List of rulers of Austria
808980
223799188
2008-07-05T21:33:49Z
Surtsicna
6488475
This is a list of [[margrave]]s, [[duke]]s, [[archduke]]s, and [[emperors of Austria]]. The territory was ruled by the [[Babenberg]] family until [[1246]] and by the [[Habsburg]] family from [[1282]] to [[1918]].
{{austrians}}
==Margraves of Austria==
The [[March of Austria]] was first formed in 976 out of the lands that had once been the [[March of Pannonia]] in [[Carolingian]] times. In 1156, the [[Privilegium Minus]] elevated the march to a [[Duchy of Austria|Duchy]] independent of the [[Duchy of Bavaria]].
===Babenberg dynasty===
*[[Leopold I of Austria (Babenberg)|Leopold I]], Margrave [[976]]-[[994]]
*[[Henry I of Austria|Henry I]], Margrave [[994]]-[[1018]]
*[[Adalbert of Austria|Adalbert]], Margrave [[1018]]-[[1055]]
*[[Ernest of Austria (Babenberg)|Ernest]], Margrave [[1055]]-[[1075]]
*[[Leopold II of Austria|Leopold II]], Margrave [[1075]]-[[1095]]
*[[Leopold III of Austria (Babenberg)|Leopold III]] ([[Saint]] Leopold), Margrave [[1095]]-[[1136]]
*[[Leopold IV of Austria (Babenberg)|Leopold IV]], Margrave [[1136]]-[[1141]], [[Rulers of Bavaria|Duke of Bavaria]] 1139-1141
*[[Henry II of Austria|Henry II Jasomirgott]], Margrave [[1141]]-[[1156]], [[Rulers of Bavaria|Duke of Bavaria]] 1141-1156, Duke of Austria from [[1156]]
==Dukes of Austria==
===Babenberg dynasty===
*[[Henry II of Austria|Henry II Jasomirgott]], Duke of Austria [[1156]]-[[1177]]
*[[Leopold V of Austria (Babenberg)|Leopold V]], Duke [[1177]]-[[1194]]
:acquired the [[Duchy of Styria]] in [[1192]]
*[[Frederick I of Austria (Babenberg)|Frederick I]], Duke [[1195]]-[[1198]]
*[[Leopold VI of Austria|Leopold VI]], Duke [[1198]]-[[1230]]
*[[Frederick II of Austria|Frederick II the Quarrelsome]], Duke [[1230]]-[[1246]]
===Interregnum===
After Frederick's death, the succession of the Duchy was disputed between various claimants:
*[[Vladislavus, Margrave of Moravia|Vladislaus]], son of [[Wenceslaus I of Bohemia]], claimant [[1246]]-[[1247]]
:He married Frederick's niece [[Gertrude of Austria]] in [[1247]] and was acclaimed by the nobility as the future Duke but died soon afterwards.
*[[Herman VI, Margrave of Baden]], claimant [[1248]]-[[1250]]
:He married Gertrude after Vladislav's death but was rejected by the Austrian estates and could not establish his rule.
*[[Frederick I, Margrave of Baden]], claimant [[1250]]-[[1268]], son of Herman and Gertrude
*[[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Přemysl Ottokar II]], son of [[Wenceslaus I of Bohemia]], and later [[King of Bohemia]], claimant [[1251]]-[[1278]]
:Wenceslaus invaded Austria in [[1250]] and installed his son as governor. Ottokar was acclaimed by the nobility as Duke in [[1251]] and married Duke Frederick II's sister [[Margaret, Duchess of Austria|Margaret]] in [[1252]]. In [[1260]] he was invested as Duke by King [[Richard, Earl of Cornwall|Richard of Cornwall]], [[List of German Kings and Emperors#Kings|King of Germany]].
===Habsburg Dukes and Archdukes of Austria===
;Austria in the [[Late Middle Ages]]
In [[1278]], [[Rudolph I of Habsburg|Rudolph I]], [[List of German Kings and Emperors#Kings|King of Germany]], defeated Ottokar and took control of Austria. In [[1282]] he invested his sons with the Duchies of Austria and Styria, thereby securing it for the [[Habsburg]] dynasty:
*[[Albert I of Habsburg|Albert I]], Duke [[1282]]-[[1308]], also King of Germany, jointly with
**[[Rudolph II of Austria|Rudolph II]], son of King Rudolph I, Duke [[1282]]-[[1283]]
**[[Rudolph I (Bohemia)|Rudolph III]], son of Albert I, Duke [[1298]]-[[1307]]
*[[Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg)|Frederick I the Fair]], son of Albert I, Duke [[1308]]-[[1330]], also claiming the [[List of German Kings and Emperors#Kings|Kingship of Germany]], jointly with
**[[Leopold I of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold I]], son of Albert I, Duke [[1308]]-[[1326]]
*[[Albert II of Austria|Albert II]], son of Albert I, Duke [[1330]]-[[1358]] jointly with
**[[Otto, Duke of Austria|Otto the Merry]], son of Albert I, Duke [[1330]]-[[1339]]<br>Albert II and Otto acquired the [[Duchy of Carinthia|the Duchies of Carinthia]] and [[Carniola]] in [[1335]]
**[[Leopold II, Duke of Austria]], son of Otto, Duke [[1339]]-[[1344]], underage
*[[Rudolf IV of Austria|Rudolph IV the Founder]], son of Albert II, Duke [[1358]]-[[1365]]<br>acquired the [[County of Tyrol]] in [[1369]]
The [[Privilegium Maius]], fabricated by Rudolf in [[1359]], attempted to invest the Dukes of Austria with the special position of an '''[[Archduke]]'''. This title was frequently used by [[Ernest the Iron]] and other Dukes but not recognized by other princes of the Holy Roman Empire until [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick V]] became Emperor and confirmed the Privilegium in [[1453]].
Rudolf was succeeded by his brothers that at first ruled jointly:
*[[Albert III of Austria|Albert III]], Duke [[1365]]-[[1395]]
*[[Leopold III of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold III]], Duke [[1365]]-[[1386]]
The territories were divided between the brothers and their descendants in the [[Treaty of Neuberg]] in [[1379]]:
The ''[[Albertinian Line]]'' received the [[Archduchy of Austria]], later called '''Lower Austria''' (not to be confused with the [[Lower Austria|namesake modern state]]):
:*[[Albert III of Austria|Albert III]], Duke [[1365]]-[[1395]]
:*[[Albert IV of Austria|Albert IV]], Duke [[1395]]-[[1404]]
:*[[Albert II of Habsburg|Albert V]], Duke [[1404]]-[[1439]], also King of Germany (as Albert II), [[King of Bohemia|Bohemia]] and [[King of Hungary|Hungary]]
:**under the joint guardianship of [[Leopold IV of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold IV]] and [[Ernest of Austria (Habsburg)|Ernest the Iron]], both of the ''Leopoldinian Line'', until [[1411]].
:*vacant [[1439]]-[[1440]]
:*[[Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary|Ladislaus Posthumus]], Duke [[1440]]-[[1457]], also King of Bohemia Hungary
:**under the guardianship of [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick V]] of Inner Austria, until [[1452]]
:After Ladislaus' death his territories passed to the ''[[Leopoldinian Line]]'':
:*[[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick V]], Archduke [[1457]]-[[1493]], jointly with:
:*[[Albert VI of Austria|Albert VI]], Archduke [[1457]]-[[1463]], controlled the [[Upper Austria|region above the Enns river]] since 1458 and the entire duchy since 1462
The ''[[Leopoldinian Line]]'' received the Duchies of [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] and [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]], the [[Tyrol|County of Tyrol]] and [[Further Austria]]:
:*[[Leopold III of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold III]], Duke [[1365]]-[[1386]]
:*[[William of Austria|William]], Duke [[1386]]-[[1406]], jointly with:
:**[[Leopold IV of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold IV]], Duke [[1386]]-[[1411]], effectively restricted to [[Further Austria]], [[1396]]-[[1406]] also ruling Tyrol
:**[[Ernest of Austria (Habsburg)|Ernest the Iron]], Duke [[1402]]-[[1424]]
:**[[Friedrich IV of Austria|Frederick IV]], Duke [[1402]]-[[1439]]<br />
:In [[1406]], the Leopoldinian lines split their territories:
:The ''Ernestine line'' received the Duchies of [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] and [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]], also called '''[[Inner Austria]]''':
::*[[Ernest of Austria (Habsburg)|Ernest the Iron]], Archduke [[1402]]-[[1424]]
::*[[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick V]], Archduke [[1424]]-[[1493]], also King of Germany and [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor]] (as Frederick III), jointly with:
::*[[Albert VI of Austria|Albert VI]], Archduke [[1424]]-[[1463]]
::**both under the guardianship of [[Friedrich IV of Austria|Frederick IV]] of Tyrol, until [[1435]]
:The ''Elder Tyrolean Line'' received Tyrol and soon also Further Austria. These territories were also called '''Upper Austria''' (not to be confused with the [[Upper Austria|namesake modern state]]):
::*[[Friedrich IV of Austria|Frederick IV]], Duke [[1402]]-[[1439]], after 1411 also [[Further Austria]]
::*[[Sigismund, Archduke of Austria|Sigismund]], Archduke [[1439]]-[[1490]]
::**until [[1446]] under the guardianship of [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick V]] of Inner Austria
:In 1490 these territories were handed over to
::*[[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] , Archduke [[1490]]-[[1519]]
*[[Matthias Corvinus]], King of Hungary, claimed the Austrian territories and occupied Austria proper and Styria. Claiming the title "Duke of Austria", he resided in [[Vienna]] from [[1485]] to his death in [[1490]].
===In [[Early Modern Europe]]n times===
The Austrian territories were again reunited in [[1493]] under:
*[[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], Archduke [[1493]]-[[1519]], also [[King of Germany]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor-elect]]
*[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I]], Archduke [[1519]]-[[1521]], also King of Germany and Emperor (as Charles V), King of Spain (as Charles I)
*[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], Archduke [[1521]]-[[1564]], also King of Germany and Emperor-elect, King of Bohemia and Hungary
In [[1564]] the Austrian territories were again divided among Emperor Ferdinand's sons:
'''Lower Austria''' (Austria proper) passed to Ferdinand's 1st son Maximilian:
:*[[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]], Archduke [[1564]]-[[1576]], also King of Germany and Emperor-elect, King of Bohemia and Hungary
:*[[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolph V]], 1st son of Emperor Maximilian II, Archduke [[1576]]-[[1608]], also King of Germany and Emperor-elect, King of Bohemia and Hungary
:*[[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]], 2nd son of Emperor Maximilian II, Archduke [[1608]]-[[1619]], also King of Germany and Emperor-elect, King of Bohemia and Hungary
:Rudolf and Matthias died without issue and the territories passed to the descendants of Emperor Ferdinand's 3rd son Charles.
'''Upper Austria''' (Tyrol, Further Austria) passed to Emperor Ferdinand's 2nd son Ferdinand:
:*[[Ferdinand II of Austria|Ferdinand II]], Archduke [[1564]]-[[1595]]
:Ferdinand died without an [[agnate|agnatic]] heir and his territories passed to the descendants of his brother Maximilian:
:*[[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]], 2nd son of Emperor Maximilian II, [[1595]]-[[1619]]
:**[[Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria|Maximilian III]], 3rd son of Emperor Maximilian II, governor [[1612]]-[[1618]], also Grand Master of the [[Teutonic Order]]
:Matthias died without issue and the territories passed to the descendants of Emperor Ferdinand's 3rd son Charles.
'''Inner Austria''' (Styria, Carinthia and Carniola) passed to Emperor Ferdinand's 3rd son Charles:
:*[[Charles II of Austria|Charles II]], Archduke [[1564]]-[[1590]])
:*[[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], Archduke [[1590]]-[[1637]]
:**under the regency of [[Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria|Maximilian]], 3rd son of Emperor Maximilian II, 1593-1595
====Reunited and redivided, again====
The Austrian territories were reunited again by inheritance in [[1619]] under '''''[[Ferdinand II, Archduke of Inner Austria]]''''' (see [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor]]), but in [[1623]] five years into the [[Thirty Years' War]] he had so much to do with<!--as head of the [[German Catholic League-->, Ferdinand divided them yet again, when he made his younger brother Leopold, who had been governor over [[Upper Austria]], Archduke of those territories.
'''[[Lower Austria]]''' and '''[[Inner Austria]]''' remained with the elder line (Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor):
:*[[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], Archduke [[1590]]/[[1619]]-[[1637]], also King of Germany and Emperor-elect (as Ferdinand II), King of Bohemia and Hungary
:*[[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand IV]], Archduke [[1637]]-[[1657]], also King of Germany and Emperor-elect (as Ferdinand III), King of Bohemia and Hungary
:*[[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold VI]], Archduke [[1657]]-[[1705]], also King of Germany and Emperor-elect (as Leopold I), King of Bohemia and Hungary.
'''Upper Austria''' passed to the ''Younger Tyrolean Line'':
:*[[Leopold V of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold V]], governor [[1619]]-[[1623]], Archduke [[1623]]-[[1632]]
:*[[Archduke Ferdinand Charles of Austria|Ferdinand Charles]], Archduke [[1632]]-[[1662]]
:**Regent [[Claudia de' Medici]] [[1632]]-[[1646]]
:*[[Archduke Sigismund Francis of Austria|Sigismund Francis]], Archduke [[1662]]-[[1665]]
:After Sigismund Francis died without issue and his territories reverted to the elder line.
The Austrian territories were conclusively reunited in [[1665]] under:
*[[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold VI]], Archduke [[1657]]/[[1665]]-[[1705]], also King of Germany and Emperor-elect (as Leopold I), King of Bohemia and Hungary
*[[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]], Archduke [[1705]]-[[1711]], also King of Germany and Emperor-elect, King of Bohemia and Hungary
*[[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles III]], Archduke [[1711]]-[[1740]], also King of Germany and Emperor-elect (as Charles VI), King of Bohemia and Hungary
*[[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]], Archduchess [[1740]]-[[1780]], [[King of Bohemia|Queen of Bohemia]] and [[King of Hungary|Hungary]]
;By some 'schools of historical classifications'... :Maria Theresa's rule spans the beginning of the [[Modern Europe]]n era, and the end of the [[Early Modern era]].
===Habsburg-Lorraine Archdukes of Austria===
*[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], Archduke [[1780]]-[[1790]], also King of Germany and Emperor-elect, King of Bohemia and Hungary
*[[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold VII]], Archduke [[1790]]-[[1792]], also King of Germany and Emperor-elect (as Leopold II), King of Bohemia and Hungary
*[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], Archduke [[1792]]-[[1835]], also King of Germany and Emperor-elect (as Francis II) until 1806, King of Bohemia and Hungary, [[Austrian Empire|Emperor of Austria]] (as Francis I) since [[1804]]
==Emperors of Austria==
In [[1804]] Francis I adopted the new title [[Emperor of Austria]]. In [[1806]] the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was dissolved.
{| class="wikitable"
|--
! Picture
! Name
! Born - Died
! Emperor From
! Emperor Until
|--
|[[Image:Friedrich von Amerling 003.jpg|80px]] || [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]] || [[1768]] - [[1835]] || [[11 August]] [[1804]] || [[2 March]] [[1835]]
|--
|[[Image:Ferdinand I; Keizer van Oostenrijk.jpg|80px]] || [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I]] || [[1793]] - [[1875]] || [[2 March]] [[1835]] || [[2 December]] [[1848]] (abdicated)
|--
|[[Image:Fjoseph1.jpg|80px]] || [[Franz Joseph of Austria|Francis Joseph I]] || [[1830]] - [[1916]] || [[2 December]] [[1848]] || [[21 November]] [[1916]]
|--
|[[Image:Karl of Austria.jpg|80px]] || [[Charles I of Austria|Charles I]] || [[1887]] - [[1922]] || [[21 November]] [[1916]] || [[11 November]] [[1918]] (deposed)
|}
==Republic of Austria==
In 1918, a [[republic]] was established which lasted until 1938. Following [[World War II]], a republic was reestablished in 1945. The head of state is the Federal President (''Bundespräsident''); however, in practice, the Federal Chancellor (''Bundeskanzler'') or Head of Government is far more important.
For lists of officeholders, see
*[[List of Federal Presidents of Austria]]
*[[Chancellor of Austria]]
==See also==
*[[Austria]]
*[[Austrian Empire]]
*[[Habsburg]]
*[[Habsburg Monarchy]]
*[[Archduchy of Austria]]
*[[History of Austria]]
*[[Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Rulers of Austria|*]]
[[Category:History of Austria]]
[[Category:Lists of rulers|Austria]]
[[bg:Император на Австрия]]
[[de:Liste der Markgrafen und Herzöge von Österreich im Mittelalter]]
[[es:Lista de soberanos de Austria]]
[[fr:Liste des souverains d'Autriche]]
[[nl:Lijst van heersers van Oostenrijk]]
[[no:Liste over Østerrikes monarker]]
[[ja:オーストリア君主一覧]]
[[pl:Władcy Austrii]]
[[sk:Zoznam vládcov Rakúska]]
[[zh:奥地利统治者列表]]