List of privatizations
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2008-07-06T10:37:52Z
Masken
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Sweden - OMX privatisation completed
This '''list of privatizations''' provides links to notable and/or major privatizations. ''See also: [[Privatization]]''.
==Privatizations by country==
===[[Argentina]]===
* [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]], the former national carrier
* ENTel (national telecommunications company) - partitioned and sold to [[France Télécom]] and to Spanish [[Telefónica]]
* [[Buenos Aires Metro]], given under concession but still owned by the State
* Empresa Nacional de Correos y Telégrafos (ENCoTel), given under concession as [[Correo Argentino]]. Re-[[nationalized]] in [[2003]]
* Obras Sanitarias (water-company), given as a concession to the French conglomerate [[Suez (company)|Suez]], which operates it under the name ''Aguas Argentinas''. Re-nationalized in 2006 as Aguas y Saneamientos Argentinos (AySA).
* [[Lockheed Martin Aircraft Argentina SA|Fábrica Militar de Aviones]] (FMA), sold to [[Lockheed Martin]]
* [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos]], railway-lines all over the country (some in the process of re-nationalization under the [[Néstor Kirchner| Kirchner]] administration)
* [[Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales]] (YPF), national oil-company sold to the Spanish [[Repsol YPF|Repsol]]. The Argentinian government in 2004 set up a new state oil company ([[Enarsa]]) from scratch.
* [[Gas del Estado]], national gas company partitioned and sold, among others, to the Spanish Gas Natural.
* Agua y Energía Eléctrica, national electricity-production company. Partitioned and sold.
=== [[Australia]]===
* [[Qantas]]
* [[Commonwealth Bank|Commonwealth Bank of Australia]]
* [[Telstra]]
* [[Commonwealth Serum Laboratories]]
* [[Commonwealth Industrial Gases]]
* [[Commonwealth Oil Refineries]]
* [[State Electricity Commission of Victoria|Electricity]] and [[Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria|natural gas]] supply companies in [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]
* State-owned betting-agencies in most States
* Many long-distance and urban passenger railway services
* All freight railway services except [[Queensland Rail]]
* [[Metlink|Public transport]] in [[Melbourne]]
* Most State-owned banks
* [[Government Printing Service]] ([[New South Wales]])
* [[Government Cleaning Service]] (New South Wales)
* [[Government Insurance Office]] in New South Wales
* [[Sydney Airport]]
===[[Bahrain]]===
*[[Bahrain Telecommunications Co.]] (Q1 2005, $800 million)
===[[Brazil]]===
* [[Telebrás]]
* [[Embratel]]
* [[RFFSA]]
* [[Vale do Rio Doce]]
* [[CSN]]
===[[Canada]]===
{{see also|Crown corporations of Canada}}
* [[407 ETR]]
* [[Air Canada]]
* [[Canadian National Railway]]
* [[Manitoba Telecom Services]] (MTS)
* [[Nova Scotia Power]]
* [[Ontario Hydro]] (only partially privatized, [[Ontario Power Generation]] remains a crown corporation)
* [[Petro-Canada]]
* [[Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan]]
* [[Saskatchewan Wheat Pool]]
* [[Teleglobe]] - An international telco carrier.
* [[Telus]], formerly [[Alberta Government Telephones]]
* [[Uranium]] industry in Saskatchewan
===[[Czechoslovakia]]===
* Virtually everything after the [[Velvet Revolution]] in [[1989]]. See [[voucher privatization in Czechoslovakia]] for details.
===[[Finland]]===
* [[Finnair]]
* [[Sonera]] (former Telecom Finland)
===[[France]]===
*[[Credit Lyonnais]] (a bank - privatized in 2001)
*[[France Télécom]] (the French State has owned under 50% of France Télécom since September 2004)
*[[Snecma]] (in 2004 France sold 35% of Snecma for €1.45 billion)
*[[Pages Jaunes]] ([[Yellow Pages]]) (in 2004 France sold 32% of Pages Jaunes for €1.25 billion)
*[[SNCM]] (''Société Nationale Maritime Corse Méditerranée'') ferry-company. Privatized at the end of 2005.
*[[Électricité de France]] (EDF) (in December 2005 France sold 30% of EDF)
*[[Gaz de France]] (GDF) Prime minister [[Dominique de Villepin]] announced a merger between GDF and [[Suez (company)|Suez]]; since the state owns 80% of GDF, a privatization of GDF would require the passing of a new law; the state would control only 34% of the capital of the new group: see [http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2006-02-28/2006-02-28-825123 commentary].
===[[Germany]] ===
* ''[[Deutsche Bundespost]]'' became
** [[Deutsche Post]] Jan. 2005 - [[KfW]] buys 12% (€1.7 billion) to [http://news.ft.com/cms/s/e2a4ae9c-5d6d-11d9-ac01-00000e2511c8.html sell to public].
** [[Deutsche Telekom]]
** [[Deutsche Postbank]] (in 2004 the state floated a minority stake for €2.5 billion)
* ''[[Deutsche Bundesbahn]]'' became [[Deutsche Bahn]] in 1994
* [[Universum Film AG| UFA]] underwent privatization in 1921
=== [[Greece]]===
* ''[[OTE]] (Οργανισμός Τηλεπικοινωνιών Ελλάδος/Hellenic Telecommunications Company)'' became partly privatised in the 1990s, when its only shareholder at the time, the Hellenic State, reduced its share of the company to 36%
* ''[[Olympic Airways]]'' at first, then ''Olympic Airlines''. The Hellenic State attempted to privatise the ailing airlines five times, more or less, from 2004 onwards.
===[[Hong Kong]]===
*[[Mass Transit Railway Corporation]] (Renamed [[MTR Corporation Limited]])
*[[The Link REIT]]
===[[India]]===
* [[Maruti Udyog]]
* [[BSNL]]
* [[Delhi Airport]]
* [[Mumbai Airport]]
* [[Hyderabad International Airport]]
* [[Bangalore International Airport]]
* [[Cochin International Airport]]
* Many others including sporting associations, airports, tv channels, etc which were all originally government-run businesses, but were privatised by Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], which not only removed a financial burden of the government, but also revolutionised business in India. This was so, because privatising many different areas, guaranteed that the company which bought whatever was privatised, made ''sure'' that it would run well so they could make the most profit. Examples of this include the airports listed above which, all private, are being modernised and redeveloped to international quality.
===[[Iran]]===
''See: [[Privatization in Iran]]''
===[[Iraq]]===
* (planned) most industries except oil, at the behest of the [[United States]] sponsored government.
=== [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]===
* [[Irish Steel]] - transferred ownership to [[Ispat]], firm bankrupt, no longer exists.
* [[Irish Sugar]] - floated on stock market as [[Greencore]]. State retains one share for veto purposes.
* [[British and Irish Steampacket Company Limited]] - sold to [[Irish Continental]]
* [[Telecom Éireann]] - floated on the stock market
* [[Cablelink]] - sold to [[NTL Ireland]]. Formerly held 50/50 by [[Telecom Eireann]] and [[Radio Telefis Eireann]], both state-owned at the time.
* [[Aer Lingus]] - floated on the stock market. State retains 25%
* [[Irish Life]] - sold to [[Irish Life & Permanent|Irish Permanent]]
* [[TSB Bank]] - sold to [[Irish Life & Permanent]]
* [[ACCBank]] - sold to [[Rabobank]]
* [[ICC Bank]] - sold to [[Bank of Scotland]]
* [[Irish National Petroleum Corporation]] - all assets sold to [[ConocoPhillips]], still exists in law
* [[Nítrigin Éireann]] - sold to its other shareholder in [[Irish Fertiliser Industries]], Richardsons, final firm called IFI, no longer exists.
=== [[Israel]] ===
* [[El Al]]
* [[Zim Integrated Shipping Services]]
* [[Israel Discount Bank]] (partial)
* [[Bank Hapoalim]]
* [[Bank Leumi]] (partial)
* [[Israel Chemicals]]
* [[Bezeq]]
* [[RAFAEL Armament Development Authority]] (partial)
===[[Italy]] ===
* [[Enel S.p.A.]] (1999 32% €16.6 billion, 2003 6.6% €2.2 billion, 2004 20% €7.5 billion) ([http://pepei.pennnet.com/News/Display_News_Story.cfm?Section=WireNews&Category=HOME&NewsID=109120])
* [[Terna]] (Enel sold 43.5% for €1.48 billion in June 2004) ([http://investmentsmagazine.com/ManageArticle.asp?C=20&A=7578])
=== [[Jordan]]===
* [[Aramex International]] (Q1 2005, 75% for $150-200 million)
===[[Japan]] ===
* [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]]
* [[Japan Post]] (half-privatized)
* [[Japan Tobacco]]
* [[Japan Railways Group]] (formerly [[Japanese National Railways]])
===[[Korea]] ===
* [[Korea Telecom]]
* [[Korea Electric Power]] (KEPCO; half-privatized)
* [[KT&G]] (Korea Tobacco & Ginseng)
* [[KOGAS]]
* [[POSCO]] (Pohang Iron & Steel)
=== [[Kuwait]]===
* [[Kuwait Finance House]] (November 20004, 25% of the company for $1 billion)
===[[Malaysia]] ===
* [[PosMalaysia]] - national postal services
* [[Telekom Malaysia]]
* [[Tenaga Nasional|Tenaga National Berhad]] - national electricity-generation and distribution
* [[Johor Water Corporation]]
* [[Pasir Gudang]] Local Authority
* [[Malaysia Airlines]]
* [[Keretapi Tanah Melaya Berhad]] - national railway company
* [[Senai International Airport]]
* [[Malaysian Airports Holding]]
=== [[Netherlands]]===
* [[PTT]], the mail and telecom company
* [[Nederlandse Spoorwegen]]
=== [[New Zealand]] ===
''For more, see also:'' [[State-Owned Enterprises of New Zealand]] and [[Rogernomics]]
* [[Air New Zealand]], privatized in 1989, subsequently rescued by the [[The Crown|Crown]] in 2001
* [[Auckland International Airport]]
* [[Bank of New Zealand]] - semi-privatized in 1987; rescued by the [[The Crown|Crown]] in 1990; sold off in 1992
* [[Electricity Corporation of New Zealand]] (ECNZ) - part of which became privatized as [[Contact Energy]] in the period 1995 - 1998
* [[Government Print]]
* [[New Zealand Ministry of Works| Ministry of Works and Development]]
* Natural Gas Corporation (NGC), ultimately absorbed into Vector Limited
* [[New Zealand Steel]], privatized from 1987, now part of [[BlueScope Steel]]
* The [[Post Office Savings Bank]] (POSB), bought by the [[ANZ New Zealand| ANZ]] bank in 1989
* [[Telecom Corporation of New Zealand Limited|Telecom New Zealand]], privatized in 1990
* [[Tranz Rail|New Zealand Rail Limited]], privatized in 1993, became [[Tranz Rail]] Limited in 1995 - Government subsequently repurchased the track lease
* various [[council-controlled organisations]] formerly owned by [[Territorial Authorities of New Zealand|territorial authorities]]: see also [[Local Authority Trading Enterprise]]s (LATEs)
=== [[Norway]] ===
* [[Arcus AS|Arcus]] (sold to [[Sucra]] in 2001)
* [[Cermaq|Statkorn]] (floated on the stock market as Cermaq in 2000, Government retains 44%)
* [[Christiania Bank|Christiania Bank og Kreditkasse]] (sold to [[Nordea]] in 2000)
* [[DnB NOR]] (floated on the stock market in 1995, Government retains 34%)
* [[Finnmark Fylkesrederi]] (sold to [[Veolia Transport Norway]] in 2003)
* [[Fredrikstad Energi]] (49% sold to [[Fortum]])
* [[Kongsberg Gruppen]] (floated on the stock market in 1993, Government retains 50%)
* [[Norsk Medisinaldepot]] (sold to [[Celesio]] in 2001)
* [[CargoNet|NSB Gods]] (now CargoNet, partially sold to [[Green Cargo]] in 2002, NSB retains 55%)
* [[Oslo Energi]] (parts merged with [[Hafslund ASA|Hafslund]])
* [[Postbanken]] (merged with [[DnB NOR]] in 1999)
* [[Statoil]] (floated on the stock market in 2001, Government retains 71%)
* [[Telenor]] (floated on the stock market in 2000, Government retains 54%)
* [[TrønderBilene]] (66% sold to [[Fosen Trafikklag]] in 1999)
* [[Østfold Energi]] (parts sold to [[Fortum]] in 2001)
* [[Årdal og Sunndal Verk]] (merged with [[Norsk Hydro]] in 1986)
=== [[Poland]] ===
* [[Telekomunikacja Polska S.A.]]
=== [[Qatar]] ===
* [[Q-Gas]] (Q1 2005, 50% for $600 million)
=== [[Romania]]===
* [[Electrica]] - electricity distributor
* [[Petrom]] - national petroleum company
* [[Romtelecom]] - national telecommunications company
* [[Sidex]] - steelworks
=== [[Russia]] ===
* [[Gazprom]] (1994)
* [[LUKoil]] (1995)
* [[Mechel]] (1995)
* [[MMC Norilsk Nickel]] (1995)
* [[Novolipetsk Steel]] (1995)
* [[Surgutneftegaz]] (1995)
* [[YUKOS]] (1995)
===[[Saudi Arabia]] ===
* [[Al-Bilad Bank]] (November 2004, 50% valued at $400 million)
===[[Singapore]] ===
*[[Port of Singapore Authority]] (1997)
*[[Post Office Savings Bank]] (bought by [[DBS Bank]] in 1998 and rebranded as [[POSBank]])
*[[Singapore Broadcasting Corporation]] (1994, as the [[Television Corporation of Singapore]]; later renamed [[MediaCorp]] in 2001)
*[[Singapore Post]]
*[[Singapore Power]]
*[[Singapore Telecommunications]] (1992)
=== [[Spain]]===
* [[Iberia Airlines]] ([[History of Iberia Airlines|2001]])
* ([[SEAT]]|[[1986]])
===[[Sweden]]<ref>Munkhammar, J. "Försäljning av statliga bolag under tre decennier", Timbro, 2007, http://www.timbro.se/bokhandel/pdf/000022.pdf</ref> ===
====1980s====
* ASEA-ATOM (1981) - sold to [[Asea]]
* [[Luxor AB]] (1984)
* [[SSAB]] (1986-1994)
* UV Shipping (1988)
====1990s====
*SAKAB
*SSAB (wholly privatised in 1994)
*Svalöf
*Swedish Real Estate Valuation Corp
*Celsius
*Cementa
*AssiDomän
*OKPetroleum
*Pharmacia
*SEMKO
*Nordbanken (partial)
*Industrikredit AB
*SBL Vaccin
*Stadshypotek AB
*Enator
*PharmaciaUpjohn
*SAQ Kontrol
*VPC AB
*Företagskapital
*Svenska Statens Språkresor AB
*Lantbrukskredit AB
*Svensk Fastighetsvärdering
====2000s====
*Nordbanken
*Celsius AB
*Grängesbergs Gruvor
*Svenska Lagerhus
*Svenska Miljöstyrningsrådet
*SAKAB
*SGAB
*Kurortsverksamhet
*[[Vin & Sprit]] - sold to [[Pernod Ricard]] for 5,626 billion [[euro]]<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thelocal.se/10800/20080331/
| title = Pernod wins auction for Vin & Sprit
| accessdate = 2008-03-31
| publisher = The Local
| date = 2008-03-31
}}</ref>
* [[OMX]] - [[stock exchange]] - shares sold to [[Borse Dubai]] for 2.1 billion SEK<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.http://di.se/Nyheter/?page=/Avdelningar/Artikel.aspx%3FO%3DRSS%26ArticleId%3D2008%255c02%255c15%255c270677
| title = Regeringen har sålt hela OMX-innehavet
| accessdate = 2008-05-02
| publisher = Dagens Industri
| date = 2008-02-15
}}</ref>.
====Planned privatisations====
* [[Nordea]] (19.5% owned by Swedish government)<ref>[http://www.nordea.com/sitemod/default/index.aspx?pid=70382 Shareholders | Nordea.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Scandinavian Airlines System|SAS]] (50% owned by Swedish, Danish, Norwegian governments)<ref>[http://www.scandinavian.net/EC/Appl/Home/FrontDoor/0,3479,LNG%253Dsv%2526SO%253D3F835E583CA54419_8E54125940D43A6B%2526MKT%253DSE,00.html Scandinavian Airlines<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Telia Sonera]]<ref>[http://www.privataaffarer.se/newsText.asp?src=pa&a=20780 Privata Affärer - Staten fick 18 miljarder för aktierna i Teliasonera<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> (37.3% owned by the Swedish government)
* [[SBAB]]
* [[Apoteket]] (partial, 2009)<ref>[http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1042&a=735532&rss=554 Regeringen överens om att sälja apotek<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
=== [[Ukraine]] ===
* [[Kryvorizhstal]]
=== [[United Arab Emirates]] ===
* [[Damas Jewelry]] (November 2004, 55% of the company for $224 million)
=== [[United Kingdom]] ===
* [[Amersham International]] (1982)
* [[Associated British Ports]] (1982)
* [[British Telecom]] (1984)
* [[British Steel]] (1988)
* [[British Gas plc|British Gas]] (1986)
* [[British Airways]] (1987)
* [[British Energy]] (1996)
* [[Britoil]] (1982)
* [[BAA plc|British Airports Authority]] (1987)
* [[BP|British Petroleum]]
* [[Privatisation of British Rail|British Rail]] (1995)
* [[Cable and Wireless]] (1981)
* [[Defence Evaluation and Research Agency]] (partial, 2001)
* [[Enterprise Oil]] (1984)
* [[British Leyland]] - privatised piecemeal as [[Rover (car)|Rover Group]] (1988), [[Coventry Climax]] (1982), [[Jaguar (car)|Jaguar plc]], [[Leyland Motors|Leyland Trucks]] and [[Freight Rover]] (1987), [[Leyland Bus]], [[ISTEL|Istel]], [[Unipart]], [[Alvis Vickers|Alvis plc]], and numerous other companies, some of which have since recombined
* [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] - partial privatisation
* Water industry (England and Wales only) (1989)
* Electricity generation and distribution Industry (1990)
* [[Scottish Electricity]]
* [[British Coal]] Industry
* [[National Air Traffic Services]]
* Over two million [[Council house|council-owned houses]] sold to their tenants
* Her Majesty's Stationery Office - [[HMSO]] - Partial privatisation
* British Technology Group (now [[BTG]] plc)
* [[Thomas Cook#Company Ownership|Thomas Cook]] (1972)
* [[National Bus Company (UK)|National Bus Company]]
* [[Scottish Bus Group]]
* Many [[municipal bus companies]] (local-authority owned)
* [[Passenger Transport Executive]] owned bus companies
* [[London Buses]]
* [[Rolls-Royce plc]] (1987)
* [[British Shipbuilders]]
* [[British Aerospace]]
* [[Property Services Agency]]
* [[Royal Ordnance]] (1987)
* The [[Independent Broadcasting Authority]]'s engineering (transmitter) department (privatized as Network Transcommunications Ltd, which became [[NTL]])
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" align=centre
|+'''Privatisations by share offer, 1981-91''' From Nigel Lawson, ''The View from No. 11'' (Bantam, 1992).
|-
| ''Date''|| ''Company'' || ''% of equity initially sold'' || ''Proceeds £m''
|-
| Feb 1981 || British Aerospace || 51.6 || 150
|-
| Oct 1981 || Cable & Wireless || 50 || 224
|-
| Feb 1982 || Amersham International || 100 || 71
|-
| Nov 1982 || Britoil || 51 || 549
|-
| Feb 1983 || Associated British Ports || 51.5 || 22
|-
| June 1984 || Enterprise Oil || 100 || 392
|-
| July 1984 || Jaguar || 99 || 294
|-
| Nov 1984 || British Telecom || 50.2 || 3,916
|-
| Dec 1986 || British Gas || 97 || 5,434
|-
| Feb 1987 || British Airways || 100 || 900
|-
| May 1987 || Rolls-Royce || 100 || 1,363
|-
| July 1987 || British Airports Authority || 100 || 1,281
|-
| Dec 1988 || British Steel || 100 || 2,500
|-
| Dec 1989 || Regional Water Companies || 100 || 5,110
|-
| Dec 1990 || Electricity Distribution Companies || 100 || 5,092
|-
| Mar 1991 || National Power and PowerGen || 60 || 2,230
|-
| May 1991 || Scottish Power and Scottish Hydro Electric || 100 || 2,880
|-
|}
===[[United States]] ===
* [[Conrail]]
* [[Federal National Mortgage Association]] (Fannie Mae)
* [[Student Loan Marketing Association]] (SLM Corporation) (Sallie Mae)
== References ==
* [http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/M/William.L.Megginson-1/samplebill.pdf Sample Firms Privatized Through Public Share Offerings, 1961-August 2000] - Appendix to Juliet D’Souza, William L. Megginson (1999), [http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/M/William.L.Megginson-1/prv90pap.pdf "The Financial and Operating Performance of Privatized Firms during the 1990s"], ''Journal of Finance'' August 1999
* [http://www.manda-institute.org Institute of Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (MANDA) M&A] - Academic research institute on mergers & acquisitions, including privatization
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Business lists|Privatizations]]