Lordship of Ireland 170034 223745054 2008-07-05T15:59:23Z 84.131.197.167 {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = |conventional_long_name = Lordship of Ireland |common_name = Ireland |continent = Europe |region = British Isles |country = Ireland |year_start = 1171 |year_end = 1541 |date_start = |date_end = |event_start = |event_end = Act of the Irish Parliament |p1 = Gaelic Ireland |flag_p1 = Flag_President_of_Ireland.svg |s1 = Kingdom of Ireland |flag_s1 = St_Patrick's_saltire3.svg |image_flag = Flag of Lordship of Ireland.png |image_coat = Arms_of_Lordship_of_Ireland.png |symbol = List of flags of the Republic of Ireland#Provincial Flags |symbol_type = Coat of arms<sup>1</sup> |image_map = LocationIslandIreland.png |image_map_caption = |national_motto = |capital = [[Dublin]] |common_languages = [[Norman French]], [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[English language|English]] |government_type = Monarchy |title_leader = [[List of Lords of Ireland|Lord of Ireland]] |leader1 = [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] |year_leader1 = 1171-1189 |leader2 = [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] |year_leader2 = 1509-1541 |title_deputy = [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland|Lord Lieutenant]] |deputy1 = Piers Butler |year_deputy1 = 1528-1529 |deputy2 = [[Anthony St Leger]] |year_deputy2 = 1540–1548 |legislature = Parliament of Ireland |house1 = Irish House of Lords |house2 = Irish House of Commons |stat_year1 = |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 = |currency = |footnotes = <sup>1</sup> The Lordship of Ireland did not have an official flag. A commission of Edward IV into the arms of Ireland found these to be the arms of the Lordship. The heraldic description is ''Azure, three crowns Or, bordure Argent''. Typically bordered arms represent the younger branch of a family or maternal descent. }} The '''Lordship of Ireland''' ([[1171]]-[[1541]]) was the nominally all-island Irish state created in the wake of the [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] in 1169-71. ==Background== The authority of the Lordship of Ireland's government was seldom extended throughout the island of Ireland at any time during its existence but was restricted to [[the Pale]] around [[Dublin]], and some provincial towns, including [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Limerick]], [[Waterford]], [[Wexford]] and their hinterlands. It owed its origins to the decision of a Leinster dynast, Diarmait Mac Murchada ([[Diarmuid MacMorrough]]), to bring in a Norman knight based in Wales, [[Richard de Clare]] (alias '[[Strongbow]]'), to aid him in his battle to regain his throne, after being overthrown by a confederation led by the new [[High King of Ireland|Irish High King]] (the previous incumbent had protected MacMurrough). [[Henry II of England]], who reigned over [[England]] and ruled over parts of [[France]], invaded Ireland to control Strongbow, whom he feared was becoming a threat to the stability of his own kingdom on its western fringes (there had been earlier fears that Saxon refugees might use either Ireland or Flanders as a base for a counter-offensive after [[1066]]); ironically, much of the later [[Plantagenet]] consolidation of South [[Wales]] was in furtherance of holding open routes to Ireland. ==Laudabiliter 1155== Another reason King Henry invaded Ireland was because Pope [[Adrian IV]], the only Englishman to have occupied the papal throne, had issued a papal bull ''[[Laudabiliter]]'' (1155) authorising the English monarch to take possession of Ireland. Religious practices in Ireland and organisation had evolved divergently from those of areas of Europe influenced more directly by the [[Holy See]], although many of these differences had been eliminated or greatly lessened by the time the bull was issued in 1155. Further, the former [[Celtic Christianity|Irish church]] had never sent its dues ('tithes') to Rome. Despite this, many historians argue that Henry's primary motivation for invading Ireland was to control Strongbow and other Norman lords. Civility and inclusion had a cost. The pope asserted the right to grant sovereignty over islands to different monarchs on the basis of a document, later found to be a forgery, called the [[Donation of Constantine]]. Doubts were cast on ''Laudabiliter'' in the 19th century, but its effect was confirmed by [[Pope Alexander III]] and then by the Irish bishops at the Synod of [[Cashel, County Tipperary|Cashel]] in [[1172]]. The papal bull gave the Norman-English kings the title 'Lord of Ireland'. ==John, Lord in 1185-1199== Having captured a small part of Ireland on the east coast, Henry used the land to solve a dispute dividing his family. For while he had divided his territories between his sons, one son, nicknamed "John Lackland", was left without lands to rule, hence the nickname. Henry granted John his Irish lands, becoming Lord of Ireland (''Dominus Hiberniae'') in [[1185]], with the territory becoming the Lordship of Ireland. Fate, however, intervened in the form of the deaths of John's older brothers. As a result, he became King [[John of England]], and the Lordship of Ireland, instead of being a separate country governed separately by a junior Norman prince, became a territorial possession of the Norman-English Crown. ==Progress and decline== The Lordship thrived in the 1200s, a time of warm climate and better harvests. The [[feudal system]] was introduced, and the [[Parliament of Ireland]] was started in 1297. Some counties were created by [[shiring]] and [[townland]]s with ancient boundaries adopted the prefix 'bally-' from the Norman 'ville'.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} Walled towns and castles became a feature of the landscape. But little of this engagement with mainstream European life was of benefit to those the Normans called the 'mere Irish'. 'Mere' derived from the Latin ''merus'', meaning pure. The Norman élite and churchmen spoke Norman-French and Latin. Many poorer settlers spoke English, Welsh and Flemish. The Gaelic areas spoke Irish dialects. The [[Yola language]] of [[County Wexford]] was a survivor of the early English dialects. The Lordship suffered invasion from Scotland by [[Edward Bruce]] in 1315-18 which destroyed much of the economy. The [[earldom of Ulster]] ended in 1333 and the [[Black Death]] of 1348-50 impacted more on the town-dwelling Normans than on the remaining [[Gaels|Gaelic]] clans. In 1366 the [[Statute of Kilkenny]] tried to keep aspects of Gaelic culture out of the Norman-controlled areas, but in vain. Historians refer to a Gaelic revival between 1350 and 1500, by which time the area ruled for the Crown - '[[the Pale]]' - had shrunk to a small area around Dublin. Between 1500 and 1541 a mixed situation arose. Most clans remained loyal most of the time, using a Gaelic-style system of alliances centred around the [[Lord Deputy]] who was usually the [[Earl of Kildare]]. However a rebellion by the 9th Earl's heir [[Silken Thomas]] in 1535 led on to a less sympathetic system of rule by mainly English-born administrators. The rebellion and Henry VIII's seizure of the Irish monasteries around 1540 led on to his plan to create a new kingdom based on the existing parliament. ==Lordship to Kingdom, 1541== English monarchs continued to use the title "Lord of Ireland" to refer to their position of conquered lands on the island of Ireland. The title was changed by the [[Crown of Ireland Act 1542|Crown of Ireland Act]] passed by the [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]] in 1541, when on [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]'s demand, he was granted a new title, [[King of Ireland]], with the state renamed the [[Kingdom of Ireland]]. Henry VIII changed his title because the Lordship of Ireland had been granted to the Norman monarchy by the Papacy and Henry was unpopular with the Catholic Church, which meant that the title could be seen as dubious or be withdrawn by the [[Holy See]]. So because of the King of England's split with Rome he had to change his Irish title. Henry VIII also wanted Ireland to be become a full kingdom to encourage a greater sense of loyalty amongst his Irish subjects, some of whom took part in his policy of [[Surrender and regrant]]. ===Parliaments and great Councils 1318 - 1369=== {{columns |col1 = *1310 Kilkenny *1320 Dublin *1324 Dublin *1327 Dublin *1328 Kilkenny *1329 Dublin |col2 = *1330 Kilkenny *1331 Kilkenny *1331 Dublin *1341 Dublin *1346 Kilkenny *1350 Kilkenny |col3 = *1351 Kilkenny *1351 Dublin *1353 Dublin *1357 Kilkenny *1359 Kilkenny *1359 Waterford |col4 = *1360 Kilkenny *1366 Kilkenny *1369 Dublin }} ==See also== *[[History of Ireland]] *[[List of Lords of Ireland]] ==References== *Norman Davies, ''The Isles: A History'' (Palgrave-Macmillan, 1999) (ISBN 0-333-76370-X) *Robin Frame; English Lordship in Ireland 1318 - 1361 (Clarendon Press, 1982) ISBN 0-19-822673-X <br/>{{s-start}} {{s-bef|before = [[High Kings of Ireland]]}} {{s-ttl|title = [[Lordship of Ireland]]}} {{s-aft|after = [[Kingdom of Ireland]]}} {{end}} {{Irish states since 1171}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:History of Ireland]] [[Category:Former monarchies of Europe|Ireland (1171-1541)]] [[Category:Former Countries in Ireland]] [[Category:1171 establishments]] [[Category:1541 disestablishments]] <!--Other languages--> [[ca:Senyoriu d'Irlanda]] [[de:Lordschaft Irland]] [[es:Señorío de Irlanda]] [[fr:Seigneurie d'Irlande]] [[hu:Ír Uradalom]] [[nl:Heerlijkheid Ierland]] [[ja:アイルランド卿]] [[no:Lord av Irland]]