshepsut; after she died, he began expanding Egyptian rule into the [[Levant]]. | 1479-1425 |- | [[Hatshepsut]] | The second known female ruler, though quite possibly the seventh (the reigns of five other women are likely, but disputed). Recent evidence suggests she died of bone cancer<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSL2776273020070627 Tooth clinches identification of Egyptian queen]</ref>. |1473-1458 |- | [[Amenhotep II]] | - | 1425-1400 |- | [[Thutmose IV]] | - | 1400-1390 |- | [[Amenhotep III]] The Magnificent King | His name means Lord of the truth is Ra. He ruled Egypt at the peak of her glory, his mortuary temple was the largest ever built, but was destroyed by Rameses II to build his own temple. Thought to be the grandfather of Tutankhamun | 1390-1352 |- | Amenhotep IV/[[Akhenaten]] | Founder of brief period of monotheism ([[Atenism]]) His original name means "[[Amun]] is pleased." | 1352-1334 |- | [[Smenkhkare]] | Possible coregent with [[Akhenaten]]. | 1334-1333 |- | [[Neferneferuaten]] | Female ruler; possibly Akhenaten's daughter [[Meritaten]]. | 1335-1333 |- | Tutankhaten/[[Tutankhamun]] | Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten, probably reinstated the [[polytheism|polytheistic]] religion and the name change reflects the change in primary deity from Aten to Amun. | 1333-1324 |- | [[Ay|Kheperkheprure Ay]] | - | 1324-1320 |- | [[Horemheb]] | Former General and advisor to [[Tutankhamun]]. Obliterated images of the Amarna queens and kings (all except Amenhotep III and Tiye). | 1320-1292 |} === Nineteenth Dynasty === The [[Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt|Nineteenth Dynasty]] ruled from [[1290s BC|1292]] to [[1186 BC]] and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: [[Rameses II]] the Great: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Ramesses I]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramesses I Menpehtire|work=Digital Egypt|publisher=University College London|year=2001|accessdate=2007-09-29|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/ramsesi.html}}</ref> | - | 1292-1290 |- | [[Seti I]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sety I Menmaatre|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/setyi.html|work=Digital Egypt|publisher=University College London|year=2001|accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref> | - | 1290-1279 |- | [[Ramesses II]] the Great<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/ramsesii.html||work=Digital Egypt|publisher=University College London|year=2001|accessdate=2007-09-29|title=King Ramesses II}}</ref> | The ruler usually associated with [[Moses]]; he reached a [[stalemate]] with the [[Hittites]] at the [[Battle of Kadesh]] in 1275 BC, after which the earliest known [[peace treaty]] was signed in 1258 BC. | 1279-1213 |- | [[Merneptah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/merenptah.html|title=King Merenptah|work=Digital Egypt|publisher=University College London|year=2001|accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref> | A [[Merneptah Stele|stele]] describing his campaigns in [[Libya]] and [[Canaan]] contains the first known reference to the [[Israelites]]. | 1213-1203 |- | [[Amenemses]] | - | 1203-1200 |- | [[Seti II]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sety II|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/setyii.html|accessdate=2007-10-27|work=Digital Egypt|publisher=University College London|year=2001}}</ref> | - | 1203-1197 |- | [[Siptah|Merneptah Siptah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/siptah.html|title=Siptah Sekhaenre/Akhenre|accessdate=2007-10-27|work=Digital Egypt|publisher=University College London|year=2001}}</ref> | - | 1197-1191 |- | [[Tausret]] | A rare female ruler also known as Tawosret in some places, she was probably the wife of Seti II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn19/08tausret.html|title=Tausret}}</ref> | 1191-1190 |} === Twentieth Dynasty === The [[Twentieth dynasty of Egypt|Twentieth Dynasty]] ruled from [[1185 BC|1185]] to [[1069 BC]]: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Setnakhte]] | - | 1190-1186 |- | [[Ramesses III]] | Fought the [[Sea Peoples]] in 1175 BC. | 1186-1155 |- | [[Ramesses IV]] | - | 1155-1149 |- | [[Ramesses V]] | - | 1149-1145 |- | [[Ramesses VI]] | - | 1145-1137 |- | [[Ramesses VII]] | - | 1137-1130 |- | [[Ramesses VIII]] | - | 1130-1129 |- | [[Ramesses IX]] | - | 1129-1111 |- | [[Ramesses X]]<ref>Grimal (1992) p.291</ref> | - | 1111-1107 |- | [[Ramesses XI]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/ramsesxi.html|title=Ramesses XI Menmaatre-setpenptah|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref> | Ended rule sharing power with [[Theban High Priests of Amun (Twenty-first dynasty)|High Priest of Amun]] [[Herihor]] ruling in the south and [[Smendes I]] ruling in the north, a period known as [[Whm Mswt|wehem mesut]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|first=Ian|last=Shaw (ed)|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=p.309|location=Oxford|year=2000}}</ref> | 1107-1077 |} ==Third intermediate period== The [[Third Intermediate Period]] marked the end of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] after the collapse of the Egyptian empire. A number of dynasties of [[Libya]]n origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period. ===Twenty-first Dynasty=== The [[Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-first Dynasty]] was based at [[Tanis, Egypt|Tanis]] and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from [[1069 BC|1069]] to [[945 BC]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Nesbanebdjed I]]<ref>Cerny p.645</ref> | Also known as [[Smendes]] I | 1077-1051 |- | [[Amenemnisu]] | - | 1051-1047 |- | [[Psusennes I]] | - | 1047-1001 |- | [[Amenemope (pharaoh)|Amenemope]] | - | 1001-992 |- | [[Osorkon the Elder]] | - * ( Osochor ) | 992-986 |- | [[Siamun]] | - | 986-967 |- | [[Psusennes II]] | - | 967-943 |} ===Twenty-second Dynasty=== The pharaohs of the [[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-second Dynasty]] were [[Libya]]ns, ruling from around [[945 BC|945]] to [[720 BC]]: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Shoshenq I]] | The biblical [[Shishaq]] | 943-922 |- | [[Osorkon I]] | - | 922-887 |- | [[Shoshenq II]] | - | 887-885 |- | [[Takelot I]] | - | 885-872 |- | [[Harsiese A|Harsiese]] | A rebel, at Thebes | 880-860 |- | [[Osorkon II]] | - | 872-837 |- | [[Shoshenq III]] | - | 837-798 |- | [[Shoshenq IV]] | - | 798-785 |- | [[Pami]] | - | 785-778 |- | [[Shoshenq V]] | - | 778-740 |- | [[Osorkon IV]] | - | 740-720 |} ===Twenty-third Dynasty=== The [[Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-third Dynasty]] was a local group, again of [[Libya]]n origin, based at [[Herakleopolis]] and [[Thebes]] that ruled from [[836 BC|836]] to c.[[735 BC]]: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Takelot II]] | Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd | 837-813 |- | [[Pedubast]] | A rebel—seized [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] from Takelot II | 826-801 |- | [[Iuput I]] | - | 812-811 |- | [[Shoshenq VI]] | Successor to Pedubast | 801-795 |- | [[Osorkon III]] | Son of Takelot II- recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king | 795-767 |- | [[Takelot III]] | - | 773-765 |- | [[Rudamun]] | - | 765-762 |- |} ===The Libu=== Not reckoned a dynasty as such, the [[Libu]] were yet another group of western nomads ([[Libya]]ns) who occupied the western Delta from [[805 BC|805]] to [[732 BC]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Inamunnifnebu]] | - | 805-795 |- | ? | - | 795-780 |- | [[Niumateped]] | - | 780-755 |- | [[Titaru]] | - | 763-755 |- | [[Ker (king)|Ker]] | - | 755-750 |- | [[Rudamon]] | - | 750-745 |- | [[Ankhor]] | - | 745-736 |- | [[Tefnakht]] | - | 736-732 |} === Twenty-fourth Dynasty === The [[Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-fourth Dynasty]] was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta ([[Sais, Egypt|Sais]]), with only two Pharaoh ruling from [[732 BC|732]] to [[720 BC]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Tefnakhte]] | - | 732-725 |- | [[Bakenrenef]] (Bocchoris) | - | 725-720 |} == Late period == The [[Late Period of Ancient Egypt|Late Period]] runs from [[732 BC]] to Egypt becoming a province of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] in [[30 BC]], and includes periods of rule by [[Nubia]]ns, [[Persian Empire|Persians]], and [[Macedon]]ians. === Twenty-fifth Dynasty === [[Nubia]]ns invaded Egypt in [[732 BC]] and took the throne of Egypt, establishing the [[Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-fifth Dynasty]] which ruled until [[656 BC]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Piye]] | King of [[Nubia]]; conquered Egypt in 20th year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years | 752-721 |- | [[Shabaka]] | - | 721-707 |- | [[Shebitku]] | Synchronism with [[Sargon II]] of [[Assyria]] establshes his accession date at 707/706 BC | 707-690 |- | [[Taharqa]] | - | 690-664 |- | [[Tantamani]] | | 664-653 |} They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at [[Napata]] (656-590), and, later, at [[Meroë]] (590 BC-4th cent. AD). === Twenty-sixth Dynasty === The [[Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-sixth Dynasty]] ruled from around [[672 BC|672]] to [[525 BC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/lateperiodkings.html|title=Late Period Kings|accessdate=2007-10-27}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comment ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Necho I]] | - | [[672 BC|672]] &ndash; [[664 BC]] |- | [[Psamtik I]] | - | [[664 BC|664]] &ndash; [[610 BC]] |- | [[Necho II]] | - | [[610 BC|610]] &ndash; [[595 BC]] |- | [[Psamtik II]] | - | [[595 BC|595]] &ndash; [[589 BC]] |- | [[Wahibre]] | - | [[589 BC|589]] &ndash; [[570 BC]] |- | [[Ahmose II]] | - | [[570 BC|570]] &ndash; [[526 BC]] |- | [[Psammetichus III]] | - | [[526 BC|526]] &ndash; [[525 BC]] |} === Twenty-seventh Dynasty === Egypt was conquered by the [[Persian Empire]] in [[525 BC]] and annexed by the Persians until [[404 BC]]. The [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenid]] [[shah]]s were acknowledged as pharaohs in this era, forming a [[Twenty-seventh dynasty of Egypt|"Twenty-seventh" Dynasty]]: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Cambyses II]] | - | [[525 BC|525]] &ndash; [[521 BC]] |- | [[Smerdis]] the Usurper | - | [[522 BC|522]] &ndash; [[521 BC]] |- | [[Darius I]] the Great | - | [[521 BC|521]] &ndash; [[486 BC]] |- | [[Xerxes I]] the Great | - | [[486 BC|486]] &ndash; [[465 BC]] |- | [[Artabanus of Persia|Artabanus]] the [[Hyrcania]]n | - | [[465 BC|465]] &ndash; [[464 BC]] |- | [[Artaxerxes I]] Longhand | - | [[464 BC|464]] &ndash; [[424 BC]] |- | [[Xerxes II]] | claimant | [[424 BC|424]] &ndash; [[423 BC]] |- | [[Sogdianus]] | claimant | [[424 BC|424]] &ndash; [[423 BC]] |- | [[Darius II of Persia|Darius II]] | | [[424 BC|424]] &ndash; [[404 BC]] |} ===Twenty-eighth Dynasty=== The [[Twenty-eighth dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-eighth Dynasty]] lasted only 6 years, from [[404 BC|404]] to [[398 BC]], with one Pharaoh: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- |- | [[Amyrtaeus]] |width=400| Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians | [[404 BC|404]] &ndash; [[398 BC]] |} ===Twenty-ninth Dynasty=== The [[Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-ninth Dynasty]] ruled from [[398 BC|398]] to [[380 BC]]: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- |- | [[Nefaarud I]] | Also known as Nepherites | [[398 BC|398]] &ndash; [[393 BC]] |- | [[Psammuthes]] | - | [[393 BC]] |- | [[Hakor]] (Achoris) | - | [[393 BC|393]] &ndash; [[380 BC]] |- | [[Nefaarud II]] | - | [[380 BC]] |} ===Thirtieth Dynasty=== The [[Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt|Thirtieth Dynasty]] ruled from [[380 BC|380]] until Egypt once more came under Persian rule in [[343 BC]]: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Nectanebo I]] | Also known as Nekhtnebef | [[380 BC|380]] &ndash; [[362 BC]] |- | [[Teos of Egypt]] | - | [[362 BC|362]] &ndash; [[360 BC]] |- | [[Nectanebo II]] | - | [[360 BC|360]] &ndash; [[343 BC]] |} ===Thirty-first Dynasty=== Egypt again came under the control of the [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenid]] Persians. After the practice of [[Manetho]], the Persian rulers from [[343 BC|343]] to [[332 BC]] are occasionally designated as the [[Thirty-first dynasty of Egypt|Thirty-first Dynasty]]: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Artaxerxes III]] | Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time | [[343 BC|343]]&ndash;[[338 BC]] |- | [[Artaxerxes IV Arses]] | Only reigned in Lower Egypt | [[338 BC|338]]&ndash;[[336 BC]] |- | [[Khababash]] | Leader of a [[Nubian]] revolt in Upper Egypt | [[338 BC|338]]&ndash;[[335 BC]] |- | [[Darius III Codomannus]] | Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in [[335 BC]] | [[336 BC|336]]&ndash;[[332 BC]] |} ===Argead Dynasty===<!-- This section is linked from [[Alexander the Great]] --> The [[Macedon]]ians under [[Alexander the Great]] ushered in the [[Hellenistic]] period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The [[Argead dynasty|Argeads]] ruled from [[332 BC|332]] to [[309 BC]]: {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Alexander the Great|Alexander III the Great]] | [[Macedon]] conquered Persia and Egypt | [[332 BC|332]]&ndash;[[323 BC]] |- | [[Philip III of Macedon|Philip III Arrhidaeus]] |width=400| Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander III the Great | [[323 BC|323]]&ndash;[[317 BC]] |- | [[Alexander IV of Macedon]] | Son of Alexander III the Great and [[Roxana]] | [[317 BC|317]]&ndash;[[309 BC]] |} ===Ptolemaic Dynasty=== The second [[Hellenistic]] dynasty, the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemies]] ruled Egypt from [[305 BC]] until Egypt became a province of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] in [[30 BC]] (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency): {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="200" | Name ! width="400" | Comments ! width="120" | Dates |- | [[Ptolemy I of Egypt|Ptolemy I]] Soter | Abdicated in [[285 BC]]; died in [[283 BC]] | [[305 BC|305]]&ndash;[[285 BC]] |- | [[Berenice I of Egypt|Berenice I]] | Wife of Ptolemy I | ?-[[285 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy II of Egypt|Ptolemy II]] Philadelphos | - | [[288 BC|288]]&ndash;[[246 BC]] |- | [[Arsinoe I of Egypt|Arsinoe I]] | Wife of Ptolemy II |width=120| [[284 BC|284]]/[[281 BC|81]]-ca. [[274 BC]] |- | [[Arsinoe II of Egypt|Arsinoe II]] | Wife of Ptolemy II | [[277 BC|277]]-[[270 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy III of Egypt|Ptolemy III]] Euergetes I | - | [[246 BC|246]]&ndash;[[222 BC]] |- | [[Berenice II of Egypt|Berenice II]] | Wife of Ptolemy III | [[244 BC|244]]/[[243 BC|3]]-[[222 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy IV of Egypt|Ptolemy IV]] Philopator | - | [[222 BC|222]]&ndash;[[204 BC]] |- | [[Arsinoe III of Egypt|Arsinoe III]] | Wife of Ptolemy IV | [[220 BC|220]]-[[204 BC]] |- | [[Hugronaphor]] | Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South | [[205 BC|205]]-[[199 BC]] |- | [[Ankhmakis]] | Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South | [[199 BC|199]]-[[185 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy V of Egypt|Ptolemy V]] Epiphanes | Upper Egypt in revolt [[207 BC|207]]&ndash;[[186 BC]] | [[204 BC|204]]&ndash;[[180 BC]] |- | [[Cleopatra I of Egypt|Cleopatra I]] | Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority | [[193 BC|193]]-[[176 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy VI of Egypt|Ptolemy VI]] Philometor | Died [[145 BC]] | [[180 BC|180]]&ndash;[[164 BC]] |- | [[Cleopatra II of Egypt|Cleopatra II]] | Wife of Ptolemy VI | [[173 BC|173]]-[[164 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy VIII of Egypt|Ptolemy VIII]] Euergetes II |width=400| Proclaimed king by [[Alexandria]]ns in [[170 BC]]; ruled jointly with [[Ptolemy VI of Egypt|Ptolemy VI Philometor]] and [[Cleopatra II]] from [[169 BC|169]] to [[164 BC]]. Died [[116 BC]] | [[171 BC|171]]&ndash;[[163 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy VI of Egypt|Ptolemy VI]] Philometor |width=400| Egypt under the control of Ptolemy VIII [[164 BC]]&ndash;[[163 BC]]; Ptolemy VI restored [[163 BC]] | [[163 BC|163]]-[[145 BC]] |- | [[Cleopatra II of Egypt|Cleopatra II]] | Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against him in [[131 BC]] and became sole ruler of Egypt. | [[163 BC|163]]-[[127 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy VII of Egypt|Ptolemy VII]] Neos Philopator | Proclaimed co-ruler by father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II | [[144 BC|145]]-[[144 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy VIII of Egypt|Ptolemy VIII]] Euergetes II | Restored | [[145 BC|145]]-[[131 BC]] |- | [[Cleopatra III of Egypt|Cleopatra III]] |width=400| Second wife of Ptolemy VIII | [[142 BC|142]]-[[131 BC]] |- | Ptolemy Memphitis | Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII | [[131 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy VIII of Egypt|Ptolemy VIII]] Euergetes II | Restored | [[127 BC|127]]-[[116 BC]] |- | [[Cleopatra III of Egypt|Cleopatra III]] |width=400| Restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. | [[127 BC|127]]-[[107 BC]] |- | [[Cleopatra II of Egypt|Cleopatra II]] | Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116. | [[124 BC|124]]-[[116 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy IX of Egypt|Ptolemy IX]] Soter II | Died [[80 BC]] | [[116 BC|116]]&ndash;[[110 BC]] |- | [[Cleopatra IV of Egypt|Cleopatra IV]] |width=400| Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, but was pushed out by Cleopatra III | [[116 BC|116]]-[[115 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy X of Egypt|Ptolemy X]] Alexander I | Died [[88 BC]] | [[110 BC|110]]&ndash;[[109 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy IX of Egypt|Ptolemy IX]] Soter II | Restored | [[109 BC|109]]&ndash;[[107 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy X of Egypt|Ptolemy X]] Alexander I | Restored | [[107 BC|107]]&ndash;[[88 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy IX of Egypt|Ptolemy IX]] Soter II | Restored again | [[88 BC|88]]&ndash;[[81 BC]] |- | [[Berenice III of Egypt|Berenice III]] |width=400| Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later | [[81 BC|81]]-[[80 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy XI of Egypt|Ptolemy XI]] Alexander II |width=400| Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by [[Sulla]]; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III | [[80 BC]] |- |width=200| [[Ptolemy XII of Egypt|Ptolemy XII]] Neos Dionysos (Auletes) | Son of Ptolemy IX; died [[51 BC]] | [[80 BC|80]]&ndash;[[58 BC]] |- | [[Cleopatra V of Egypt|Cleopatra V]] Tryphaena | Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV | ?-[[57 BC]] |- | [[Cleopatra VI of Egypt|Cleopatra VI]] | Daughter of Ptolemy XII | ?-[[58 BC]] |- | [[Berenice IV of Egypt|Berenice IV]] |width=400| Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but has him strangled | [[58 BC|58]]&ndash;[[55 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy XII of Egypt|Ptolemy XII]] Neos Dionysos |width=400| Restored; reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death | [[55 BC|55]]&ndash;[[51 BC]] |- | [[Cleopatra VII]] |width=400| Jointly with her father Ptolemy XII, her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother-husband Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV; also known simply as '''Cleopatra''' | [[51 BC|51]]&ndash;[[30 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy XIII of Egypt|Ptolemy XIII]] | Brother of Cleopatra VII | [[51 BC|51]]&ndash;[[47 BC]] |- | [[Arsinoe IV of Egypt|Arsinoe IV]] | In opposition to Cleopatra VII | [[48 BC|48]]-[[47 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy XIV of Egypt|Ptolemy XIV]] | Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII | [[47 BC|47]]&ndash;[[44 BC]] |- | [[Ptolemy XV of Egypt|Ptolemy XV]] Caesarion |width=400| Infant son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra | [[44 BC|44]]&ndash;[[30 BC]] |} ==Rome== Cleopatra VII had an [[affair]] with Roman Dictator [[Julius Caesar]], and Roman General [[Marcus Antonius|Marc Antony]], but it wasn't until after her suicide in 30 BC (after Marc Antony was defeated by [[Augustus|Octavian]], who would later be the emperor Augustus) that Egypt became a province of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] in [[30 BC]]. Subsequent Roman Emperors were accorded the title of Pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt. See the [[list of Roman emperors]]. ==See also== *[[Conventional Egyptian chronology]] *[[Egyptian chronology]] *[[History of Egypt]] *[[Lists of office-holders]] *[[The Greatest Pharaohs]] ==Notes & references== ===References=== <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <references/> </div> ===Bibliography=== * J. H. Breasted, ''History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest'', 1909 * J. Cerny, 'Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380-1000 BC, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-08691-4 * Clayton, Peter A. (1994) ''Chronicle of the Pharaohs: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers and dynasties of ancient Egypt'' Thames and Hudson, New York, ISBN 0500050740 * Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. <cite>The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt</cite>. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3 * Sir Alan Gardiner ''Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs'', Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71-76. * Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, (Blackwell Books: 1992) * Murnane, William J. ''Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40.'' The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977 * Michael Rice, ''Who's Who in Ancient Egypt'', Routledge 1999 * Ryholt, Kim & Steven Bardrum. 2000. "The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris." ''Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde'' '''127''' * Shaw, Ian. ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt.'', Oxford University Press, 2000. * Toby A. H. Wilkinson, ''Early Dynastic Egypt'', Routledge 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1 * [[Miroslav Verner|Verner, Miroslav]], <cite>The Pyramids - Their Archaeology and History</cite>, Atlantic Books, 2001, ISBN 1-84354-171-8 ===External links=== *[http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/index.htm Egyptian Royal Genealogy] *[http://www.egyptologyonline.com/manetho.htm Manetho and the King Lists] Review of different primary king lists *[http://www.atlantisquest.com/Manetho.html Problems with Manetho's "Reign of the Gods"] Page with different versions of god king lists *[http://www.narmer.pl/dyn/00en.htm Chronology Table - 0 Dynasty]&[http://www.narmer.pl/main/chr_his_en.htm History Period, by Dariusz Sitek] Multi-pages of list of pharaohs in different king lists, without the god kings, in Egyptian hieroglyphs and English *[http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/egypt/history/00kinglists.html Egyptian Journey 2003: History: King Lists] Hyperlink texts of the Manetho, Abydos & Turin king lists, without the god-kings * [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/Welcome.html Digital Egypt for Universities] *[http://www.egyptianonlinestore.com Ancient Egyptian papyrus collection and stories behind each scene, Egyptian museum masterpieces reproductions] {{Ancient Egypt}} [[Category:Pharaohs| ]] [[Category:Egypt-related lists|Pharaohs, List of]] [[Category:Lists of monarchs|Pharaohs]] [[ar:قائمة ملوك مصر القديمة]] [[bs:Spisak faraona]] [[br:Roll Faraoned Egipt]] [[bg:Фараони в хронологичен ред]] [[ca:Llista de faraons]] [[cs:Seznam králů starého Egypta]] [[cy:Brenhinoedd yr Aifft]] [[de:Liste der Pharaonen]] [[es:Anexo:Faraones de Egipto]] [[eo:Listo de reĝoj de antikva Egiptio]] [[fr:Pharaons par ordre chronologique]] [[ko:파라오 목록]] [[hr:Popis faraona]] [[id:Daftar firaun]] [[he:פרעוני מצרים]] [[la:Index Pharaonum]] [[lb:Lëscht vun de Pharaonen]] [[lt:Sąrašas:Faraonai]] [[hu:Fáraók listája]] [[mk:Листа на фараони]] [[ms:Senarai firaun]] [[nl:Lijst van heersers over Egypte]] [[no:Liste over faraoer]] [[pl:Władcy Egiptu]] [[pt:Lista de faraós]] [[ro:Lista Faraonilor Egipteni]] [[ru:Список фараонов]] [[sk:Zoznam vládcov starovekého Egypta]] [[sl:Seznam faraonov]] [[sr:Списак староегипатских владара]] [[fi:Luettelo Egyptin faaraoista]] [[sv:Egyptens härskare]] [[th:ลำดับราชวงศ์และฟาโรห์แห่งอียิปต์]] [[tr:Mısır firavunları listesi]] [[zh:埃及法老列表]]