Ll 370192 224993963 2008-07-11T10:48:17Z Zeimusu 56293 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 223114935 by [[Special:Contributions/80.25.121.159|80.25.121.159]] ([[User talk:80.25.121.159|talk]]) {{ otheruses4|a digraph|LL as an acronym|LL }} {{IPA notice}} '''Ll'''/'''ll''' is a [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]] which occurs in several natural [[language]]s. ==In English== In [[English language|English]], ''ll'' represents the same sound as single ''l'': {{IPA|/l/}}. The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or for [[etymology|etymological]] reasons, in [[latinism]]s. ===Proper names=== When a [[Proper noun|proper name]] begins with the ''ll'' digraph, it is not always capitalised according to the usual rules for proper nouns: for example, the name ''lloyd-george''.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Such people as [[David Lloyd George]], however, spell their names with a single capital L. Style generally requires that the initial "l" be capitalised at the beginning of sentences, however. == Spanish and Galician == In [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and official [[Galician language|Galician]] spelling the ''ll'' combination stands for the phoneme {{IPA|/ʎ/}} ([[palatal lateral approximant]], a palatal {{IPA|/l/}}). However, nowadays most Spanish speakers, as well as some Galicians, pronounce ''ll'' the same as ''y'' ([[yeísmo]]). As a result, in most parts of Latin America as well as in many regions of Spain, Spanish speakers pronounce it {{IPA|/ʝ/}} ([[voiced palatal fricative]]), while some other Latin Americans (especially [[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]] speakers, and in Tabasco, Mexico) pronounce it {{IPA|/ʒ/}} ([[voiced postalveolar fricative]]) or {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar fricative]]). This digraph is considered a single letter in Spanish orthography, called ''elle''. From 1803 was [[collation|collated]] after ''[[L]]'' as a separate entry, but this is no longer done: in April of [[1994]], a votation in the X Congress of the [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]] ruled the adoption of the standard Latin alphabet collation rules, so that for purposes of collation the digraph ''ll'' is now considered a sequence of two characters.<ref>[http://www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=6010&menu=1 Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española], official website.</ref> The same is now true of the Spanish-language digraph, [[ch (digraph)|ch]]. [[Hypercorrection]] leads some to wrongly capitalize it as a single letter ([[*#Generativist tradition in linguistics|*]]"LLosa" instead of the official "[[Llosa]]"; "LLOSA" is the right form in full uppercase) as with the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] [[IJ (letter)|IJ]]. In [[handwriting]], it is written as a [[ligature]] of two L's, with a distinct uppercase and lowercase form. An old ligature for ''Ll'' is known as the "broken L", which takes the form of a lowercase ''l'' with the top half shifted to the left, connected to the lower half with a thin horizontal stroke. This ligature is not encoded by any standard character encoding and therefore cannot be used in digitized documents. == Catalan == In [[Catalan language|Catalan]], ''ll'' represents the phoneme {{IPA|/ʎ/}} ([[palatal lateral approximant]]. For example, as in ''llengua'' "language" or "tongue", ''enllaç'' "linkage", "connection" or ''coltell'' "knife". In order not to confuse ''ll'' with a [[geminate]] ''l'' {{IPA|/ll/}}, the ligature ''[[l·l]]'' is used with the second meaning. For example, ''excel·lent'' is the Catalan word for "excellent". See [[interpunct]] for more information. == Philippine languages == While [[languages of the Philippines|Philippine languages]] like [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]] write ''ly'' or ''li'' in the spelling of Spanish loanwords, ''ll'' still survives in proper nouns. However, the pronunciation of ''ll'' is simply {{IPA|[lj]}} rather than {{IPA|[ʎ]}}. Hence the surnames ''Padilla'' and ''Villanueva'' are respectively pronounced {{IPA|[pɐˈdɪːlja]}} and {{IPA|[ˌbɪːljanuˈwɛːba]}}. Furthermore, in Ilokano ''ll'' represents a [[geminate]] [[alveolar lateral approximant]] /lː/, like in Italian. ==Albanian== In [[Albanian language|Albanian]], '''L''' stands, as in Spanish, for the sound {{IPA|/l/}}, while '''Ll''' is pronounced as the [[velarization|velarized]] sound {{IPA|/ɫ/}}. ==Welsh==<!-- This section is linked from [[Llanfairpwllgwyngyll]] --> In [[Welsh language|Welsh]], '''Ll''' stands for a [[voiceless lateral fricative]] sound, found also in [[Navajo language|Navajo]], where it is written as [[L with stroke|ł]]. The [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] signifies this sound as l with belt ({{IPA|ɬ}}). This sound is very common in [[Welsh placenames|place names]] in [[Wales]] because it occurs in the word ''Llan'', meaning "[[church]] of Saint ...", for example. [[Llanelli]] where it appears twice, or "[[Llanrwst]]", which means "church of Saint Gwrwst." These Welsh placenames are therefore very often mispronounced by English speakers, especially those from outside the [[British Isles]], but also many Britons. ==See also== * [[Lh (digraph)]] * [[Lj (digraph)]] * [[Hungarian ly]] {{Digraphs}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Digraphs]] [[es:Ll]] [[eo:LL]] [[fr:LL]] [[nah:-ll-]] [[nl:Ll]] [[ja:Ll]] [[pl:Ll]] [[sq:Ll]] [[zh:Ll]]