Ljubljana 42374 223756515 2008-07-05T17:15:41Z Eleassar 294421 while -> whereas {{Infobox Settlement | official_name = Ljubljana | image_skyline = Lju2007.jpg | image_caption = [[Triple Bridge]] above [[Ljubljanica|Ljubljanica River]] and [[Prešeren Square]] | image_flag = Flag of Ljubljana.gif | image_shield = Wappen Ljubljana si.png | image_map = Karte Ljubljana si.png | map_caption = Municipal location in [[Slovenia]] | pushpin_map =Slovenia | pushpin_map_caption =Location of the city of Ljubljana in Slovenia | subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] | subdivision_name = [[Slovenia]] | established_title = First mention | established_date = 1144 | leader_party = [[Lista Zorana Jankovića]] | leader_title = [[Mayor]] and [[governor]] | leader_name = [[Zoran Janković (economist)|Zoran Janković]] | area_total_km2 = 275.0 | population_total = 278638 | population_as_of = 2007 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/tourism/ljubljana/ljubljana_in_numbers/default.html |title=Ljubljana in Numbers |publisher=City Municipality of Ljubljana |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | latd = 46 | latm = 3 | lats = 19 |latNS = N | longd = 14 | longm = 30 |longs = 52 | longEW = E | elevation_m = 298 | area_code = 01 | blank_name = [[License plate|Vehicle Registration]] | blank_info = LJ | website = [http://www.ljubljana.si www.ljubljana.si] | footnotes = }} '''{{Audio|Ljubljana-2.ogg|Ljubljana}}''' ({{pronounced|ʎubˈʎa:nʌ}}), is the largest city and [[capital]] of [[Slovenia]]. It is located in the center of the country and has a population of 278,638 according to a 2007 [[census]]. Ljubljana is regarded as the cultural, scientific, economic, political and administrative center of Slovenia. The city is divided into several quarters, formerly [[municipality|municipalities]], which also correspond to the main [[electoral]] [[constituency|constituencies]] of the city: [[Šiška]], [[Bežigrad]], [[Vič]], [[Moste]], and [[Center (Ljubljana)|Center]]. Its transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and industrial tradition are contributing factors to its leading economic position. Ljubljana is the seat of the central government, [[public administration|administrative bodies]] and all [[Government of Slovenia|government ministries]] of Slovenia. It is also the seat of [[Parliament of Slovenia|Parliament]] and of the Office of the [[President of Slovenia|President]]. {{TOClimit|limit=2}} ==Etymology== [[Image:Zmajski most-Ljubljana.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Dragon Bridge]]. The [[dragon]] is the symbol of the city.]] Linguists disagree as to where the name Ljubljana comes from. A close similarity to the [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] word ''ljubljena'', or "beloved", is generally thought to be coincidental. Although the name could have evolved from the [[Latin]] term for a flooding river, ''alluviana'', some believe the source of the present-day name is [[Laburus]]{{Fact|date=March 2007}}, a [[deity]] from old [[Slavic mythology]] and supposed patron of the original settlement. Other linguists reconstruct an earlier ''Lablana'', rejecting both a Latin or [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] source, but without settling on an etymology.<ref>Paliga, Sorin. ''Pre-Slavic place-names''. 2002.</ref> Laibach ({{IPA|/'lɑɪbaχ/}}), the [[German language|German]] name for the city, derives from ''Laibach'' (and also possibly ''Laubach''), meaning "a lukewarm [[stream|brook]]" in German; ''lai'' ("tepid") + ''bach'' ("brook"). Its [[Italian language|Italian]] name ''Lubiana'' ({{IPA|/lub'jaːna/}}) is a hybrid rendering of the Latin and German versions. These names are important for historical reasons. The name ''Laibach'' was popularized again during the 1980s by the experimental music group [[Laibach (band)|Laibach]]. The use of the German name was discouraged in Slovenia after 1918 and became especially controversial during the [[Second World War]], when the [[Nazis]] tried to implement a violent [[Germanization]] policy in most parts of German-occupied Slovenia. Nowadays most Germans use the term ''Ljubljana''. On the other hand, ''Laibach'' is still widely used especially in [[Austria]] and southern Germany, as well as by the German embassy in Ljubljana. == History == ===Beginnings=== Ljubljana and its surrounding area have been populated since ancient times. The earliest known settlements, in the [[Bronze Age]], consisted of wooden houses erected on stakes ([[palafito]]s). The [[Roman Empire|Roman]] settlement [[Emona]] (full name: ''Colonia Iulia Aemona'') was built in AD 15 by the [[Legio XV Apollinaris]]. In AD 452, Aemona was sacked and devastated by the [[Huns]], led by [[Attila]]. ===Middle Ages=== The first records mentioning Ljubljana date to 1144 (referred to by its [[German language|German]] name ''Laibach'') and 1146 (by its Latin name, ''Luwigana''). The settlement received town rights in 1220, and in 1335 came under [[Habsburg]] rule, lasting until 1918. During this time Ljubljana was the capital of the duchy of [[Carniola]]. Ljubljana also became the seat of a diocese in 1461 and developed into a Slovenian cultural center during the late [[Middle Ages]]. === Nineteenth century === [[Image:Ljubljana-skyline.jpg|thumb|right|Ljubljana skyline including [[Ljubljana Castle]]]] [[Image:MestniTrg-Ljubljana.JPG|thumb|right|[[Town Square, Ljubljana|Town Square in Ljubljana]]]] [[Image:Bežigrad.JPG|thumb|right|The northern tip of Ljubljana's center (closer) and [[Bežigrad]] (further), beneath the [[Kamnik Alps]]]] The Habsburg rule was shortly interrupted by the [[Napoleonic wars]], and between 1809 and 1813 Ljubljana was the capital of the [[First French Empire|French]] [[Illyrian provinces]]. From 1816 to 1849 Ljubljana was the capital of the [[Kingdom of Illyria]], one of the administrative units of the [[Austrian Empire]]. In 1821 the city hosted the [[Congress of Laibach]]. Ljubljana witnessed the first train arriving from [[Vienna]] in 1849 and the railway connected it with [[Trieste]] in 1857. During the second part of the 19th century, Ljubljana emerged as the undisputed cultural center of the [[Slovene Lands]], after some initial rivaly with [[Klagenfurt]]. ==== Earthquake in 1895 ==== {{main|Ljubljana earthquake}} On [[April 14]] [[1895]], during the [[Easter]] period, an earthquake damaged large parts of the city. The earthquake, of magnitude 6.1, struck at 20:17, and its shocks were felt as far away as [[Florence]], [[Vienna]] and [[Split]]. At the time, Ljubljana had a population of approximately 31,000 people and around 1,400 buildings. About 10% of the buildings were damaged or had to undergo large scale demolition, renovation or change afterwards. Very few people were killed or injured but the earthquake destroyed much of the old monastery in Vodnik Square containing a girls' diocesan college and library, so that this building had to be completely pulled down, and Ljubljana's central outdoor market developed later at its place. The earthquake brought about a wide expansion of the city and a widespread [[Art Nouveau]] architectural change which is today juxtaposed against the earlier [[Baroque]] style of buildings that remain. The Mladika for instance, which nowadays houses the Foreign Ministry of Slovenia, and many other buildings date back to the period immediately after the earthquake. The reconstruction, carried out by mayor [[Ivan Hribar]], gave Ljubljana its new, contemporary image. ===Twentieth century=== With the disintegration of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] in 1918, Ljubljana became the unofficial capital of Slovenia in the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], and in 1929 the official provincial seat of the [[Drava Banovina]] within the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. The [[Second World War]] came to the city in April 1941, where Ljubljana was occupied by [[Italian fascism|fascist]] [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Italy]] and included in the [[Province of Ljubljana]]. The city became one of the main centers of underground [[anti-fascist]] resistance and to counter this, the Italian occupation authorities completely encircled it with 30&nbsp;km of [[barbed wire]] fence on [[February 23]] [[1942]]. [[Nazi Germany]] replaced the Italians as the occupying force after the capitulation of Italy in September 1943. <ref name="PST">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana-tourism.si/file/559602/2006-april-POT-SPOMINOV-IN-TOVARITVA-_2.pdf |title=Pot spominov in tovarištva / The path of Remembrance and Comradeship |publisher=Ljubljana Tourist Board |year=2006 |month=April |accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> The city was then ruled by Germans and [[Slovene Home Guard|their collaborators]] until May 1945, when it was liberated by Slovenian [[Partisans (Yugoslavia)|partisans]]. In remembrance to this, the [[Path of Remembrance and Comradeship]] has been built along the course of the fence after the war.<ref name="PST" /> In 1955 Yugoslav president [[Josip Broz Tito]] gave the city of Ljubljana the title of "Hero City" for the heroism shown by the people during WWII (not to be confused with the [[Soviet]] title [[Hero City|of the same name]]). ===Independent Slovenia=== After [[World War II]], Ljubljana became the capital of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]], and remained the capital after the country's independence in 1991 after the break up and a [[Ten-Day War|ten day war]] against the [[Yugoslav National Army]]. ==Geography and climate== Ljubljana is located at 46.03°N, 14.30°E on the outfall of the river [[Ljubljanica]] into the [[Sava (river)|Sava]]. It lies at an altitude of 298 metres [[AMSL]]. The temperature varies between -5°C in December and more than 30°C in July. Annual rainfall is 1350 millimetres. {{Ljubljana weatherbox}} ==Districts== [[Image:MOL-CS.png|thumb|right|320px|Districts of Ljubljana]] Ljubljana has 17 districts: {| cellpadding="5" |- valign="top" | # [[Bežigrad]] # [[Center (Ljubljana)|Center]] # [[Črnuče]] # [[Dravlje]] # [[Golovec]] # [[Jarše]] # [[Moste]] # [[Polje, Ljubljana|Polje]] # [[Posavje, Ljubljana|Posavje]] || || <ol start="10"> <li>[[Rožnik]]</li> <li>[[Rudnik, Ljubljana|Rudnik]]</li> <li>[[Sostro]]</li> <li>[[Šentvid]]</li> <li>[[Šiška]]</li> <li>[[Šmarna gora]]</li> <li>[[Trnovo, Ljubljana|Trnovo]]</li> <li>[[Vič]]</li> </ol> |} ==Education== [[Image:Univerza Ljubljana.jpg|thumb|right|The [[University of Ljubljana]], former Carniolan Parliament building]] In 1693 the Scholar Society (''[[Academia operosorum Labacensis]]'') was established in Ljubljana. This fell into decline in 1801 but was a forerunner to the present [[Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] which opened in 1938. The city's only university, the [[University of Ljubljana]], was established in 1919. The city is also home to one of the oldest philharmonics of Europe, the [[Philharmonic Society]] (''Academia Philharmonicorum''), established in 1701. Moreover, the city houses the permanent seat of the [[International Association for Political Science Students]] (IAPSS), an international academic group with 10,000 members worldwide. ==Transport== Public transportation in Ljubljana is composed of city buses, operated by the city-owned company [[Ljubljanski potniški promet]] (LPP). There have been many discussions about implementing a [[light rail]] system on the streets again (the last [[tram]] in Ljubljana stopped operating in 1958) as the city is facing a huge amount of traffic during [[rush hour]]. There are also many [[Taxicab|taxi]]s in Ljubljana, and in December 2006, a new [[funicular]] to the [[Ljubljana Castle]] was introduced. The suburban area of Ljubljana is covered by an extensive network of suburban buses and trains. Ljubljana is served by [[Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport]] (IATA LJU; ICAO LJLJ) ==Architecture== [[Image:UrbancevaHisa-Ljubljana.JPG|thumb|right|upright|The Urbanc House at [[Prešeren Square]]: an example of Ljubljana's [[art nouveau]] architecture]] Ljubljana has a strong [[Alps|Alpine]] feel to it and the architecture underlines this impression. There is also a touch of the Mediterranean to it, thanks to its geographical proximity. Ljubljana was devastated by [[earthquake]]s several times. After an earthquake in 1511, Ljubljana was rebuilt in the [[Renaissance]] style, and after an earthquake in 1895 severely damaged the city, the city was rebuilt in Neo-Classicist and Secession ([[Art Nouveau]]) styles. The city's Baroque architecture was mainly influenced by Italian Baroque architecture. The cathedral was designed by [[Andrea Pozzo]] in 1701, whereas St. Ursula's church displays Palladian features, and [[Francesco Robba]] designed a fountain. One of the most recognisable features of the city, the castle (which dates back to the [[Middle Ages]]) continues to undergo renovation. Large areas of the city that were built in the early 20th century feature the work of native architect [[Jože Plečnik]], including several bridges. One of its most notable high rises is [[Nebotičnik]]. ==Culture== The National Gallery (''Narodna galerija'') and the Museum of Modern Art (''Moderna galerija'') are both situated in Ljubljana, showing the greatest Slovenian artists. There is also a large [[counterculture]] centre on [[Metelkova]] Street, housed in a former Yugoslav military complex, comparable, roughly, to [[Berlin|Berlin's]] [[Kunsthaus Tacheles| Tacheles]]. Metelkova hosts films and lectures, as well as concerts of mainly [[Alternative rock| alternative music]]. There are a number of music festivals with mainly [[European classical music|classical music]] and [[jazz]] such as the Ljubljana Summer Festival (''Ljubljanski poletni festival'') and Druga Godba, a [[world music]] festival. In the 1980s Ljubljana was the center of the [[Neue Slowenische Kunst]] movement, which included the musical group [[Laibach (band)|Laibach]], and with which the theorist [[Slavoj Žižek]] was also associated. ==Sister cities== [[Image:Slovenia Ljubljana 04.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[St. Nicholas Cathedral, Ljubljana|St. Nicholas Cathedral]]]] {| cellpadding="5" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|GRC}} - [[Athens]], [[Greece]], since 2000 *{{flagicon|SRB}} - [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]], since 2003 *{{flagicon|SVK}} - [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]], since 1967 *{{flagicon|BEL}} - [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]], since 2004 *{{flagicon|GER}} - [[Chemnitz]], [[Germany]], since 1966 *{{flagicon|CHN}} - [[Chengdu]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], since 1981 *{{flagicon|USA}} - [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], [[United States]] *{{flagicon|GER}} - [[Leverkusen]], [[Germany]], since 1979 *{{flagicon|TUR}} - [[Mardin]], [[Turkey]], since 2003 *{{flagicon|RUS}} - [[Moscow]], [[Russia]], since 2000 *{{flagicon|GBR}} - [[Nottingham]], [[United Kingdom]], since 1963 || || *{{flagicon|ITA}} - [[Parma]], [[Italy]], since 1964 *{{flagicon|ITA}} - [[Pesaro]], [[Italy]], since 1964 *{{flagicon|CRO}} - [[Ploče]], [[Croatia]], since 1982 *{{flagicon|CRO}} - [[Rijeka]], [[Croatia]], since 1979 *{{flagicon|BIH}} - [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], since 2002 *{{flagicon|Macedonia}} - [[Skopje]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] *{{flagicon|TUN}} - [[Sousse]], [[Tunisia]], since 1969 *{{flagicon|GEO}} - [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], since 1977 *{{flagicon|AUT}} - [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], since 1999 *{{flagicon|GER}} - [[Wiesbaden]], [[Germany]], since 1977 *{{flagicon|CRO}} - [[Zagreb]], [[Croatia]], since 2001 |} ==See also== * [[List of people from Ljubljana]] * [[Ljubljana Castle]] * [[University of Ljubljana]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{sisterlinks|Ljubljana}} * [http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/ City of Ljubljana] (official) * [http://www.burger.si/Ljubljana/Ljubljana.html Ljubljana - Virtual Reality Panoramas] (Slovenia-Landmarks by Boštjan Burger) * [http://turizem.gis.ljubljana.si/web/profile.aspx?id=MOL_Turizem@Ljubljana&culture=en-US Ljubljana - Interactive City Map] (MOL Turizem) * [http://www.geopedia.si/#L410_F10110084_T105_b4_x464176.5_y102560_s11 Maps, aerial photos, and other data for Ljubljana] (Geopedia.si) {{Ljubljana}} {{Slovenia-municipalities}} {{European capitals}} {{Capital cities of the European Union}} [[Category:Capitals in Europe]] [[Category:Ljubljana| ]] [[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Slovenia]] {{Link FA|sh}} [[af:Ljoebljana]] [[am:ልዩብልያና]] [[ar:ليوبليانا]] [[az:Lyüblyana]] [[bn:লিউব্লিয়ানা]] [[be:Горад Любляна]] [[be-x-old:Любляна]] [[bar:Laibåch]] {{Link FA|bar}} [[bs:Ljubljana]] [[br:Ljubljana]] [[bg:Любляна]] [[ca:Ljubljana]] [[cs:Lublaň]] [[cy:Ljubljana]] [[da:Ljubljana]] [[de:Ljubljana]] [[et:Ljubljana]] [[el:Λιουμπλιάνα]] [[es:Liubliana]] [[eo:Ljubljano]] [[eu:Ljubljana]] [[fa:لیوبلیانا]] [[fo:Ljubljana]] [[fr:Ljubljana]] [[fur:Lubiane]] [[ga:Liúibleána]] [[gv:Ljubljana]] [[gd:Ljubljana]] [[gl:Liubliana]] [[ko:류블랴나]] [[hy:Լյուբլյանա]] [[hsb:Ljubljana]] [[hr:Ljubljana]] [[io:Ljubljana]] [[id:Ljubljana]] [[is:Ljubljana]] [[it:Lubiana]] [[he:ליובליאנה]] [[jv:Ljubljana]] [[ka:ლიუბლიანა]] [[sw:Lyublyana]] [[ht:Lyoubyana]] [[la:Aemona]] [[lv:Ļubļana]] [[lb:Ljubljana]] [[lt:Liubliana]] [[lij:Lubiann-a]] [[hu:Ljubljana]] [[mk:Љубљана]] [[nl:Ljubljana]] [[ja:リュブリャナ]] [[no:Ljubljana]] [[nn:Ljubljana]] [[nrm:Liublianne]] [[nov:Ljubljana]] [[oc:Ljubljana]] [[pms:Lubian-a]] [[pl:Lublana]] [[pt:Liubliana]] [[crh:Lüblâna]] [[ro:Ljubljana]] [[qu:Ljubljana]] [[ru:Любляна]] [[sq:Lubjana]] [[simple:Ljubljana]] [[sk:Ľubľana]] [[cu:Люблꙗна]] [[sl:Ljubljana]] [[sr:Љубљана]] [[sh:Ljubljana]] [[fi:Ljubljana]] [[sv:Ljubljana]] [[tl:Ljubljana]] [[th:ลูบลิยานา]] [[vi:Ljubljana]] [[tg:Любляна]] [[tr:Ljubljana]] [[uk:Любляна]] [[vec:Łubiana]] [[vo:Ljubljana]] [[bat-smg:Liublijana]] [[zh:卢布尔雅那]]