Location hypotheses of Atlantis 2725929 225336563 2008-07-13T04:13:51Z SmackBot 433328 Date the maintenance tags or general fixes ''This article presents various theories as to the location of Atlantis and provides links and references therefor; see [[Atlantis]] for the main article.'' '''[[Atlantis]]''' is the subject of a [[legend]] about an advanced island civilization that was [[Lost city|destroyed or lost]]. The story of Atlantis was first mentioned around 360 B.C. in [[Plato]]'s dialogues ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'' and ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]'', in which a character named [[Critias]] claims the land was destroyed by an [[earthquake]] or a [[tsunami]] about 9,300 years previously. The story claimed that Atlantis could be found “in front of” or “before” the [[Pillars of Hercules]]. [[Image:Rudbeck Atlantis.jpg|thumb|240px|right|A 17th century artwork of [[Olaus Rudbeck|Olof Rudbeck]] dissecting the world and revealing the secret location of Atlantis (which he believed to be hidden in Sweden.) He is surrounded by other well-known figures of antiquity such as Plato, Aristotle and Homer.]] ==In or near the Mediterranean Sea== [[Image:Location hypothesis of Atlantis in Med.jpg|thumb|380px|left|Hypothesized locations of Atlantis in the [[Mediterranean]].]] Many theories of Atlantis center on the [[Mediterranean]]. In part because of the [[Greek mythology|Ancient Greek myth]] which is the first written record of Atlantis, but also because it was a ''superhighway'' of transport in ancient times, allowing for [[trade]] and cultural exchange between emergent peoples of the region.{{Clarifyme|date=March 2008}} Some of the more popular theories include the [[Minoan civilization]] on [[Santorini]] and [[Crete]], the island of [[Sardinia]], [[Malta]] as well as some river valley civilizations. === Andalusia === [[Andalusia]] is a region in modern day southern Spain and host to the lost city of [[Tartessos]], which disappeared in the 6th century BC. The Tartessians were traders and were known to the Ancient Greeks who knew of their legendary king [[Arganthonios]]. [[Werner Wickboldt]] suggests that the war of the Atlanteans refers to the war of the [[Sea Peoples]] who attacked the Eastern Mediterranean countries around 1200 BC and the city of Tartessos [[Iron Age]] (800-500 BC) may have been built at the site of the ruined Atlantis. This localisation was adopted by [[Rainer W. Kühne]] in his article that appeared in the journal ''[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=A location for "Atlantis"? |author=Rainer W. Kühne |publisher=Antiquity.ac.uk |date=June 2004 |accessdate=2006-08-10 |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/kuhne/ }}</ref> The Andalusian hypothesis was originally developed by the Spanish authors José Pellicer de Ossau i Tovar (in 1673), who suggested that the metropolis of Atlantis was between the islands Mayor and Menor, located almost in the center of the Doñana Marshes<ref>Joseph Pellicer de Ossau y Tovar (Spaniard). Aparato a la mvonarchia antigua de las Españas en los tres tiempos del mundo, el adelon, el mithico y el historico : primera parte... / por don Ioseph Pellicer de Ossau y Touar... (En Valençia : por Benito Macè..., 1673 (the first extensive study about Atlantis in Iberia, with the hypothesis about Doñana) </ref>, and by Juan Fernández Amador y de los Ríos (in 1919), who suggested that the metropolis of Atlantis was located precisely where today are the 'Marismas de Hinojo'<ref>Juan Fernández Amador de los Ríos (Spaniard). Antigüedades ibéricas / por Juan Fernández Amador de los Rios. Pamplona : Nemesio Aramburu, 1911. (first part about the Atlantis in Iberia, with the hypothesis about Doñana, Sea Peoples, etc.)</ref>, in the same place where in 1997 independent of earlier researches the german teacher [[Werner Wickboldt]] pinpointed the main site of Atlantis<ref>Werner Wickboldt: Locating the capital of Atlantis by strict observation of the text by Plato. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on "The Atlantis Hypothesis: Searching for a Lost Land"(Milos island 2005) . Athen 2007. ISBN 978-960-89882-1-7 pp.517-524</ref>, and afterwards by the German author Adolf Schulten in 1922, and further studied by Otto Jessen and Richard Hennig in the 1920s, and from 2000 is defended by Georgeos Diaz-Montexano<ref>Magazine ''Más Allá de la Ciencia'', March-April of the 2000 (nº 134), where was published a report about the Georgeos Díaz-Montexano's theory of Atlantis between Andalusia and Morocco.</ref>. On the tops of two small elevations inside the marsh of Doñana, according [[Werner Wickboldt]], [[Satellite image]]s show two rectangular shapes which have been hypothesized to be the "temple of [[Poseidon]]" and "the temple of Cleito and Poseidon".<ref> {{cite news |title=Satellite images 'show Atlantis |author=Paul Rincon |publisher=BBC News |date=June 06, 2004 |accessdate=2006-08-10 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3766863.stm }}</ref> On satellite images parts of several "rings" are recognizable which agree in their proportionen with the ring system by Plato.<ref>Werner Wickboldt: Locating the capital of Atlantis by strict observation of the text by Plato. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on "The Atlantis Hypothesis: Searching for a Lost Land"(Milos island 2005). Athen 2007. ISBN 978-960-89882-1-7 pp.517-524</ref>. It is not known if any of these shapes are natural or manmade and archaeological excavations are planned.<ref>http://www.beepworld.de/members/archiv_rainer_kuehne_17/ Search for Tartessos-Atlantis in the Donana National Park</ref> Geologists have shown that the Doñana National Park experienced intense erosion from 4000 BC until century IX AD, where it became a marine environment. For thousands of years until the Medieval Age, all that occupied the area of the modern Marshes Doñana was a gulf or inland sea-arm, but there was not even a small island with sufficient space to house a small village.<ref>A. Rodriguez-Ramirez et al., Recent coastal evolution of the Doñana National Park (SW Spain), in: Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 15 (1996) pp.803 -809</ref><ref>Paleogeografía de las costas atlánticas de Andalucía durante el Holoceno medio-superior : prehistoria reciente, protohistoria y fases históricas / Francisco Borja Barrera En: Tartessos : 25 años después, 1968-1993 : Jerez de la Frontera, 1995, ISBN 84-87194-64-8, pags. 73-97</ref> {{clarifyme}} ===Black Sea=== German researchers Siegfried and Christian Schoppe locate Atlantis in the [[Black Sea]]. Before 5500 BC, a great plain lay in the northwest at a former freshwater-lake. In 5510 BC, rising sea level topped the barrier at today's [[Bosporus]]. They identify the [[Pillars of Hercules]] with the Strait of [[Bosporus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.black-sea-atlantis.com/black-sea-atlantis/|author=Siegfried Schoppe and Christian Schoppe|title=Atlantis in the Black Sea|date=2004-08-12|accessdate=2006-08-11}}</ref> They gave no explanation how the ships of the merchants coming from all over the world had arived the harbour of Atlantis when it was 350 feet below global sea-level. They claim [[Oreichalcos]] means the [[obsidian]] stone that used to be a cash-equivalent at that time and was replaced by the [[spondylus]] shell around 5500 BC, which would suit the red, white, black motif. The geocatastrophic event led to the [[neolithic]] diaspora in Europe, also beginning 5500 BC. In 2000, the ''Guardian'' reported that [[Robert Ballard]], in a small submarine, found remains of human habitation around 300 feet underwater in the Black Sea off the north coast of Turkey. The area flooded around 5000 BC. This flood may have inspired the [[Bible|Biblical]] story of [[Noah's Ark]]; but the area need not be Atlantis.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The existence of this flood is still disputed Another candidate bordering the Black Sea, suggested by Hasan Umur in the 1940s, would be [[Ancomah]] , a legendary place near [[Trabzon]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} ===Sea of Azov=== The Atlantis Motherland book, by F. Eagle and M. Wind, 2003, present evidence that the island of Atlantis was a man-made island, which was created by digging an “incredible ditch” around a vast fertile plain located north of the [[Black Sea]]. Catastrophic tectonic action caused the plain to sink. The [[Caspian Sea]], which was swollen from the massive flooding at the end of the [[Younger Dryas]] Ice Age, dramatically inundated the plain, creating the [[Sea of Azov]], in 9,600 BC. Eagle/Wind locates the city of Atlantis at [[Kerch]], [[Crimea]], [[Ukraine]], which is the site of the ancient city of [[Panticapaeum]]. === Santorini === [[Image:Santorini Landsat.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of Santorini. Clockwise from center: Nea Kameni; Palea Kameni; Aspronisi; Therasia; Thera]] Soon after the discovery of the [[Minoan civilization]] at [[Knossus]] on [[Crete]] by Sir [[Arthur Evans]] in 1900, theories linking the disappearance of this advanced empire with the destruction of Atlantis were proposed. <ref>{{citation |last=Cook |first=Joel |publisher=The John C. Winston Co. |location=Philadelphia |year=1910 |title=The Mediterranean and Its Borderlands, Vol II: Eastern Countries |pages=112 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3w0jAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA112 |accessdate=2008-03-11}} </ref> More recent [[archeology|archaeological]], [[seismology|seismological]], and [[vulcanology|vulcanological]] evidence <ref>{{citeweb |title=Santorini Eruption (~1630 BC) and the legend of Atlantis |url=http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/santorini.html |accessdate=2008-03-09}}</ref> <ref>{{citeweb |title=Ye gods! Ancient volcano could have blasted Atlantis myth |last=Vergano |first=Dan |date=2006-08-27 |publisher= USA Today |url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/columnist/vergano/2006-08-27-ancient-volcano_x.htm |accessdate=2008-03-09}}</ref> <ref name=BBCWave>{{citeweb |last=Lilley |first=Harvey |date=20 April 2007 |title=The wave that destroyed Atlantis |publisher= BBC Timewatch |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6568053.stm |accessdate=2008-03-09}}</ref> (popularized on [[The History Channel]] show ''Lost Worlds'' episode "Atlantis" <ref name=LostWorlds>{{citeweb |title=Lost Worlds: CGI: Atlantis |publisher=History.com |url=http://www.history.com/media.do?id=lostworlds_atlantis_broadband&action=clip |accessdate=2008-03-09}} </ref><ref name=LostWorldUK>{{citeweb |url=http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/tv_guide/full_details/World_history/programme_3306.php |title=Lost Worlds: Atlantis |publisher=History Channel UK |accessdate=2008-03-11}}</ref>) has expanded the asserted connection of [[Crete]], the island of [[Santorini]], and the [[Minoan civilization]] with Plato's description of Atlantis. According to this theory: * The Minoan palace and buildings discovered at the digs at [[Knossus]] on Crete and at [[Akrotiri (Santorini)|Akrotiri]] on the island of Santorini have revealed that the Minoans possessed advanced engineering knowledge enabling the construction of three- and four-story buildings with intricate water piping systems, advanced air-flow management, and earthquake-resistant wood and masonry walls. This level of technology was, it is said, far ahead of that found on mainland Greece at the time. Plato's description of a palace where water was plentiful, collected from the surrounding hills and of a multilevel [[acropolis]] sitting on a great, flattened, terraced hilltop,{{Fact|date=July 2008}} is a good match with the digs at Knossus and Akrotiri. *Santorini (previously called [[Thera]]) is the site of a massive volcanic [[caldera]] with an island at its center. Vulcanologists have determined that the island was engulfed by a volcanic [[Thera eruption|eruption]] around 1600 BC. The event, referred to as the [[Minoan eruption]], was among the most powerful eruptions occurring in the history of civilization, ejecting approximately 60 km³ of material, leaving a layer of pumice and ash 10 to 80 meters thick for 20 to 30 km in all directions and having widespread affects across the entire Mediterranean region. <ref name=URI2006>{{cite web|url=http://www.uri.edu/news/releases/?id=3654|title=Santorini eruption much larger than originally believed|date=August 23, 2006|accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> Volcanic events of this magnitude are known to generate tsunamis and archaeological evidence suggests that such a tsunami may have devastated the coastal Minoan settlements on Crete. <ref name=BBCWave/> Plato did not specifically describe a volcanic eruption, although the events he described as "sunk by an earthquake" or "violent earth quakes and floods" can be intrepreted as consistent with such an eruption and the resulting tsunami. <ref name=decadevolc1/> *Plato described quarries on Atlantis where "one kind of stone was white, another black, and a third red"<ref>{{cite book |title=The Secret of Plato's Atlantis |year=1885 |last=Arundell |pages=92 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oEQSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA92 |accessdate=2008-07-12}}</ref> were quarried from the island and used to construct a great island city. The description matches the rock cliffs on Santorini. In addition, the large foundation blocks of the Minoan palace walls had been constructed of a crystalline stone called [[gypsum]], quarried locally and cut into blocks with bronze saws. In Plato's Atlantis description, the external walls of the palace were said to "shine like silver,"{{Fact|date=July 2008}} which is how a gypsum wall could have appeared as it glistened in the sun. *Atlantis was described as being laid out in a series of concentric circles of land surrounded by water, each connected to the sea by a deep canal. Docks for a large number of ships, with a causeway, were also mentioned. Scientists attempting to reconstruct the shape of the island prior to the eruption have concluded that the there was a ring configuration similar to that of present day Santorini.<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.decadevolcano.net/santorini/preminoan.htm |accessdate=2008-07-12 |title=MODELS OF THE PRE-MINOAN ISLAND (prior to ca. 1645 BC)}}</ref> Unearthed [[frescos]] from the island have also depicted Santorini with a configuration that can be interpreted in this way.<ref name=decadevolc1>{{cite web |url=http://www.decadevolcano.net/santorini/atlantis.htm |accessdate=2008-07-12 |title=SANTORINI AND THE LEGEND OF ATLANTIS: THE MINOAN ERUPTION ON SANTORINI AS POSSIBLE ORIGIN?}}</ref> One fresco also shows a large city on the island, which some archaeologists think represent the center of the caldera. *Finally, Plato refers to [[Egypt]] as the source of the Atlantis legend, via [[Solon]]. The Egyptians perhaps might have called Atlantis with the name of ''[[Caphtor|Kftyw]]'', which was also their name for the people of Crete. It is speculated that some survivors of the Minoan eruption fled to Egypt since the latter held the only other civilization with high culture at the time. [[Image:AKROTIRI SHIP-PROCESSION-FULL PANO-3.jpg|thumb|799px|none|Fresco found at Akrotiri]] === Turkey === [[Peter James (historian)|Peter James]], in his book ''The Sunken Kingdom'', identifies Atlantis with the kingdom of [[Zippasla]]. He argues that [[Solon]] did indeed gather the story on his travels, but in [[Lydia]], not [[Egypt]] as Plato states; that Atlantis is identical with Tantalis, the city of [[Tantalus]] in Asia Minor, which was (in a similar tradition known to the Greeks) said to have been destroyed by an earthquake; that the legend of Atlantis' conquests in the Mediterranean is based on the revolt by King Madduwattas of Zippasla against [[Hittites|Hittite]] rule; that Zippasla is identical with [[Sipylus]], where Greek tradition placed Tantalis; and that the now vanished lake to the north of Mount Sipylus was the site of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=James |first=Peter |title=The Sunken Kingdom. The Atlantis Mystery Solved |publisher=Jonathan Cape |year=1995}}</ref> ===Near Cyprus=== In 2004, [[CNN]] reported that [[Robert Sarmast]], an [[:Category:American architects|American architect]], claimed to have found the [[lost city]] of Atlantis on [[November 14]] that year, saying that by using [[sonar]] scans he was able to find man made walls that matched the description of the structures described by [[Plato]].<ref>[http://scatoday.net/node/3138 ''Legendary Atlantis Found?'' - scatoday.net]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=''Atlantis, the fabled lost continent chronicled by Plato, has been found — again and again''. |author= |publisher=Time Magazine |date=November 21, 2004 |accessdate=2006-08-10 |url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/article/0,13005,901041129-785322,00.html }}</ref> The site lies 1,500 m deep in the Mediterranean Sea between [[Cyprus]] and [[Syria]]. Several [[geology|geologists]] were quick to dispute the claim, as the place was deep under water during the period in question. On [[August 4]] [[2005]], research was carried out by Robert Sarmast in the Eastern Mediterranean sea between Cyprus and Syria. The sonar scans showed evidence of man-made structures one mile below sea level, which were possibly [[canal]] walls. {{Fact|date=December 2007}} Sarmast claimed it was a 3 km-long straight wall intersected at right angles by another wall.<ref>[http://www.discoveryofatlantis.com discoveryofatlantis.com]</ref> Research carried out by several geophysicists and geologists concluded that the walls appeared to be volcanic formations known as mud [[diapirs]]. Sarmast's claim was therefore considered to be a "baseless statement that Atlantis [had] been discovered".<ref>[http://www.mysterious-america.net/cyprus-atlantis2.html Cyprus-Atlantis 2006<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Middle East=== [[Image:Greatrift.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Sinai peninsula]] and the present day [[Israel]], [[Egypt]] and the [[Palestinian territories]]]] Jaime Manuschevich argues that the real place of the mythical civilization is the territory that today corresponds to [[Israel]] and [[Sinai]],<ref>"The Atlantis, the deciphered myth"; Jaime Manuschevich, (2002)</ref> and that this region was an island in the [[Great Rift Valley]],<ref>Ryan and Pitman</ref> surrounded by the [[Jezreel Valley]] on the north, the [[Dead Sea]] and [[Red Sea]] on the east and the [[Gulf of Suez]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] on the west until [[6th millennium BC|5600 BC]]. In addition, Manuschevich proposes that Atlantean civilization corresponds to the [[Natufian]] peoples, the first food-producing people, whose main political and harbor center was [[Jericho]]. These people lived in the region in the dates established by Plato (11,600 BC). === Malta === Anton Mifsud who, with co-authors Simon Mifsud, Chris Agius Sultana and Charles Savona Ventura, published ''Malta: Echoes of Plato's Island'' added another recent hypothesis. Their book is the product of a research about the archaeological sites and ancient remains in [[Malta]] related to Atlantis. Frances Galea in his book ''Malta Fdal Atlantis'' also wrote about the results of his lifelong research on several ancient studies and known hypotheses on Atlantis, particularly that of [[Girogio Grongnet]], the renowned Maltese architect, who in 1854 claimed that the Maltese Islands are the remnants of Atlantis. Furthermore, German businessman Doctor Hubert Zeitlmair claims that Malta was "a highly powered microwave system" and offers tours of Malta , which he calls the center of '''Atlantis'''<ref>http://www.maltadiscovery.org/en/#guided_journeys,03_Journeys/01.htm MALTADISCOVERY</ref>. === Sicily === Thorwald C. Franke identifies the island of Sicily with Plato's Atlantis.<ref>Conference Paper 2008 http://www.atlantis-scout.de/atlantis_sicily.htm (English)</ref><ref>Thorwald C. Franke: Mit Herodot auf den Spuren von Atlantis, Norderstedt 2006 (German)</ref> The main issues of his hypothesis are as follows: * Analogy of the wars of the [[Sea Peoples]] (around 1200 BC) with Plato's account. Italian peoples as driving forces of the Sea Peoples movement. Analogy of [[Herodotus]]' errornous 11340 years of age for Egypt with Plato's 9000 years. * An [[Egypt]]ian horicontal shift of the straits of Atlantis from the [[Straits of Messina]] to Gibraltar between the time of the Sea Peoples and the time of Solon and Plato. * Derivation of the name "Atlas" from the name "[[Italos]]" via the Middle Egyptian language. Main part of the Atlantean people had been the [[Sicels]]. * Plato's descriptions of the city of Atlantis meant the sanctuary of the [[Palici]] on Sicily (Twin brothers, similar procreation myth, low mountain near to plain, two fountains etc.) * The destruction of the island of Atlantis didn't happen but was Egyptian theopolitical propaganda. === Greater Sicily === Some Atlantis researchers believe that Atlantis existed in prehistoric times on an island formed by addition of Sicily, Malta, Lampedusa etc., due to a lower sea level. They search for the city of Atlantis south to Sicily. These are e.g. [[Axel Hausmann]]<ref>Atlantis Conference Milos 2005 Proceedings, Athens 2007</ref><ref>Axel Hausmann: Atlantis – Die versunkene Wiege der Kulturen, Aachen 2004 (German).</ref>, [[Rosario Vieni]]<ref>Atlantis Conference Milos 2005 Proceedings, Athens 2007</ref>, [[Massimo Rapisarda]]<ref>La Repubblica 11/21/2006 "Atlantide? Sepolta a Marsala"</ref>. With Sergio Frau they share the believe, that the Straits of Hercules once had been located at the Straits of Sicily between Tunisia and Sicily. ===Sardinia=== In 2002 the Italian journalist [[:it:Sergio Frau|Sergio Frau]] published a book, ''Le colonne d'Ercole'' ("[[Pillars of Hercules]]"), in which he states that before [[Eratosthenes]], all the ancient Greek writers located the [[Pillars of Hercules]] on the [[Strait of Sicily]] between Sicily and Tunisia, while only [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquest of the east obliged Eratosthenes to move the pillars at Gibraltar in his description of the world.<ref>Frau, Sergio, ''Le colonne d'Ercole'', NurNeon, ISBN 88-900740-0-0</ref> According to his thesis, the Atlantis described by Plato could be identified with [[Sardinia]]. He argues that a [[tsunami]] once hit Sardinia which destroyed the enigmatic [[Nuraghe|Nuragic civilization]] and that the survivors migrated to the nearby [[Italian peninsula]], founding the [[Etruscan civilization]] (which is now thought to have come from the Eastern Mediterranean). In April 2005, the theories of the Sergio Frau were debated at a conference organized by [[UNESCO]] in [[Paris]]. At the same time, an exposition of his findings was on display in the UNESCO building.<ref>{{cite news |title=''exhibition "Atlantika: Sardinia, Mythical Island"''. |author= |publisher=UNESCO Press release |date=April 26, 2005 |accessdate=2006-08-10 |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=26682&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html }}</ref> ===Troy=== The geoarchaeologist [[Eberhard Zangger]] has proposed the hypothesis that Atlantis was in fact the city state of [[Troy]]. He both agrees and disagrees with Rainer W. Kühne: He too believes that the Trojans-Atlanteans were the sea peoples, but only a minor part of them. He proposes that all Greek speaking city states of the [[Aegean civilization]] or [[Mycenae]] constituted the sea peoples and that they destroyed each other's economies in a series of semi-fratricidal wars lasting several decades.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zangger |first=Eberhard |authorlink=Eberhard Zangger |title=The Flood from Heaven: Deciphering the Atlantis Legend |publisher=William Morrow & Company |date= 1992 |id=ISBN 0-688-11350-8}}</ref> ==In the Atlantic Ocean== [[Image:Location hypothesis of Atlantis - Worldwide.jpg|thumb|400px|Hypothesized location of Atlantis in worldwide, click image for greater detail]] When Plato spoke of the ''Ocean of Atlantis'', he may have been speaking of the area that we now call the ''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''. The [[ocean]]'s name, derived from [[Greek mythology]], means the "[[Sea]] of [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]]". Plato remarked that, in describing the origins of Atlantis, this area was allotted to Poseidon. But in Ancient Greek times the terms "Ocean" and "Atlas" both referred to the 'Giant Water' which surrounded the main landmass known at that time by the Greeks, which could be described as [[Eurafrasia]] (although this whole supercontinent was far from completely known to the Ancient Greeks), and thus this water mass was considered to be the 'end of the (known) world', for the same reason the name "Atlas" was given to the mountains near the Ocean, the [[Atlas Mountains]], as they also denoted the 'end of the (known) world'. ===Azores Islands=== One of the suggested places for Atlantis is around the [[Azores Islands]], a group of islands belonging to [[Portugal]] located about 900 miles (1500&nbsp;km) west of the Portuguese coast. Some people believe the islands could be the mountain tops of Atlantis. The Azores are steep-sided volcanic seamounts that drop rapidly 1000 metres (about 3300 feet) to a plateau.<ref>Ryall, J. C., Blanchard, M.-C., and Medioli, F., 1983, A subsided island west of Flores, Azores. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. vol. 20, pp. 764-775. </ref> Cores taken from the plateau and other evidence shows that this area has been an undersea plateau for millions of years.<ref>Huang, T. C., Watkins, N. D., and Wilson, L., 1979, Deep-sea tephra from the Azores during the past 300,000 years: eruptive cloud height and ash volume estimates. Geological Society of America Bulletin, Part II, pp. 235-288. </ref> [[Ignatius L. Donnelly]], an American [[congressman]], was perhaps the first one to talk about this possible location in his book "Atlantis: The Antediluvian World".<ref>{{cite book | last = Donnelly | first = Ignatius L. | authorlink = Ignatius L. Donnelly | title = The Atlantis Blueprint: Unlocking the Ancient Mysteries of a Long-Lost Civilization | publisher = Kessinger Publishing |date= 2003-03 | doi = | id = ISBN 0-7661-3606-X }}</ref> Also, in his book ''The Riddles of Three Oceans'', Alexander Kondratov, a Soviet linguist and compiler of legendary and geological evidence of the sinking of lands [http://www.quantavolution.org/vol_04/lately_tortured_earth_18.htm], writes, "...west of Gibraltar there is a vast area of shallow banks and seamounts where the earth's crust has subsided catastrophically and the area has repeatedly been shaken by violent earthquakes." This claim has been refuted by the data from boreholes by the Deep Sea Drilling Project.<ref> Ryan, W.B.F., et al., 1973. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p. 514.</ref> ===Canary Islands, Madeiras and Cape Verde=== In ''The Problem of Atlantis'' [[Lewis Spence]] identified these islands as what was left of the easterly part of Atlantis when it broke up. === Estremadura, Portugal === This theory states that Atlantis was no other than the [[Chalcolithic]] civilization of [[Vila Nova de Sao Pedro]] and that [[Mycenean Greeks]] would have fought against them for the control of tin routes in alliance with neighbour [[Iberians|Iberian]] civilization of [[El Argar]], which shows some clear Hellenization in its B phase. The catastrophe described would be an earthquake with tsunami like the one suffered by Lisbon in [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|1755]]. But there is something that might shake all this, and that is a quote from Plato's book and it is:"It is located out of pillars of Hercules". The recent location of a ''sea branch'' reaching Zambujal (the main city of this culture) and the evidence that it was silted somehow when VNSP ended [http://www.dainst.org/index.php?id=595&sessionLanguage=en], seem to add some weight to this theory. ===British Isles=== In his book ''Atlantis of the West: The Case For Britain's Drowned Megalithic Civilization'', Paul Dunbavin argues that a large island once existed in the [[Irish Sea]] and that this island was Atlantis. He argues that this [[Neolithic Europe|Neolithic civilization in Europe]] was partially drowned by rising sea levels caused by a [[comet]] impact that caused a [[pole shift]] and changed the [[Rotation|earth's axis]] around 3100 BC.<ref>{{cite book | last = Dunbavin | first = Paul | authorlink = Paul Dunbavin | title = Atlantis of the West: The Case For Britain's Drowned Megalithic Civilization | publisher = Carroll & Graf Publishers |date= 2003-06 | doi = | id = ISBN 0-7867-1145-0 }}</ref> ====England==== On December 29, 1997, Russian scientists believed to have found Atlantis in the ocean 100 miles off [[Land's End]], England. Little Sole Bank, a relatively shallow area, is believed to be the capital of Atlantis. This may have been based on the myth of [[Lyoness]].<ref>{{cite news |title=''Russians seek Atlantis off Cornwall'' |author= |publisher=BBC News |date=1997-12-29 |accessdate=2006-08-11 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/43172.stm }}</ref> ====Ireland==== This idea was presented in the book ''Atlantis from a Geographer's Perspective: Mapping the Fairy Land'' (2004) by [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[geography|geographer]] Dr. Ulf Erlingsson from [[Uppsala]] University. It hypothesized that the empire of Atlantis refers to the [[Neolithic]] [[Megalithic tomb]] culture, based on their similar geographic extent, and deduced that the island of Atlantis then must correspond to [[Ireland]]. The similarities of size and landscape were found to be statistically significant, while the null hypothesis (that Plato invented Atlantis as fiction) was rejected.<ref>{{cite book | last = Erlingsson, Dr. | first = Ulf | authorlink = | title = Atlantis from a Geographer's Perspective | publisher = Lindorm Publishing |date= 2004-09 | doi = | id = ISBN 0-9755946-0-5 }}</ref> Based on this result, the speculation was made that the capital of Atlantis could be connected with [[Newgrange]], [[Knowth]], and [[Tara, Ireland]]. As regards the sinking of Atlantis, it was suggested that it is a memory from another time and place, notably the [[Dogger Bank]] area. It was an island that sank in the [[North Sea]] about 6100 BCE. While the world sea level rose gradually as the [[Ice Age]] ice sheets melted, there was a sudden sea level rise at this time due to the final drainage of [[Lake Agassiz]]. At about the same time a [[tsunami]] from the [[Storegga Slide]] is believed to have devastated the island in the manner described by Plato. (See also entry on North Sea below.) Other hypotheses place the location of Atlantis between Britain and France on the Celtic Shelf.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grahamhancock.com/underworld/CrispDanAtlantis.php?p=3|first=Dan|last=Crisp|publisher=grahamhancock.com|title=''Atlantis was a Real Place''|date=}}</ref> This hypothesis was first developed seriously by [[Lewis Spence]] and has been recently revived by some oceanographers. ===North Sea=== The [[North Sea]] is known to contain lands that were once above water. The medieval town of [[Dunwich]] in [[East Anglia]], for example, has since crumbled into the sea, and prehistoric remains have been dredged up from the [[Dogger Bank]].<ref>{{cite web | name = Times| title = "Britain’s Atlantis under the North Sea" | date = [[2007-09-2]]| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article2368630.ece | accessdate = 2008-05-12}}</ref> Atlantis itself has been identified with the island of [[Heligoland]] off the north-west [[Germany|German]] coast by the author [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Spanuth Spanuth, Jürgen],<ref>{{cite book | last = Spanuth | first = Jurgen | authorlink = | title = Atlantis of the north | publisher = Scientists of New Atlantis |date= 2000-11-01 | doi = | id = ISBN 1-57179-078-0 }}</ref> who postulates that it was destroyed during the [[Bronze Age]] around 1200 BCE, only to partially re-emerge during the [[Iron Age]]. Ulf Erlingsson hypothesized that the island that sank referred to [[Dogger Bank]], and the city itself referred to the [[Silver Pit]] meteorite impact crater at the base of Dogger Bank. There is also the [[Oera Linda|Oera Linda Book]], which states that a land called [[Atland]] once existed in the North Sea, but was destroyed in 2194 BCE. ===Denmark=== In his book ''The Celts'', author Gerald Herm links the origins of the Atlanteans to end of the ice age and the flooding of eastern coastal Denmark. ===Finland=== Finnish eccentric [[Ior Bock]] locates Atlantis in the Baltic sea, at southern part of [[Finland]] where he claims a small community of people lived during the [[Ice Age]]. This was possible due to [[Gulf Stream]] which brought warm water to the Finnish coast. This is a small part of a large [[wikt:saga|saga]] that he claims to have been told in his family through the ages, dating back to the development of language itself. The family saga tells the name Atlantis comes from Swedish words ''allt-land-is'' ("all-land-ice") and refers to the last Ice-Age. Thus in the Bock family saga it's more a time period than an exact geographical place. According to this the Atlantis disappeared in 8016 BC when the Ice-Age ended in Finland and the ice melted away.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bocksaga.com/links.html|first=Ior|last=Bock|publisher=bocksaga.com|title=Atlantis rising magazine|date=}} See also: Bock, Ior. ''Bockin perheen saaga''. Helsinki 1996. ISBN 952-5137-00-7</ref> === Sweden === [[Image:Atlantica.jpg|thumb|111px|[[Olaus Rudbeck]]'s ''Atlantica''.]] [[Olaus Rudbeck]] wrote ''[[Atland]]'' (''Atlantica''), where he argues that Scandinavia, specifically Sweden, is identical with Atlantis. ==Other locations== There have been suggestions for Atlantis to be placed outside of the Mediterranean Sea or the Atlantic Ocean. While such theories may have geological or other merit, such locations would tend to fall outside of the known world of the original sources of the legend. === Antarctica === The theory that [[Antarctica]] was Atlantis was particularly fashionable during the 1960s and 1970s, spurred on partly both by the isolation of the continent, [[H. P. Lovecraft]]'s novella ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]'', and also the [[Piri Reis map]], which purportedly shows Antarctica as it would be ice free, suggesting human knowledge of that period. [[Charles Berlitz]], [[Erich Von Däniken]] and [[Peter Kolosimo]] have been amongst those popular authors who made this proposal. More recently Rand and Rose Flem-Ath have proposed this in their book, "When the Sky Fell"; the theory was revised and made more specific in Rand's work with author [[Colin Wilson]], in "The Atlantis Blueprint" (published in 2002). The second workings theorized that Atlantis was to be found in Lesser Antarctica, near the coast of the Ross Ice Shelf. A geological theory known as "Earth Crust Displacement" forms the basis of their work. The Atlantis Blueprint uses both scientific and pseudoscientific (such as mere speculation and assumptions) means to back up the theory.<ref>{{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = [[Colin Wilson]], Rand Flem-Ath and Rand Flem-Ath | title = The Atlantis Blueprint: Unlocking the Ancient Mysteries of a Long-Lost Civilization | publisher = Delta; Reprint edition |date= May 28, 2002 | doi = | id = ISBN 0-440-50898-3 }}</ref> [[Charles Hapgood]] came up with the "[[Earth Crustal Displacement]] theory". Hapgood's theory suggests that Earth's outer [[Crust (geology)|crust]] is able to move upon the upper mantle layer rapidly up to a distance of 2,000 miles, placing Atlantis in Antarctica, when considering the movements of the crust in the past. It is to be noted that [[Albert Einstein]] was one of the few voices to answer Hapgood's theory. Einstein wrote a preface for Hapgood's book ''Earth's shifting crust'', published in 1958. This theory is particularly popular with [[Hollow Earth]]ers, and can be seen as a mirror of the [[Hyperborea]]n identification.<ref>{{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = [[Charles Hapgood]] | title = Earth's shifting crust: A key to some basic problems of earth science | publisher = Pantheon Books |date= 1958 | doi = | id = ASIN B0006AVEEU }}</ref> In his book "[[Fingerprints of the Gods]]", author [[Graham Hancock]] argues for the Earth Crustal Displacement theory in general, and the Atlantis/Antarctica connection specifically, then goes on to propose archaeological exploration of Antarctica in search of Atlantis. The Earth Crust Displacement theory was only one of the theories presented in a more recent book by author [[Stel Pavlou]], in his 2001 seminal bestselling novel ''[[Decipher (novel)|Decipher]]''. He proposed that a solar cycle caused a polar shift which led to the Earth/Crust displacement responsible for Atlantis's disappearance from warmer climates. He proposed that many ancient religions and languages, among others the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] myths surrounding [[Pyramids]] stemmed from an early ''universal'' language, including [[Aymara language|Aymara]], that contained messages about what had happened in the past. These ideas have since been copied in later, lesser novels. Ideas such as these have also been entertained in the [[Stargate]] Universe. What is now known about the [[Quaternary]] and [[Holocene]] history of Antarctica completely discredits any hypothesis about it being the location of Atlantis. Mapping and dating of the edges of the Antarctic ice sheet during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]]; mapping and dating of [[glacial erratic]]s, [[till]]s, and [[Glacial striation|striations]] within now ice-free areas; microfossils from post-glacial lake deposits; coring and analysis of glacial tills and marine sediments underlying the [[Ross Sea|Ross]] and [[Wedell sea]]s; coring and analysis of ice cores; and other research has accumulated an enormous amount of data that has disproved the various hypotheses that any sizable part of Antarctica was sufficiently ice-free and temperate in climate during the last 100,000 years and earlier to have supported any civilization.<ref>Anderson, J.B., S.S. Shipp, A.L. Lowe, J.S. Wellner, J.S., and A.B. Mosola, 2002, The Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum and its subsequent retreat history: a review. Quaternary Science Reviews. vol. 21, pp. 49-70.</ref><ref>Ingolfsson, O., 2004, [http://www.hi.is/~oi/AG-326%202006%20readings/Antarctica/Ingolfsson_SUMMARY.pdf Quaternary glacial and climate history of Antarctica.] in: J. Ehlers and P.L. Gibbard, eds., pp. 3-43, Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology, Part III. Elsevier, New York.</ref> This research soundly refutes Flem-Ath’s proposal that lesser (West) Antarctica was ice-free and temperate prior to 9,600 B.C. (11,600 B.P.)<ref>Evans, J., C.J. Pudsey, C. O´Cofaigh, P. Morris, and E. Domack, 2005, Late Quaternary glacial history, flow dynamics and sedimentation along the eastern margin of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews. vol. 24, pp. 741–774.</ref><ref>Ingolfsson, O., C. Hjort and O. Humlum, 2003, [http://www.hi.is/~oi/PDF%20reprints/Ingolfsson,%20Hjort%20and%20Humlum%20aaar%202003.pdf Glacial and Climate History of the Antarctic Peninsula Since the Last Glacial Maximum.] Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 175-186. </ref> ===Australia=== In early 1900 some archeologists claimed that Atlantis may have been a part of Australia's coast{{Fact|date=April 2008}}. Many point to the similarities as described in the plants, climate and locations which point to either [[North Queensland]] or possibly the [[Torres Strait Islands]]. This part of Australia is very isolated and has a number of uncharted and small islands in the region, many of them big enough to be Atlantis. While no recorded artifacts have been found in this area, there are a number of [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] legends that say a group of people did indeed live in the area. Many experts have come to reject the theory however some say it could have been very probable.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} ===Bahama Bank and Caribbean=== There is some evidence of sunken island off [[Central America]], which have been pushed by Z.A. Simon as an Atlantis site {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. In the area, [[peat]] and caves with [[stalactites]] and stalagmites were found, both of which only form in the open air and were dated between 5600 BC and 10,000 BC. The surrounding topology has also been suggested to be submerged valleys of ancient rivers and mountain ranges with a tectonic history. A problem with this theory is that Atlantis was supposed to have submerged rapidly, following an earthquake, while the area shows a slow submerging{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. ===Bolivia=== A hypothesis by Jim Allen,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thothweb.com/content-324.html|author=Jim Allen|title=Historic Atlantis in Bolivia|date=2005-12-15|accessdate=2006-08-11}}</ref> argues that Plato's description exactly fits [[South America]] because he describes a level rectangular-shaped plain which he said lay in the center of the continent, next to the sea and midway along the longest side of the continent. He also described the capital city of Atlantis which was built on a small volcanic island and also called Atlantis. The city lay on the level rectangular plain, five miles from the sea and according to Plato the whole region was high above the level of the ocean sea, rising sheer out of the ocean sea to a great height on that side of the continent. Thus we have both a lost city of Atlantis as well as a lost continent of Atlantis. ===Indonesia/Sundaland=== [[Image:Last glacial vegetation map.png|thumb|100px|right|Areas unsunk before end of last ice age.]] Several groups independently advocate the seas around [[Indonesia]] as a site for Atlantis, which was a large unsubmerged [[plain]] known as [[Sundaland]] during the [[Wisconsin glaciation]], which ended around 10,000 BC, and connected also to [[Indonesia]]. Key to this argument is that the ''Ocean of Atlantis'' refers to the ocean which encircles [[Eurasia]] and [[Africa]], which was the historical understanding until [[Christopher Columbus]]. Natives of Sundaland who fled the rising waters or volcanic explosions eventually had contact with [[Ancient Egypt]]ians, who later passed the story onto Plato who gets some but not all of the details correct, including location and time period. Some proponents argue that Atlantis myth is seen as a growth of, or in combination with [[Lemuria (continent)|Lemuria]] and other [[Garden of Eden|Eden]] myths. The main advocate of this theory is the [[Brazil]]ian professor of [[nuclear physics]] Arysio Nunes dos Santos.<ref>{{cite book | last = Dos Santos | first = Arysio Nunes | authorlink = | title = Atlantis, The Lost Continent Finally Found | publisher = Atlantis Publications |date= 2005-08-01 | doi = | id = ISBN 0-9769550-0-8 }}</ref> ===Isla de la Juventud near Cuba=== Recent underwater discoveries off the west coast of [[Cuba]] have led some to speculate on an Atlantean connection. However, even before these discoveries were announced, author [[Andrew Collins (author)|Andrew Collins]] had explored the Cuba connection in a book titled ''Gateway to Atlantis.'' Collins supports his hypothesis with indirect historical and geographical evidence. He finally suggests present-day [[Isla de la Juventud|Isle of Youth]] and the shallow sea bottom that surrounds it as a possible location for Atlantis.<ref>{{cite book | last = Collins | first = Andrew | authorlink = Andrew Collins | title = Gateway to Atlantis: The Search for the Source of a Lost Civilization | publisher = Carroll & Graf Publishers |date= 2002-02-09 | doi = | id = ISBN 0-7867-0963-4 }}</ref> ===Mexico=== [[Mexico]] has also been subject to [[Gene Matlock]] hypothesis who argues that he found Atlantis there. Basing on [[etymology]], he suggest in his "The last Atlantis book"<ref>{{cite book | last = Matlock | first = Gene | authorlink = Gene Matlock | title = The Last Atlantis Book You'll Ever Have to Read!: The Atlantis-Mexico-India | publisher = Dandelion Books |date= 2002-09-10 | doi = | id = ISBN 1-893302-20-2 }}</ref> that the [[Sanskrit language]] spoken in the [[Indian subcontinent]] is the father of most world-class languages to explain the meaning of "Atlantis" and from there he makes a connection between Mexico and [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viewzone.com/atlantis2.html|author=Gene Matlock|title=Why Not Look for A-Tlan-Tis in Mexico?|date=|accessdate=2006-08-11}}</ref> == See also == * [[Atlantis in art, literature and popular culture]] == References and notes == <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <References/> </div> == Further reading == * Shirley Andrews, ''Atlantis''. [[Llewellyn Publications]], 2002. ISBN 1-56718-023-X * [[Geoffrey Ashe|Ashe, Geoffrey]], "''Atlantis : lost lands, ancient wisdom / Geoffrey Ashe''". New York, N.Y., [[Thames and Hudson]]; 1992. ISBN 0-500-81039-7 * Atlantis Conference Milos 2005 'Proceedings of the International Conference "The Atlantis Hypothesis: Searching for a Lost Land" ', Athen 2007 ISBN 978-960-89882-1-7 * Charles Berlitz, ''The Bermuda Triangle'' * [[Ignatius L. Donnelly|Donnelly, Ignatius L.]], "''[[Atlantis: The Antediluvian World]]''". New York, [[Harper & Brothers|Harper]], 1882. LCCN 06001749 * [[Paul Dunbavin]], ''Atlantis of the West: The Case For Britain's Drowned Megalithic Civilization'', ISBN 0-7867-1145-0 * Erlingsson, Ulf, "''[http://atlantisinireland.com/ Atlantis from a Geographer's Perspective: Mapping the Fairy Land]''". Lindorm Publishing, 2004. ISBN 0-9755946-0-5 * Flem-Ath, Rand & Wilson, Colin, ''The Atlantis Blueprint'', 2000. * Flem-Ath, Rand & Flem-Ath, Rose, ''When The Sky Fell''. * Galanopoulos, Angelos Geōrgiou, and Edward Bacon, "''Atlantis; the truth behind the legend''". Indianapolis, [[Bobbs-Merrill]]; 1969. LCCN 71080738 //r892 * Joseph, Frank, "''The Destruction of Atlantis: Compelling Evidence of the Sudden Fall of the Legendary Civilization''". [[Bear & Company]], 2002. ISBN 1-879181-85-1 * Ley, Willy, ''"Another look at Atlantis, and fifteen other essays''". Garden City, N.Y., [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]; 1969. LCCN 69011988 *Gene Matlock, ''The last Atlantis book you’ll ever have to read: the Atlantis-Mexico-India connection''. Tempe, AZ: Dandelion Books, 2001. * Mifsud, Anton, Simon Mifsud, Chris Agius Sultana, and Charles Savona Ventura, "''Echoes of Plato's Island''". (2nd edition) Malta, 2001. ISBN 99932-15-01-5 * Spence, Lewis ''The Problem of Atlantis, London, 1924 * Zangger, Eberhard, "''''The Flood from Heaven: Deciphering the Atlantis legend''". Sidgwick & Jackson, 1992, ISBN 0-688-11350-8. * Zeilinga de Boer, Jelle, et al., "''Volcanoes in human history : the far-reaching effects of major eruptions''". ''The Bronze Age eruption of Thera : destroyer of Atlantis and Minoan Crete?''. Princeton, N.J., [[Princeton University Press]]; 2002. ==External links== <!-- There are hundreds of Atlantis websites some of which advocate a particular view of Atlantis. Before adding another link, please consider whether the particular hypothesis you support has been adequately covered. --> ===Providing general information or theory=== * [http://www.atlantisarchives.org The Atlantis Archives] * [http://www.atlantischannel.com/page_1166822843562.html Atlantis Channel] * [http://www.lost-civilizations.net/atlantis.html lost-civilizations.net] * [http://milos.conferences.gr/?Atlantis2005 International Conference '' '''Atlantis 2005''' '', Milos/Greece] * [http://atlantis2008.conferences.gr/ International Conference '' '''Atlantis 2008''' '', Athens/Greece] * [http://www.atlantis-scout.de/charter.htm Atlantis Research Charter about methods of Atlantis research][[WP:RS|reliable]] * [http://paranormal.about.com/library/weekly/aa090301a.htm about.com] ===Supporting a specific location=== * [http://www.flem-ath.com/del1.htm Antarctica was Atlantis] * [http://www.blavatsky.net/science/atlantis/atlantis.htm Atlantis in the Atlantic] based on writings of [[Helena Blavatsky]] * [http://atlantisinireland.com Atlantis was inspired by Silver Pit / Dogger Bank / Ireland / West Europe - Ulf Erlingsson's website] * [http://www.black-sea-atlantis.com Atlantis was in the Black Sea] * [http://www.atlantistoday.com Atlantis was in the Sea of Azov] * [http://www.discoveryofatlantis.com Atlantis was near Cyprus - Robert Sarmast's website] * [http://www.atlantis-scout.de/atlantis_sicily.htm Franke 2008: Atlantis = Sicily] * [http://www.geocities.com/webatlantis/ Bolivia was Atlantis - Jim Allen's arguments] * [http://www.laatlantida.cl/ Israel was Atlantis] (In Spanish) Jaime Manuschevich's website * [http://www.GeorgeosDiazMontexano.com/ Plato's Atlantis: an Iberian-Mauretanian Emporium. The Metropolis before of the mouth of Gibraltar] * [http://www.atlan.org/ Indonesia/Sundaland was Atlantis - Prof. Arysio Nunes Santos' website] * [http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/kuhne Tartessos was Atlantis] === Challenging the story === * [http://www.csicop.org/sb/2001-09/atlantis.html Atlantis: No way, No how, No where]''" &mdash; [[Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]] * [http://skepdic.com/atlantis.html Skeptics dictionary] === News === *[[ANSA (news agency)|ANSA News]], "''[http://www.ansamed.info/en/spain/news/ME03.YAM19595.html Archaeology: Search for Tartessos-Atlantis in southern Spain]''". Jul 17, 2007. *[[BBC News]], "''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4153008.stm Tsunami clue to 'Atlantis' found]''". August 15, 2005. *BBC News, "''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3766863.stm Satellite images 'show Atlantis' in Spain]''". June 6, 2004. *BBC News, "''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4011545.stm Have scientists really found the lost city of Atlantis?]''". November 15, 2004. *BBC News, "''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1554000/1554594.stm Atlantis 'obviously near Gibraltar']''", September 20, 2001. *[[The Guardian]], "''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,368211,00.html Evidence found of Noah's ark flood victims]''", September 14, 2000. *[[The Times]], "''[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article2368630.ece Britain’s Atlantis under the North Sea]''". September 2, 2007. ===Press releases=== *[[PRGB News]], "''[http://pr-gb.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=531&Itemid=9 Tartessus - Atlantis. They look for its rests in Andalusia. The search of Tartessus in Doñana, Huelva, and a concentric circular city - identical to the Acropolis of the Atlantis - found in Jaen, could throw tracks for the Atlantis.]''". May 14, 2007. *[[PRWeb News]], "''[http://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/7/prweb413455.htm Atlantis and Tartessus--Norway Scientific Institutions Recognize Spanish Paleographical Hypothesis]''". July 20, 2006. *[[PRWeb News]], "''[http://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/7/prweb413458.htm The Arab Authors Located to the Atlantis Island and the Amazonian Island in Andalusia]''". July 20, 2006. [[Category:Atlantis|H]] [[de:Lokalisierungshypothesen zu Atlantis]] [[es:Hipótesis sobre la Atlántida]]