Long-term care 3118704 222345863 2008-06-28T21:17:36Z CliffC 2208024 rm blog, promotional link, see [[WP:EL]] {{globalize}} __NOTOC__ '''Long-term care''' (LTC) is a variety of services which help meet both the medical and non-medical need of people with a [[chronic illness]] or [[disability]] who cannot care for themselves for long periods of time. It is common for long-term care to provide custodial and non-skilled care, such as assisting with normal daily tasks like [[putting on clothes|dressing]], [[bathing]], and using the bathroom. Long-term care may also include [[medical care]] that most people do for themselves, such as [[diabetes]] monitoring. Long-term care can be provided at [[home]], in the [[community]], in [[assisted living]] or in [[nursing home]]s. Long-term care may be needed by people of any age, even though it is a common need for [[senior citizens]]. The [[Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services]] (CMS) estimates that about nine million men and women over the age of 65 in the US will need long-term care in 2006. By 2020, 12 million older Americans will need long-term care. It is anticipated that most will be cared for at home; family and friends are the sole caregivers for 70 percent of the elderly. A study by the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] says that people who reach age 65 will likely have a 40 percent chance of entering a nursing home. About 10 percent of the people who enter a nursing home will stay there five years or more. A 2006 [http://www.aarp.org/research/press-center/presscurrentnews/long_term_care_report.html study] conducted by [http://www.aarp.org/ AARP] found that most Americans are unaware of the costs associated with long-term care and overestimate the amount that government programs such as Medicare will pay. ==Medicaid (US)== [[Medicaid]] is a government program that will pay for certain health services and nursing home care for older people. In most states, Medicaid also pays for some long-term care services at home and in the community. Eligibility and covered services vary from state to state. Most often, eligibility is based on income and personal resources. ==Medicare (US)== Generally, [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] does not pay for long-term care. Medicare pays only for medically necessary skilled [[nursing]] facility or [[home health care|home care]]. However, certain conditions must be met for Medicare to pay for even those types of care. Medicare specifically will not pay for custodial and non-skilled care. ==Long-term care funding== National governments have responded to growing long-term care needs at several levels. Most [[Western European]] countries have put in place a mechanism to fund formal care and, in a number of Northern and [[Continental European]] countries, arrangements exist to at least partially fund informal care as well. Some countries have had publicly organized funding arrangements in place for many years: the [[Netherlands]] adopted the Exceptional Medical Expenses Act (ABWZ) in 1967, and in 1988 [[Norway]] established a framework for municipal payments to informal caregivers (in certain instances making them municipal employees). Other countries have only recently put in place comprehensive national programs: in 2004, for example, [[France]] set up a specific insurance fund for dependent older people. Some countries ([[Spain]] and [[Italy]] in Southern Europe, [[Poland]] and [[Hungary]] in Central Europe) have not yet established comprehensive national programs, relying on informal caregivers combined with a fragmented mix of formal services that varies in quality and by location. (Saltman et al. 2006) ==Violence== A Canadian study found that staff in LTC facilities were subjected to violence on a nearly daily basis, including unwanted sexual advances. Comparing other countries, the authors assessed that staffing levels predicted violence levels.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Canada Newswire |title=Canadian long-term care workers nearly seven times more likely to experience violence than Nordic counterparts: York-led study |location=Toronto |url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2008/10/c2452.html|date=2008-03-10}}</ref> ==Home care / Informal care== Home care can be provided by informal (nonprofessional, usually volunteer) or formal (professional) providers and can incorporate a wide range of clinical ([[nursing]], [[drug therapy]], [[physical therapy]]), social (food preparation, cleaning, shopping), and even physical construction (installing hydraulic lifts, renovating bathrooms and kitchens) activities. (Saltman et al. 2006) Informal care plays an important part in many countries across the world. {{see also|Home care|Caregiving and dementia}} In many countries, the largest percentages of older persons using services are those who rely on informal home care. Estimates of these figures often are in the 80 to 90 percent range; for example, in [[Austria]], 80 percent of all older citizens ([[OECD]] 2005). The similar figure for dependent elders in [[Spain]] is 82.2 percent (Costa-Font and Patxot 2005). ===Informal care financing=== In the 1980s, some Nordic countries began making payments to informal caregivers, with [[Norway]] and [[Denmark]] allowing relatives and neighbors who were providing regular home care to become municipal employees, complete with regular pension benefits. In [[Finland]], informal caregivers received a fixed fee from municipalities as well as pension payments. In the 1990s, a number of countries with social health insurance ([[Austria]] in 1994, [[Germany]] in 1996, [[Luxembourg]] in 1999) began providing a cash payment to service recipients, who could then use those funds to pay informal caregivers. In Germany, the long-term care fund may also make pension contributions if an informal caregiver works more than 14 hours per week. (Saltman et al. 2006) ==See also == * [[Long term care insurance]] * [[Activities of daily living]] * [[Assisted living]] ==References== {{reflist}} * OECD (2005) Long Term Care for Older People. Paris: OECD. * Costa-Font, J., and Patxot, C. (2005) The design of the long-term care system in Spain: Policy and financial constraints. Soc. Society 4:1, 11–20. * Saltman, R.B., Dubois, H.F.W. and Chawla, M. (2006) The impact of aging on long-term care in Europe and some potential policy responses, International Journal of Health Services, 36(4): 719-746. ==External links == * [http://www.medicare.gov/LongTermCare/Static/Home.asp Medicare. US Government. Long term care information] * [http://aging.ifas.ufl.edu Medicare Part D Information] University of Florida/IFAS Extension Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences * [http://fycs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2006/05/family-factors-involved-in-making-long.html Family Factors Involved in Making Long-Term Care Financing Decisions] University of Florida/IFAS Extension Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences * [http://familycaregiving101.org/help/financial.cfm Family Caregiving Financial Resources]List of county or state departments or local area social service agencies for long-term caregivers to utilize * [http://www.cmda.info Long Term Care Medical Directors Association of Canada - Association canadienne des directeurs médicaux en soins de longue durée] An association of medical directors in Canada committed to the development of the role of the physician in the Long Term Care setting. * {{PDFlink|[http://www.theltcman.com/Lit/GuideToLTC.pdf White Paper: Planning Guide for Long Term Care] |1.58&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 1661012 bytes -->}} — A 28 page guide from The Department of Health and Human Services. * [http://www.guidetolongtermcare.com/whatcost.html How much does long term care cost?] * [http://www.elderstribune.com/money/how-will-you-pay-your-long-term-care How will you pay for your long-term care?] *[http://www.genworth.com/content/genworth/www_genworth_com/web/us/en/products_we_offer/long_term_care_insurance/long_term_care_overview/what_is_the_cost_of_long_term_care.html#costofcaresurvey Annual 2007 Cost of long term care survey] conducted for Genworth Financial <!-- If anyone wants to find the original source and replace the link that would be fine.--> [[Category:Medicare and Medicaid (United States)]] [[Category:Medical terms]]