List of phytochemicals in food 2509774 214473208 2008-05-23T18:49:12Z 192.85.50.1 /* Indoles, glucosinolates */ {{Mergeto|List of antioxidants in food|date=December 2007}} While there is ample evidence to support the health benefits of diets rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains and nuts, evidence that these effects are due to specific nutrients or [[phytochemical]]s is limited.<ref>[http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals.html Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The following is a list of [[phytochemical]]s present in commonly consumed [[food]]s. == Phenolic compounds == * '''[[Monophenols]]''' ** [[Apiole]] &ndash; [[parsley]]. ** [[Carnosol]] &ndash; [[rosemary]]. ** [[Carvacrol]] &ndash; [[oregano]], [[thyme]]. ** [[Dillapiole]] &ndash; [[dill]]. ** [[Rosemarinol]] &ndash; rosemary. * '''[[Flavonoid]]s ([[polyphenol]]s)''' &ndash; [[red]], [[blue]], [[purple]] [[pigment]]s. ** ''[[Flavonols]]'' *** [[Quercetin]] &ndash; red and yellow [[onion]]s, [[tea]], [[wine]], [[apples]], [[cranberry|cranberries]], [[buckwheat]], [[beans]]. *** [[Gingerol]] &ndash; [[ginger]]. *** [[Kaempferol]] &ndash; [[strawberry|strawberries]], [[gooseberry|gooseberries]], cranberries, [[peas]], [[brassica]]tes, [[chive]]s. *** [[Myricetin]] &ndash; grapes, walnuts. *** [[Resveratrol]] &ndash; [[grape]] skins and seeds, wine, [[nut (fruit)|nut]]s, [[peanut]]s. *** [[Rutin]] &ndash; [[citrus]] fruits, buckwheat, parsley, [[tomato]], [[apricot]], [[rhubarb]], tea. *** [[Isorhamnetin]] ** ''[[Flavanones]]'' *** [[Hesperidin]] &ndash; citrus fruits. *** [[Naringenin]] &ndash; citrus fruits. *** [[Silybin]] &ndash; [[Silybum marianum|blessed milk thistle]]. *** [[Eriodictyol]] ** ''[[Flavones]]'' *** [[Apigenin]] &ndash; [[chamomile]], [[celery]], parsley. *** [[Tangeritin]] &ndash; [[tangerine]] and other citrus peels. *** [[Luteolin]] ** ''[[Flavan-3-ol]]s'' *** [[Catechin]]s &ndash; [[white tea]], [[green tea]], [[black tea]], grapes, wine, apple juice, [[cocoa]], [[lentil]]s, black-eyed [[pea]]s. *** (+)-[[Catechin]] *** (+)-[[Gallocatechin]] *** (-)-[[Epicatechin]] *** (-)-[[Epigallocatechin]] *** (-)-[[Epigallocatechin gallate]](EGCG)&ndash; [[green tea]]; *** (-)-[[Epicatechin 3-gallate]] *** [[Theaflavin]] &ndash; [[black tea]]; *** [[Theaflavin-3-gallate]] &ndash; [[black tea]]; *** [[Theaflavin-3'-gallate]] &ndash; [[black tea]]; *** [[Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate]] &ndash; [[black tea]]; *** [[Thearubigin]]s ** ''[[Anthocyanin]]s (flavonals) and Anthocyanidins '' &ndash; red wine, many red, purple or blue [[fruit]]s and [[vegetable]]s. *** [[Pelargonidin]] &ndash; [[bilberry]], [[raspberry]], strawberry. *** [[Peonidin]] &ndash; bilberry, [[blueberry]], [[cherry]], cranberry, [[peach]]. *** [[Cyanidin]] &ndash; red apple & [[pear]], bilberry, [[blackberry]], blueberry, cherry, cranberry, peach, [[plum]], [[Crataegus|hawthorn]], [[loganberry]], cocoa. *** [[Delphinidin]] &ndash; bilberry, blueberry. *** [[Malvidin]] &ndash; bilberry, blueberry. *** [[Petunidin]] ** ''[[Isoflavone]]s ([[phytoestrogens]])'' *** [[Daidzein]] (formononetin) &ndash; [[soy]], [[alfalfa]] sprouts, red [[clover]], [[chickpea]]s, peanuts, other [[legumes]]. *** [[Genistein]] (biochanin A) &ndash; soy, alfalfa sprouts, red clover, chickpeas, peanuts, other legumes. *** [[Glycitein]] &ndash; soy. ** ''[[Dihydroflavonols]]'' ** ''[[Chalcones]]'' ** ''[[Coumestans]] ([[phytoestrogens]])'' *** [[Coumestrol]] &ndash; red clover, alfalfa sprouts, soy, peas, [[brussels sprout]]s. * '''[[Phenolic acids]]''' ** [[Ellagic acid]] &ndash; [[walnut]]s, strawberries, cranberries, blackberries, [[guava]], grapes. ** [[Gallic acid]] &ndash; tea, [[mango]], strawberries, rhubarb, soy. ** [[Salicylic acid]] &ndash; [[peppermint]], [[licorice]], peanut, wheat. ** [[Tannic acid]] &ndash; [[nettle]]s, tea, berries. ** [[Vanillin]] &ndash; [[vanilla]] beans, [[cloves]]. ** [[Capsaicin]] &ndash; [[chilli pepper]]s. ** [[Curcumin]] &ndash; [[turmeric]], [[mustard plant|mustard]]. ([[Oxidize]]s to vanillin.) * '''[[Hydroxycinnamic acids]]''' ** [[Caffeic acid]] &ndash; [[burdock]], [[Crataegus|hawthorn]], [[artichoke]], pear, [[basil]], thyme, oregano, apple. ** [[Chlorogenic acid]] &ndash; [[echinacea]], strawberries, [[pineapple]], [[coffee]], [[sunflower]], blueberries. ** [[Cinnamic acid]] &ndash; [[aloe]]. ** [[Ferulic acid]] &ndash; [[oat]]s, [[rice]], artichoke, [[orange (fruit)|orange]], pineapple, apple, peanut. ** [[Coumarin]] &ndash; citrus fruits, [[maize]]. * '''[[Lignan]]s ([[phytoestrogens]])''' &ndash; seeds ([[flax]], [[sesame]], [[pumpkin]], [[sunflower]], [[poppy]]), whole grains ([[rye]], [[oats]], [[barley]]), bran ([[wheat]], oat, rye), fruits (particularly [[berries]]) and [[Brassica#species|vegetables]].<ref>[http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/lignans Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ** [[Silymarin]] &ndash; [[artichokes]], milk [[thistle]]. ** [[Matairesinol]] &ndash; [[flax]] seed, [[sesame]] seed, [[rye]] [[bran]] and meal, oat bran, [[poppy]] seed, strawberries, [[blackcurrant]]s, [[broccoli]]. ** [[Secoisolariciresinol]] &ndash; [[flax]] seeds, [[sunflower seed]]s, [[sesame seed]]s, [[pumpkin]], strawberries, blueberries, cranberries, [[zucchini]], blackcurrant, [[carrot]]s. ** [[Pinoresinol]] and [[lariciresinol]] &ndash; <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15877880&query_hl=35&itool=pubmed_docsum Lignan contents of Dutch plant foods: a database i...[Br J Nutr. 2005&#93; - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[sesame]] seed, [[Brassica|Brassica vegetables]] * '''[[Tyrosol]] [[ester]]s''' ** [[Tyrosol]] &ndash; [[olive oil]] ** [[Hydroxytyrosol]] &ndash; [[olive oil]] ** [[Oleocanthal]] &ndash; [[olive oil]] ** [[Oleuropein]] &ndash; [[olive oil]] *[[Stilbenoid]]s **[[Resveratrol]] &ndash; [[grapes]], [[peanuts]]; **[[Pterostilbene]] &ndash; [[grapes]], [[blueberries]]; **[[Piceatannol]] &ndash; [[grapes]] == Terpenes (isoprenoids) == * '''[[Carotenoid]]s ([[tetraterpenoids]])''' ** ''[[Carotene]]s'' - [[orange (colour)|orange]] pigments *** α-[[Carotene]] – to [[vitamin A]], in carrots, pumpkins, maize, tangerine, orange. *** β-Carotene – to vitamin A, in dark, leafy [[greens (vegetable)|greens]] and red, orange and yellow fruits and vegetables. *** γ-Carotene *** δ-Carotene *** [[Lycopene]] &ndash; tomatoes, [[grapefruit]], [[watermelon]], guava, apricots, carrots. *** [[Neurosporene]] *** [[Phytofluene]] &ndash; [[star fruit]], [[sweet potato]], orange. *** [[Phytoene]] &ndash; sweet potato, orange. ** ''[[Xanthophyll]]s'' - [[yellow]] pigments. *** [[Canthaxanthin]] &ndash; [[paprika]]. *** [[Cryptoxanthin]] &ndash; mango, tangerine, orange, [[papaya]], [[peach]]es, avocado, pea, grapefruit, [[kiwi]]. *** [[Zeaxanthin]] &ndash; [[wolfberry]], [[spinach]], [[kale]], [[turnip]] greens, maize, [[egg (food)|eggs]], red pepper, pumpkin, oranges. *** [[Astaxanthin]] &ndash; microalge, yeast, [[krill]], [[shrimp]], [[salmon]], [[lobster]]s, and some [[crab]]s *** [[Lutein]] &ndash; spinach, turnip greens, romaine [[lettuce]], eggs, red pepper, pumpkin, mango, papaya, oranges, kiwi, peaches, [[squash (fruit)|squash]], legumes, brassicates, [[prune (fruit)|prunes]], sweet potatoes, [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]] [[melon]], rhubarb, plum, avocado, pear. *** [[Rubixanthin]] &ndash; [[rose hips]]. * '''[[Monoterpenes]]''' ** [[Limonene]] &ndash; [[essential oil|oils]] of citrus, cherries, [[spearmint]], dill, garlic, [[celery]], maize, rosemary, ginger, basil. ** [[Perillyl alcohol]] &ndash; citrus oils, [[caraway]], [[mentha|mint]]s. * '''[[Saponin]]s''' &ndash; soybeans, [[beans]], other legumes, maize, alfalfa. * '''[[Lipid]]s''' ** ''[[Phytosterol]]s'' &ndash; [[almonds]], [[cashew]]s, peanuts, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, whole wheat, maize, soybeans, many [[vegetable oil]]s. *** [[Campesterol]] - buckwheat. *** beta [[Sitosterol]] &ndash; avocados, rice bran, [[wheat]] germ, corn oils, [[fennel]], peanuts, soybeans, [[Crataegus|hawthorn]], basil, buckwheat. *** gamma sitosterol *** [[Stigmasterol]] &ndash; buckwheat. ** ''[[Tocopherol]]s ([[vitamin E]])'' ** ''[[omega-3]],[[omega-6 fatty acid|6]],9 [[fatty acid]]s'' &ndash; dark-green leafy vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts. *** [[gamma-linolenic acid]] &ndash; [[Oenothera|evening primrose]], borage, blackcurrant. * [[Triterpenoid]] ** [[Oleanolic acid]] - [[American pokeweed]], [[java apple]], [[cloves]], [[honey mesquite]], [[garlic]], many [[Syzygium]] species. ** [[Ursolic acid]] - [[apples]], [[basil]], [[bilberries]], [[cranberries]], [[elder flower]], [[peppermint]], [[lavender]], [[oregano]], [[thyme]], [[Crataegus|hawthorn]], [[prunes]]. ** [[Betulinic acid]] - [[Ber]] tree, [[white birch]], Sy[[tropical]] [[carnivorous plants]] ''[[Triphyophyllum peltatum]]'' and ''[[Ancistrocladus|Ancistrocladus heyneanus]]'', ''[[Diospyros|Diospyros leucomelas]]'' a member of the [[persimmon]] family, ''[[Dilleniaceae|Tetracera boiviniana]]'', the jambul (''[[Syzygium|Syzygium formosanum]]''), many [[Syzygium]] species. ** [[Moronic acid]] - [[Rhus javanica]] (a [[sumac]]), [[mistletoe]] ==Betalains== * [[Betalain]]s ** Betacyanins *** [[betanin]] - [[beets]] *** [[isobetanin]] - beets *** [[probetanin]] - beets *** [[neobetanin]] - beets ** Betaxanthins (non glycosidic versions) *** [[Indicaxanthin]] - beets, sicilian [[prickly pear]] *** [[Vulgaxanthin]] - beets == Organosulfides == * '''[[Dithiolthiones]] ([[isothiocyanates]])''' ** [[Sulphoraphane]] &ndash; [[Brassicaceae|Brassicates]]. * '''[[Thiosulphonates]] ([[allium]] compounds)''' ** [[Allyl methyl trisulfide]] &ndash; garlic, onions, [[leek (vegetable)|leek]]s, chives, shallots. ** [[Diallyl sulfide]] &ndash; garlic, onions, leeks, chives, shallots. == Indoles, glucosinolates == * [[Indole-3-carbinol]] &ndash; [[cabbage]], kale, brussels sprouts, [[rutabaga]], mustard greens. <!-- not a sulfide --> * [[sulforaphane]] - broccoli family * [[3,3'-Diindolylmethane]] or DIM - broccoli family * [[Sinigrin]] - broccoli family * [[Allicin]] - garlic * [[Alliin]] - garlic * [[Allyl isothiocyanate]] - horseradish, mustard, wasabi * [[Piperine]] - black pepper * [[Syn-propanethial-S-oxide]] - cut onions. == Protein inhibitors == * [[Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)|Protease inhibitors]] &ndash; soy, seeds, legumes, [[potato]]es, eggs, cereals. == Other organic acids == * [[Oxalic acid]] &ndash; orange, [[spinach]], [[rhubarb]], tea and coffee, [[banana]], ginger, almond, sweet potato, [[bell pepper]]. * [[Phytic acid]] ([[inositol hexaphosphate]]) &ndash; [[cereal]]s, nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds. * [[Tartaric acid]] &ndash; apricots, apples, sunflower, [[avocado]], grapes. * [[Anacardic acid]] - [[cashews]], [[mangoes]]. == References == <references/> [[Category:Chemistry lists]] [[Category:Phytochemicals|Foods]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Phytochemicals and foods}} {{listdev}}