Los Angeles, California 18110 226154082 2008-07-17T01:48:29Z 72.94.251.140 /* Climate */ {{redirect4|Los Angeles|L.A.}} {{Infobox Settlement |official_name = City of Los Angeles |nickname = L.A., The City of Angels |website = [http://www.lacity.org/ www.lacity.org] |image_skyline = LA Skyline Mountains2.jpg |image_caption = |image_flag = Flag of Los Angeles, California.svg |image_seal = Seal of Los Angeles, California.svg |image_map = LA County Incorporated Areas Los Angeles highlighted.svg |image_cap = |map_caption = Location within [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] in the state of [[California]] |subdivision_type = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]] |subdivision_type1 = [[County (United States)|County]] |subdivision_name = [[California]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] |government_type = [[Mayor-council government|Mayor-Council]] |leader_title = [[Mayor of Los Angeles, California|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Antonio Villaraigosa]] |leader_title1 = City attorney |leader_name1 = [[Rocky Delgadillo]] |leader_title2 = Governing body |leader_name2 = [[Los Angeles City Council|City Council]] |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |unit_pref = Imperial |area_total_sq_mi = 498.3 |area_total_km2 = 1290.6 |area_land_sq_mi = 469.1 |area_land_km2 = 1214.9 |area_water_sq_mi = 29.2 |area_water_km2 = 75.7 |area_water_percent =5.8 |population_as_of = 2006 |population_total = 3,849,378 ([[List of United States cities by population|2nd U.S.]], [[List of cities proper by population|45th World]])<!--Do NOT change this to the 4.0 million that the CA Dept of Finance has. For more info, see the talk page--> |population_urban = |area_urban_km2 = 4319.9 |area_urban_sq_mi = 1667.9 |population_metro = 12,875,587 |population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] |population_blank1 = Angeleno |population_density_km2 = 3168 |population_density_sq_mi = 8205 |population_footnotes |timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] |utc_offset = -8 |timezone_DST = PDT |utc_offset_DST = -7 |latd = 34 |latm = 03 |lats = |latNS = N |longd = 118 |longm = 15 |longs = |longEW = W |elevation_m = 71 |elevation_ft = 233 (city hall) |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]] |postal_code = 90001-90068, 90070-90084, 90086-90089, 90091, 90093-90097, 90099, 90101-90103, 90174, 90185, 90189 |area_code = [[Area code 213|213]], [[Area code 310|310]], [[Area code 323|323]], [[Area code 424|424]], [[Area code 661|661]], [[Area code 818|818]] |established_title = Settled |established_date = [[September 4]] [[1781]] |established_title2 = Incorporated |established_date2= [[April 4]] [[1850]] |footnotes = }} '''Los Angeles''' ({{IPAEng|lɑˈsændʒələs}}, {{IPAEng|los ˈaŋxeles}} in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]) is the largest [[city]] in the [[U.S. state|state]] of [[California]] and the [[List of United States cities by population|second largest]] in the [[United States]].<ref name=PopEstBugCities>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2005-01.csv |title=Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2005 Population: April 1, 2013 to July 1, 2005 |format=[[comma-separated values|CSV]] |work=2005 Population Estimates |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=[[2006-06-20]] |accessdate=2007-01-26}}</ref> Often abbreviated as '''L.A.''' and nicknamed '''The City of Angels''', it is rated an [[global city|alpha world city]], having an estimated population of 3.8&nbsp;million<!---Do NOT change this to the 4.0 million that the CA Dept of Finance has. For more info, see the talk page------><ref>http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2007-01.csv</ref> and spanning over {{convert|469.1|sqmi|km2|1|lk=on}} in Southern California. Additionally, the Los Angeles metropolitan area is home to nearly 12.9 million<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2007/CBSA-EST2007-05.xls Metropolitan statistical area | Population Estimates | July 1, 2007]</ref> people who hail from all over the globe and speak 224 different languages. Los Angeles is the [[county seat|seat]] of [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]], the most populous and one of the most diverse counties<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/2007/08/08/real_estate/most_diverse_counties/index.htm The most ethnically diverse counties in the United States - Aug. 9, 2007]</ref> in the United States. Its inhabitants are known as "Angelenos" ({{IPAEng|ændʒəˈlinoʊz}}). Los Angeles was founded in 1781, by [[Spain|Spanish]] governor [[Felipe de Neve]] as ''El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula'' (The Village of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels of [[Porziuncola]]). It became a part of [[Mexico]] in 1821, following its independence from Spain. In 1848, at the end of the [[Mexican-American War]], Los Angeles and California were purchased as part of the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]], thus becoming part of the United States; [[Mexico]] retained the territory of [[Baja California peninsula|Baja California]]. It was [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] as a municipality on [[April 4]] [[1850]] — five months before California achieved [[U.S. state|statehood]]. Los Angeles is one of the [[Global city|world's centers]] of [[culture]], [[technology]], [[Mass media|media]], [[business]], and [[international trade]]. It is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and it is one of the most substantial economic engines of the United States. Los Angeles also leads the world in producing popular entertainment — such as [[film|motion picture]], [[television]], [[internet]] content, [[video game]]s and [[music industry|recorded music]] — which forms the base of its international fame and global status. == History == {{main|History of Los Angeles, California}} [[Image:LosAngeles-Plaza-1869.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The old city plaza, 1869]] The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the [[Tongva]] (or Gabrieleños) and [[Chumash people|Chumash]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes hundreds of years ago. The first Europeans arrived in 1542 under [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo|João Cabrilho]], a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] explorer who claimed the area as the City of God for the [[Spanish Empire]]; he continued with his voyage and did not establish a settlement.<ref>Willard, C. D., ''The Herald's History of Los Angeles'' (Los Angeles: Kingsley-Barnes, 1901): 22.</ref> The next contact would not come until 227 years later, when [[Gaspar de Portolà|Gaspar de Portola]], along with [[Franciscan]] missionary [[Juan Crespí]], reached the present site of Los Angeles on [[August 2]] [[1769]]. Crespi noted that the site had the potential to be developed into a large settlement.<ref>[http://www.usc.edu/libraries/archives/la/historic/crespi.html Father Crespi in Los Angeles]</ref> In 1771, Franciscan friar [[Junípero Serra]] built the [[Mission San Gabriel Arcángel|Mission San Gabriel Arcangel]] near [[Whittier Narrows]], in what is now called [[San Gabriel Valley]].<ref> After a 1776 flood, the mission was moved to its present site in [[San Gabriel, California|San Gabriel]]</ref> In 1777, the new [[governor]] of California, Felipe de Neve, recommended to the [[viceroy]] of [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|New Spain]] that the site noted by Juan Crespi be developed into a ''pueblo''. The town was founded on [[September 4]], [[1781]], by a group of 44 settlers and was named "''El Pueblo de [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Nuestra Señora la Reina de los ángeles]] Del [[Los Angeles River#History|Río de Porciúncula]]''" ("The Town of [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Our Lady the Queen of the Angels]] on the [[Los Angeles River#History|River Porciúncula]]").<ref>[http://www.laavenue.com/LAHistory.htm The History of Los Angeles County]</ref> These settlers were of Filipino, Native American, African, and Spanish ancestry, with two-thirds being [[mestizo]] or [[mulatto]]. A majority of the settlers had some African ancestry.<ref>"Colonial records indicate that twenty-six of the forty-six original settlers of Los Angeles were of African or part-African ancestry." Mulroy, Kevin, et. al, eds, ''Seeking El Dorado:African Americans in California'' (Los Angeles: Autry Museum of Western Heritage, 2001): 79.</ref> The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820 the population had increased to about 650 residents.<ref>[http://www.socalhistory.org/Socalhistory.org%20_mainfolder/Chronology/Chronology.htm Los Angeles Historical Chronology]</ref> Today, the ''pueblo'' is commemorated in the historic district [[Olvera Street]], the oldest part of Los Angeles.<ref>Acuna, Rodolfo, ''Anything But Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles'' (New York: Version, 1996): 22.</ref> New Spain achieved its independence from the [[Spanish Empire]] in 1821, and the ''pueblo'' continued as a part of [[Mexico]]. Mexican rule ended during the [[Mexican-American War]]: Americans took control from the [[Californios]] after a series of battles, culminating on [[January 13]], [[1847]], with the signing of the [[Treaty of Cahuenga]]. Later, with the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] in 1848, the Mexican government formally ceded [[Alta California]] and other territories to the [[United States]].{{fact|date=July 2008}} [[Image:LosAngelesCityHall1931.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Los Angeles City Hall]], shown here in 1931, was built in 1928 and was the tallest structure in the city until 1964, when height restrictions were removed]] [[Rail transport|Railroads]] arrived when the [[Southern Pacific Railroad|Southern Pacific]] completed its line to Los Angeles in 1876.<ref>Mulholland, Catherine, ''William Mulholland and the Rise of Los Angeles'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000): 15.</ref> [[Petroleum|Oil]] was discovered in 1892, and by 1923 Los Angeles was producing one-quarter of the world's petroleum.<ref>[http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/signal_hill/signal_hill2.html The Story of Oil in California]</ref> By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000 people,<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab13.txt Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1900]</ref> putting pressure on the city's water supply.<ref>[http://www.american.edu/TED/mono.htm The Los roches Aqueduct and the Owens and Mono Lakes (MONO Case)]</ref> 1913's completion of the [[Los Angeles Aqueduct]], under the supervision of [[William Mulholland]], assured the continued growth of the city. In 1915, Los Angeles began the [[History of Los Angeles, California#Annexations|annexation]] of dozens of neighboring communities without water supplies of their own.{{fact|date=July 2008}} In the 1920s, the [[Cinema of the United States|motion picture]] and [[aviation]] industries flocked to Los Angeles. In 1932, with population surpassing one million,<ref>[http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab16.txt Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1930]</ref> the city hosted the [[1932 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]. This period also saw the arrival of exiles from the increasing pre-war tensions of [[Europe]], including [[Thomas Mann]], [[Fritz Lang]], [[Bertolt Brecht]], [[Arnold Schoenberg]], and [[Lion Feuchtwanger]].{{fact|date=July 2008}} [[World War II]] and the expansion of defense industries brought new growth and prosperity to the city.{{fact|date=July 2008}} Thousands of African Americans migrated from Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi to work in these expanding fields.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The state also succumbed to war fears, transporting most [[Japanese American]] residents from Los Angeles and other cities to distant [[internment]] camps for the duration of the war.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The post-war years saw an even greater boom, as [[urban sprawl]] expanded the city into the [[San Fernando Valley]].<ref>Bruegmann, Robert, ''Sprawl: A Compact History'' (Chicago: [[University of Chicago]] Press, 2005): 133.</ref> In 1969, Los Angeles became one of the birthplaces of the [[Internet]], as the first [[ARPANET]] transmission was sent from [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] to [[SRI International|SRI]] in [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]].<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_n33_v20/ai_21173953 Was L.A. really Internet's ground zero?]</ref> Also in the 1980s, Los Angeles became the center of the [[heavy metal music]] scene, especially [[glam metal]] bands. In 1984, the city hosted the [[Summer Olympic Games]] [[1984 Summer Olympics|for the second time]]. It became the most financially successful Olympics in history, and only the second Olympics to turn a profit — the other being the 1932 Summer Olympics, also held in Los Angeles. [[Image:LA05.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Downtown Los Angeles]] saw heavy development from the 1980's to 1990's, including the construction of some of the city's tallest skyscrapers.]] During the remainder of the 1980s, Los Angeles was plagued by increasing [[gang|gang violence]] and [[police corruption]]. Racial tensions erupted again in 1992 with the [[Rodney King]] controversy and the [[Los Angeles riots of 1992|large-scale riots]] that followed the acquittal of his police attackers. In 1994, the 6.7 [[Northridge earthquake]] shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths.<ref>Reich, Kenneth, "Study Raises Northridge Quake Death Toll to 72," ''[[Los Angeles Times]] 20 December 1995: B1.</ref> Voters defeated efforts by the [[San Fernando Valley]] and [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]] to secede from the city in 2002.<ref>[http://www.laalmanac.com/election/el22.htm City of Los Angeles Secession Votes - 2002]</ref> [[Gentrification]] and urban redevelopment have occurred in many parts of the city, most notably [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]], [[Koreatown, Los Angeles, California|Koreatown]], [[Silver Lake, Los Angeles, California|Silver Lake]], [[Echo Park, Los Angeles, California|Echo Park]] and [[Downtown Los Angeles|Downtown]].<ref>[http://www.laweekly.com/general/features/welcome-to-gentrification-city/14285/ Welcome to Gentrification City]</ref> Gentrification has recently spilled into the eastern and southern portions of Los Angeles, with announcements of several billion-dollar residential high-rise and commercial center projects.{{fact|date=July 2008}} == Geography == {{seealso|Los Angeles Basin||Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles County, California|Maps of Los Angeles, California|List of California area codes}} === Topography === Los Angeles is irregularly shaped and covers a total area of {{convert|498.3|sqmi|km2|0|lk=on|sp=us}}, comprising 469.1 square miles (1,214.9 km²) of land and 29.2 square miles (75.7 km²) of water. The city extends for 44 miles (71 km) longitudinally and for 29 miles (47 km) latitudinally. The perimeter of the city is 342 miles (550 km). It is the only major city in the United States bisected by a mountain range. [[Image:Viewfromsky.jpg||right|thumb|200px|View of the [[Palos Verdes]] Peninsula with Los Angeles in the distance]] The highest point in Los Angeles is Mount Lukens, also called Sister Elsie Peak. Located at the far reaches of the northeastern [[San Fernando Valley]], it reaches a height of 5,080 ft (1,548 m). The major river is the [[Los Angeles River]], which begins in the [[Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California|Canoga Park]] district of the city and is largely seasonal. The river is lined in concrete for almost its entire length as it flows through the city into nearby [[Vernon, California|Vernon]] on its way to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. === Geology === Los Angeles is subject to [[earthquake]]s due to its location in the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]]. The geologic instability produces numerous fault lines both above and below ground, which altogether cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes every year.<ref>[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/kids/facts.php Earthquake Facts]</ref> One of the major fault lines is the [[San Andreas Fault]]. Located at the boundary between the [[Pacific Plate]] and the [[North American Plate]], it is predicted to be the source of Southern California's next big earthquake.<ref>[http://www.physorg.com/news70114196.html San Andreas Fault Set for the Big One]</ref> Major earthquakes to have hit the Los Angeles area include the 1994 [[Northridge earthquake]], the 1987 [[Whittier Narrows earthquake]], the [[1971 San Fernando earthquake]] near [[Sylmar, Los Angeles, California|Sylmar]], and the [[1933 Long Beach earthquake]]. Nevertheless, all but a few quakes are of low intensity and are not felt.<ref>[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/kids/facts.php Earthquake Facts]</ref> Parts of the city are also vulnerable to Pacific Ocean [[tsunami]]s; harbor areas were damaged by waves from the [[1960 Valdivia earthquake|Valdivia earthquake]] in 1960.<ref>[http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/web_tsus/19600522/damage.htm May 22, 1960 Tsunami from NOAA]</ref> The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from [[blind thrust earthquake]]s[http://quake.usgs.gov/research/deformation/modeling/socal/index_gerald.html]. === Climate === Los Angeles has [[Mediterranean climate]] or Dry-Summer subtropical zone ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Csb'' on the coast, ''Csa'' inland). The city experiences 325 sunny days every year with dry, warm to hot summers and cool to mild, somewhat rainy winters with low humidity year-round. [[Image:LA Echo.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Echo Park, Los Angeles, California|Echo Park]] as seen with [[Arecaceae|Palm Trees]]]] The prevalent warm southerly airflow and the blocking effect of mountains to the north give the city a much warmer climate than would be expected.{{fact|date=July 2008}} Breezes from the Pacific Ocean tend to keep the beach communities of the Los Angeles area cooler in summer and warmer in winter than those further inland; summer temperatures can sometimes be as much as 18°F (10°C) warmer in the inland communities compared to that of the coastal communities.{{fact|date=July 2008}} Summers average high temperatures in the Downtown area with highs around 81 - 84°F (27 - 29°C) and lows of 63°F (16°C), and winter high temperatures of 65 - 68°F (18 - 20°C) and lows of 48 - 50°F (8 - 10°C). During this season, rain is common. Temperatures can sometimes exceed 90°F (32°C) during the summer. [[Rain]] occurs mainly in the winter and spring months (February being the wettest month), with light rainfall, sometimes as thunderstorms. Los Angeles averages 15 [[inch]]es (385 mm) of precipitation per year. Tornados are extraordinarily rare downtown, though [[waterspout]]s can be seen during severe storms at beaches. [[Snow]] is extraordinarily rare in the city basin, but the mountainous slopes within city limits typically receive snow every year. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 2.0 inches (5 cm) on [[January 15]], [[1932]].<ref>Burt, Christopher. ''Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book''. New York: Norton, 2004: 100.</ref> <!--Infobox begins-->{{Infobox Weather |single_line=Yes |location=Los Angeles, California (downtown) |Jan_Hi_°F = 65 |Jan_REC_Hi_°F = 90 |Feb_Hi_°F = 66 |Feb_REC_Hi_°F = 92 |Mar_Hi_°F = 68 |Mar_REC_Hi_°F = 93 |Apr_Hi_°F = 70 |Apr_REC_Hi_°F = 96 |May_Hi_°F = 73 |May_REC_Hi_°F = 99 |Jun_Hi_°F = 76 |Jun_REC_Hi_°F = 104 |Jul_Hi_°F = 84 |Jul_REC_Hi_°F = 103 |Aug_Hi_°F = 82 |Aug_REC_Hi_°F = 102 |Sep_Hi_°F = 81 |Sep_REC_Hi_°F = 110 |Oct_Hi_°F = 77 |Oct_REC_Hi_°F = 104 |Nov_Hi_°F = 73 |Nov_REC_Hi_°F = 96 |Dec_Hi_°F = 68 |Dec_REC_Hi_°F = 92 |Year_Hi_°F = 73 |Year_REC_Hi_°F = 110 |Jan_Hi_°C = 18 |Jan_REC_Hi_°C = 32 |Feb_Hi_°C = 18 |Feb_REC_Hi_°C = 33 |Mar_Hi_°C = 20 |Mar_REC_Hi_°C = 33 |Apr_Hi_°C = 21 |Apr_REC_Hi_°C = 35 |May_Hi_°C = 22 |May_REC_Hi_°C = 37 |Jun_Hi_°C = 24 |Jun_REC_Hi_°C = 40 |Jul_Hi_°C = 29 |Jul_REC_Hi_°C = 39 |Aug_Hi_°C = 27 |Aug_REC_Hi_°C = 39 |Sep_Hi_°C = 27 |Sep_REC_Hi_°C = 43 |Oct_Hi_°C = 25 |Oct_REC_Hi_°C = 40 |Nov_Hi_°C = 22 |Nov_REC_Hi_°C = 35 |Dec_Hi_°C = 20 |Dec_REC_Hi_°C = 33 |Year_Hi_°C = 22 |Year_REC_Hi_°C = 43 |Jan_Lo_°F = 48 |Jan_REC_Lo_°F = 28 |Feb_Lo_°F = 49 |Feb_REC_Lo_°F = 34 |Mar_Lo_°F = 50 |Mar_REC_Lo_°F = 38 |Apr_Lo_°F = 53 |Apr_REC_Lo_°F = 41 |May_Lo_°F = 56 |May_REC_Lo_°F = 43 |Jun_Lo_°F = 58 |Jun_REC_Lo_°F = 50 |Jul_Lo_°F = 63 |Jul_REC_Lo_°F = 54 |Aug_Lo_°F = 63 |Aug_REC_Lo_°F = 51 |Sep_Lo_°F = 61 |Sep_REC_Lo_°F = 50 |Oct_Lo_°F = 58 |Oct_REC_Lo_°F = 46 |Nov_Lo_°F = 53 |Nov_REC_Lo_°F = 40 |Dec_Lo_°F = 50 |Dec_REC_Lo_°F = 30 |Year_Lo_°F = 55 |Year_REC_Lo_°F = 28 |Jan_Precip_inch = 2.7 |Feb_Precip_inch = 3.1 |Mar_Precip_inch = 2.2 |Apr_Precip_inch = 1.3 |May_Precip_inch = 0.3 |Jun_Precip_inch = 0.1 |Jul_Precip_inch = 0 |Aug_Precip_inch = 0 |Sep_Precip_inch = 0.2 |Oct_Precip_inch = 0.4 |Nov_Precip_inch = 1.1 |Dec_Precip_inch = 2.5 |Year_Precip_inch = 14 |Jan_Lo_°C = 8 |Jan_REC_Lo_°C = -2 |Feb_Lo_°C = 9 |Feb_REC_Lo_°C = 1 |Mar_Lo_°C = 10 |Mar_REC_Lo_°C = 3 |Apr_Lo_°C = 11 |Apr_REC_Lo_°C = 5 |May_Lo_°C = 13 |May_REC_Lo_°C = 6 |Jun_Lo_°C = 14 |Jun_REC_Lo_°C = 10 |Jul_Lo_°C = 16 |Jul_REC_Lo_°C = 12 |Aug_Lo_°C = 17 |Aug_REC_Lo_°C = 10 |Sep_Lo_°C = 16 |Sep_REC_Lo_°C = 10 |Oct_Lo_°C = 14 |Oct_REC_Lo_°C = 8 |Nov_Lo_°C = 11 |Nov_REC_Lo_°C = 4 |Dec_Lo_°C = 10 |Dec_REC_Lo_°C = -1 |Year_Lo_°C = 12 |Year_REC_Lo_°C = -2 |Jan_Precip_cm =6 |Feb_Precip_cm = 7 |Mar_Precip_cm = 5 |Apr_Precip_cm = 3.3 |May_Precip_cm = 0.8<!--Converted from inches & rounded--> |Jun_Precip_cm = 0.2<!--Converted from inches & rounded--> |Jul_Precip_cm = 0 |Aug_Precip_cm = 0 |Sep_Precip_cm = 0.5 |Oct_Precip_cm = 1 |Nov_Precip_cm = 2 |Dec_Precip_cm = 6 |Year_Precip_cm = 35 |source =weatherbase.com<ref name=climate>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=159227 |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Los Angeles, California, United States of America |accessmonthday=Jun 19 |accessyear=2007}}</ref>|accessdate=Jun 2007}}<!--Infobox ends--> === Flora === The Los Angeles area is rich in native plant species due in part to a diversity in habitats, including beaches, wetlands, and mountains. The most prevalent botanical environment is [[coastal sage scrub]], which covers the hillsides in combustible [[California chaparral and woodlands|chaparral]]. Native plants include: [[California poppy]], [[matilija poppy]], [[toyon]], [[Coast Live Oak]], and giant wild rye grass. Many of these native species, such as the [[Helianthus nuttallii|Los Angeles sunflower]], have become so rare as to be considered endangered. Though they are not native to the area, the official tree of Los Angeles is the tropical Coral Tree and the official flower of Los Angeles is the Bird of Paradise, [[Strelitzia reginae]].<ref>[http://www.sandiegozoo.org/CF/plants/species_detail.cfm?ID=130 San Diego Zoo]</ref> === Environmental issues === [[Image:LosAngelesSmog.jpg|thumb|200px|A view of Los Angeles covered in [[smog]] from [[Mulholland Drive]]]] Owing to geography, heavy reliance on [[automobile]]s, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from [[air pollution]] in the form of [[smog]]. The [[Los Angeles Basin]] and the San Fernando Valley are susceptible to [[Inversion (meteorology)|atmospheric inversion]], which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, [[locomotive]]s, [[shipping]], manufacturing, and other sources.<ref>[http://www.laweekly.com/index.php?option=com_lawcontent&task=view&id=8115&Itemid=122 How Smog Forms in Los Angeles]</ref> Unlike other large cities that rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only 15 inches (381&nbsp;mm) of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the [[Clean Air Act]]. More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating [[low emission vehicle]]s.<ref> [http://www.driveclean.ca.gov/en/gv/driveclean/bguides.asp Driveclean from the California Government web site]</ref> As a result, pollution levels have dropped in recent decades. The number of Stage 1 smog alerts has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium. Despite improvement, the 2006 annual report of the [[American Lung Association]] ranks the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution.<ref name="shortTermPollutedCities">[http://lungaction.org/reports/sota06_table2.html People at Risk In 25 U.S. Cities Most Polluted by Short-Term Particle Pollution.] [[American Lung Association]]. Retrieved on [[January 5]], [[2007]].</ref><ref name="yearRoundPollutedCities">[http://lungaction.org/reports/sota06_table2a.html People at Risk In 25 U.S. Cities Most Polluted by Year-Round Particle Pollution.] [[American Lung Association]]. Retrieved on [[January 5]], 2007.</ref> In addition, the [[groundwater]] is increasingly threatened by [[Methyl tert-butyl ether|MTBE]] from [[filling station|gas stations]] and [[perchlorate]] from [[Rocket propellant|rocket fuel]]. With pollution still a significant problem, the city continues to take aggressive steps to improve air and water conditions.<ref>Lopez, Theresa Adams. "{{PDFlink|[http://www.portoflosangeles.org/Press/REL_Air_Quality_Update_2-16-06.pdf Air Quality Programs at the Port of Los Angeles saw Refinement in 2005 with Focus on Ramping up in 2006]}}." ''[[Port of Los Angeles]] (News Release).'' [[February 17]], [[2006]].</ref><ref>Staff Writer. "[http://www.environmentaldefense.org/article.cfm?ContentID=4180 Air Quality Protections Take Off]." ''[http://www.environmentaldefense.org/ Environmental Defense].'' [[December 6]], [[2004]].</ref> == Cityscape == {{Main|List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles}} {{wide image|Los angeles mountains to ocean pano.jpg|800px|Panorama of Los Angeles as viewed from [[Mulholland Drive]]. Left to right: [[Santa Ana Mountains]], [[downtown Los Angeles|downtown]], [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]] (foreground), [[Wilshire Boulevard]], [[Port of Los Angeles]], [[Palos Verdes Peninsula]], [[Santa Catalina Island, California|Santa Catalina Island]], and [[LAX]]}} [[Image:Hollywood boulevard from kodak theatre.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]], a well-known district of Los Angeles, often mistaken as an independent city]] The city is divided into many neighborhoods, many of which were towns that were annexed by the growing city. There are also several independent cities in and around Los Angeles, but they are popularly grouped with the city of Los Angeles, either due to being completely engulfed as enclaves by Los Angeles, or lying within its immediate vicinity. Generally, the city is divided into the following areas: [[Downtown Los Angeles]], Northeast - including [[Highland Park, Los Angeles, California|Highland Park]] and [[Eagle Rock, Los Angeles, California|Eagle Rock]] areas, the [[East Los Angeles (region)|Eastside]], [[South Los Angeles]] (still often colloquially referred to as South Central by locals), the [[Harbor Area]], [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]], [[Wilshire, Los Angeles, California|Wilshire]], the [[Westside (Los Angeles County)|Westside]], and the [[San Fernando Valley|San Fernando]] and [[Crescenta Valley|Crescenta]] Valleys. Some well-known communities of Los Angeles include [[West Adams, Los Angeles, California|West Adams]], [[Watts, Los Angeles, California|Watts]], [[Venice, Los Angeles, California|Venice Beach]], the [[Financial District, Los Angeles, California|Downtown Financial District]], [[Los Feliz, Los Angeles, California|Los Feliz]], [[Silver Lake, Los Angeles, California|Silver Lake]], [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]], [[Koreatown, Los Angeles, California|Koreatown]], [[Westwood, Los Angeles, California|Westwood]] and the more affluent areas of [[Bel Air, Los Angeles, California|Bel Air]], [[Benedict Canyon, Los Angeles, California|Benedict Canyon]], [[Hollywood Hills]], [[Hancock Park, Los Angeles, California|Hancock Park]], [[Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California|Pacific Palisades]], and [[Brentwood, Los Angeles, California|Brentwood]]. === Landmarks === Important landmarks in Los Angeles include [[Chinatown, Los Angeles, California|Chinatown]], [[Koreatown, Los Angeles, California|Koreatown]], [[Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, California|Little Tokyo]], [[Walt Disney Concert Hall]], [[Kodak Theatre]], [[Griffith Observatory]], [[Getty Center]], [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]], [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]], [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]], [[Hollywood Sign]], [[Hollywood Boulevard]], [[Capitol Records#The Capitol Records Tower|Capitol Records Tower]], [[Los Angeles City Hall]], [[Hollywood Bowl]], [[Watts Towers]], [[Staples Center]], [[Dodger Stadium]] and [[Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles Asistencia|La Placita Olvera]]/[[Olvera Street]]. <center><gallery> Image:WaltDisneyConcertHall.jpeg|[[Walt Disney Concert Hall]] Image:PB050006.JPG|[[Hollywood Sign]] Image:Grauman's Chinese Theatre, by Carol Highsmith fixed & straightened.jpg|[[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]] Image:IMG 9136.jpg|[[Griffith Observatory]] Image:Hollywood bowl and sign.jpg|[[Hollywood Bowl]] Image:Oscar1 (2).jpg|[[Kodak Theatre]] Image:Capitol Records Building LA.jpg|[[Capitol Records#The Capitol Records Tower|Capitol Records]] Image:LAColiseumStatues.jpg|[[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] </gallery></center> == Culture == {{Main|Arts and culture of Los Angeles}} {{seealso|List of people from Los Angeles|List of songs about Los Angeles}} The people of Los Angeles are known as ''Angelenos''. Nighttime hot spots include places such as Downtown Los Angeles, Silver Lake, Hollywood, and [[West Hollywood, California|West Hollywood]], which is the home of the world-famous [[Sunset Strip]]. Some well-known shopping areas are the Hollywood and Highland complex, the Beverly Center, Melrose Avenue, Robertson Boulevard, Rodeo Drive, 3rd St. Promenade in Santa Monica, The Grove, Westside Pavilion, The Promenade at Howard Hughes Center and Venice Boardwalk. === Media === {{main|Media in Los Angeles}} {{seealso|List of television shows set in Los Angeles}} {{seealso|List of films set in Los Angeles}} [[Image:Foxyplaza.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Fox Plaza (Los Angeles)|Fox Plaza]] in [[Century City, Los Angeles, California|Century City]], headquarters for [[20th Century Fox]], is a major financial district for [[West Los Angeles]]]] The major daily newspaper in the area is ''[[Los Angeles Times|The Los Angeles Times]]''; ''[[La Opinión]]'' is the city's major [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-language paper. ''[[Investor's Business Daily]]'' is distributed from its L.A. corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa Del Rey. There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including the ''[[Los Angeles Daily News|Daily News]]'' (which focuses coverage on the [[San Fernando Valley]]), ''[[LA Weekly]],'' ''[[Los Angeles CityBeat]],'' ''L.A. Record'' (which focuses coverage on the music scene in the [[Greater Los Angeles]] area), ''Los Angeles'' magazine, ''[[Los Angeles Business Journal]],'' ''Los Angeles Daily Journal'' (legal industry paper), ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' and ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' (entertainment industry papers), and ''[[Los Angeles Downtown News]].'' In addition to the English- and Spanish-language papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, including Armenian, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese and Japanese. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps into certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include ''[[Daily Breeze|The Daily Breeze]]'' (serving the [[South Bay, Los Angeles|South Bay]]), and ''[[Long Beach Press-Telegram|The Long Beach Press-Telegram]].'' The Los Angeles metropolitan area is served by a variety of local television stations and is the second-largest media market in North America, behind [[New York City]].{{fact|date=July 2008}} Los Angeles and [[New York City]] are the only two media markets to have all seven VHF allocations possible assigned to them.<ref>[http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/allocation/allocation.htm Allocation information, The Museum of Broadcast Communications]</ref> [[Image:Latimeshq.JPG|thumb|200px|Los Angeles Times Headquarters]] The city's first television station (and the first in California) was [[KTLA]], which began broadcasting on January 22, 1947. The major network-affiliated television stations in this city are [[KABC-TV]] 7 ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]), [[KCBS-TV|KCBS]] 2 ([[CBS]]), [[KNBC]] 4 ([[NBC]]), [[KTTV]] 11 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]]), [[KTLA]] 5 ([[The CW Television Network|The CW]]), and [[KCOP-TV]] 13 ([[MyNetworkTV]]), and [[KPXN]] 30 ([[ION Television|i]]). There are also three [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] stations in the area, including [[KCET]] 28, [[KOCE-TV]] 50, and [[KLCS]] 58. [[World TV]] operates on two channels, [[KNET-LP]] 25 and [[KSFV-LP]] 6. There are also several Spanish-language television networks, including [[KMEX-TV]] 34 ([[Univision]]), KFTR 46 ([[TeleFutura]]), [[KVEA]] 52 ([[Telemundo]]), and [[KAZA-TV|KAZA]] 54 ([[Azteca América]]). [[KTBN]] 40 ([[Trinity Broadcasting Network]]), is a religious station in the area. Several independent television stations also operate in the area, including [[KCAL-TV]] 9 (owned by [[CBS Corporation]]), [[KSCI]] 18 (focuses primarily on Asian language programming), [[KWHY-TV]] 22 (Spanish-language), [[KNLA-LP]] 27 (Spanish-language), KSMV-LP 33 (variety)—a low power relay of Ventura-based [[KJLA]] 57—KPAL-LP 38, [[KXLA]] 44, [[KDOC-TV]] 56 (classic programming and local sports), [[KJLA]] 57 (variety), and [[KRCA]] 62 (Spanish-language). === Religion === The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Roman Catholic Archbishop of Los Angeles]] leads the largest archdiocese in the country.<ref>Pomfret, John. ''[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/01/AR2006040101206.html Cardinal Puts Church in Fight for Immigration Rights].'' [[Washington Post]]. [[April 2]], [[2006]], accessed [[May 28]], [[2007]]</ref> [[Roger Mahony|Roger Cardinal Mahony]] oversaw construction of the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]], completed in 2002 at the north end of downtown. Construction of the cathedral marked a coming of age of the Catholic, heavily Latino community. There are numerous Catholic churches and parishes throughout the city. [[Image:Los Angeles Temple 1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Built in 1956, the [[Los Angeles California Temple]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] is the second largest [[Mormon]] temple in the world]] The [[Los Angeles California Temple]], the second largest [[Temple (Latter Day Saints)|temple]] operated by [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], is on [[California State Route 2|Santa Monica Boulevard]] in the [[Westwood, Los Angeles, California|Westwood district]] of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first [[Mormon]] temple built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed.<ref>[http://www.ldschurchtemples.com/losangeles/ LDS - Los Angeles California Temple]</ref> The grounds includes a visitors' center open to the public, the ''Los Angeles Regional Family History Center'', also open to the public, and the headquarters for the Los Angeles [[Missionary (LDS Church)|mission]]. With 621,000 Jews in the metropolitan area (490,000 in city proper), the region has the [[American Jews|second largest population of Jews]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_judaism.html |title=The Largest Jewish Communities |accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref><ref name=Jews>[http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm World Jewish Population from SimpleToRemember.com]</ref> Many synagogues of the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist movements can be found throughout the city. Most are located in the [[San Fernando Valley]] and West Los Angeles. The area in West Los Angeles around Fairfax and Pico Boulevards contains a large number of Orthodox Jews. The Breed Street Shul in [[East Los Angeles, California|East Los Angeles]], built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades.<ref>[http://www.isjm.org/jhr/no1/america.htm "Washington Symposium and Exhibition Highlight Restoration and Adaptive Reuse of American Synagogues"] Jewish Heritage Report Issue No. 1 / March 1997</ref> (It is no longer a sacred space and is being converted to a museum and community center.)<ref>[http://www.isjm.org/jhr/IInos1-2/breedstreet.htm "Los Angeles’s Breed Street Shul Saved by Politicians"] Jewish Heritage Report Vol. II, Nos. 1-2 / Spring-Summer 1998)</ref> The [[Kabbalah Centre]], devoted to one line of Jewish mysticism, is also in the city. Because of Los Angeles' large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]], various [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es, [[Sufism]] and others. [[Image:Rukmini-Dwarakadisa.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Murti|Altar deities]] at a [[Hindu]] temple in Los Angeles, devoted to the god, [[Krishna]]]] Immigrants from [[Asia]] for example, have formed a number of significant [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] congregations making the city home to the greatest variety of Buddhists in the world. Los Angeles currently has the largest Buddhist population in the [[United States]].{{fact|date=July 2008}} There are more than 300 Buddhist temples in Los Angeles.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The [[Church of Scientology]] has had a presence in Los Angeles since it opened [[February 18]], [[1954]].{{fact|date=July 2008}} It has several churches and museums in the area, most notably the [[Celebrity Centre]] in Hollywood. === Sports === {{main|Sports in Los Angeles}} Los Angeles is the home of the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] of [[Major League Baseball]], the [[Los Angeles Kings]] of the [[National Hockey League]], the [[Los Angeles Clippers]] and [[Los Angeles Lakers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]], the [[Los Angeles Sparks]] of the [[Women's National Basketball Association|WNBA]], the [[Los Angeles Riptide]] of Major League Lacrosse, and the [[Los Angeles Avengers]] of the Arena Football League. Los Angeles is also home to the [[USC Trojans]] and the [[UCLA Bruins]] in the NCAA, both of which are Division I teams in the [[Pacific-10 Conference]]. [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] has more NCAA national championships, all sports combined, than any other university in America.{{fact|date=July 2008}} [[University of Southern California|USC]] has the third most NCAA national championships, all sports combined, in the United States.{{fact|date=July 2008}} Several more teams are in the greater Los Angeles [[media market]]: the [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim]] of [[Major League Baseball]] and the [[Anaheim Ducks]] of the [[National Hockey League]] are both based in nearby [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]; and the [[Los Angeles Galaxy]] and [[Club Deportivo Chivas USA]] of [[Major League Soccer]] are both based in neighboring [[Carson, California|Carson]]. [[Image:Dodger Stadium.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Dodger Stadium]] is the home of the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]]] There was a time when the Los Angeles media market boasted two [[National Football League|NFL]] teams, the [[St. Louis Rams|Rams]] and the [[Oakland Raiders|Raiders]]. Both left the media market in 1995, with the Rams moving to [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] and the Raiders heading back to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]. Through the [[2007 NFL season|2007-08 season]] there is no NFL franchise in the Los Angeles market, which is the second-largest city and [[media market|television market]] in the [[United States]].<ref>[[List of television stations in North America by media market|Wikipedia - List of TV Stations]]</ref> Prior to 1995, the [[St. Louis Rams|Rams]] called Memorial Coliseum (1946-1979) and Anaheim Stadium (1980-1994) home;<ref>[http://www.stlouisrams.com/History/HomesOfTheRams/ St. Louis Rams]</ref> and the [[Oakland Raiders|Raiders]] played their home games at Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994.<ref>Hong, Peter. "Few Tears Here." ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' 29 June 1995: B1.</ref> Since the franchise's departures the NFL as an organization, and individual NFL owners, have attempted to relocate a team to the city. Immediately following the 1995 NFL season, [[Seattle Seahawks]] owner [[Ken Behring]] went as far as packing up moving vans to start play in the [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]] under a new team name and logo for the 1996 season. The [[Washington|State of Washington]] filed a law suit to successfully prevent the move.<ref> ''Business Wire''. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1996_Feb_2/ai_17922281 "Seattle Seahawks owner Ken Behring announces move of NFL franchise"] 2 Feb 1996. (Accessed 3 September 2007)</ref> In 2003, then NFL Commissioner [[Paul Tagliabue]] indicated L.A. would get a new expansion team, a thirty-third franchise, after the choice of Houston over L.A. in the 2002 league expansion round.<ref>Satzman, Darrell. ''Los Angeles Business Journal''. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_4_25/ai_97616093 "NFL's interest in returning to L.A. long on desire, far from reality - Up Front"]. 27 Jan 2003. (Accessed 3 September 2007)</ref> When the [[New Orleans Saints]] were displaced from the [[Louisiana Superdome|Superdome]] by [[Hurricane Katrina]] media outlets reported the NFL was planning to move the team to Los Angeles permanently.<ref>Joyner, James. ''Outside the Beltway''. [http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/archives/2005/10/nfl_may_move_saints_to_los_angeles/ "NFL May Move Saints to Los Angeles"]. 27 Oct 2005. (Accessed 3 September 2007)</ref> Despite these efforts, and the failure to build a new stadium for an NFL team, L.A. is still expected to return to the league through expansion or relocation. Los Angeles has twice played host to the summer [[Olympic Games]], in [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932]] and in [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984]]. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. The [[1984 Summer Olympics]] inspired the creation of the [[Los Angeles Marathon]],{{fact|date=July 2008}} which has been held every year in March since 1986. Super Bowls I and VII were also held in the city as well as soccer's international [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] in 1994. Los Angeles applied to represent the [[United States Olympic Committee|USOC]] in international bidding for the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], but lost to [[Chicago]].{{fact|date=July 2008}} [[Image:Staplescenter.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Staples Center]], a premier venue for sports and entertainment, is home to five professional sports teams]] [[Beach volleyball]] and [[windsurfing]] were both invented in the area (though predecessors of both were invented in some form by [[Duke Kahanamoku]] in [[Hawaii]]).{{fact|date=July 2008}} Venice, also known as Dogtown, is credited with being the birthplace of [[skateboarding]] and the place where [[roller skating]] first became popular.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The Los Angeles area contains varied [[topography]], notably the [[hill]]s and [[mountain]]s rising around the [[city|metropolis]], making Los Angeles the only major city in the United States bisected by a [[mountain range]];{{fact|date=July 2008}} four mountain ranges extend into city boundaries. Thousands of miles of [[trail]]s crisscross the city and neighboring areas, providing opportunities for [[physical exercise|exercise]] and [[wilderness]] access on [[hiking|foot]], [[Mountain biking|bike]], or [[horse]].{{fact|date=July 2008}} Los Angeles also boasts a number of sports venues, including the [[Staples Center]], a sports and entertainment complex that also hosts concerts and awards shows such as the Grammys. The Staples Center also serves as the home arena for the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA, the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL and the Avengers of the [[Arena Football League|AFL]]. == Economy == {{further|[[Los Angeles County, California#Economy|Los Angeles County Economy]]}} {{seealso|Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce}} [[Image:777citifig.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Companies such as [[Ernst & Young]], [[Aon Corporation|Aon]], [[Manulife Financial]], [[Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker]], [[City National Bank]], and the [[Union Bank of California]] have offices in the Downtown Financial District]] The economy of Los Angeles is driven by [[international trade]], entertainment ([[television]], [[film|motion pictures]], [[music industry|recorded music]]), [[aerospace]], technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism. Los Angeles is also the largest [[manufacturing]] center in the United States.<ref name='citydata'>[http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Los-Angeles-Economy.html City-data.com]</ref> The contiguous ports of [[Port of Los Angeles|Los Angeles]] and [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] together comprise the most significant port in [[North America]]. They are one of the most important ports in the world, and vital to trade within the [[Pacific Rim]].<ref name='citydata' /> Other significant industries include media production, [[finance]], [[telecommunication]]s, [[law]], health [[medicine]], and transportation. The city has six major [[Fortune 500]] companies,{{fact|date=July 2008}} including aerospace contractor [[Northrop Grumman]], energy company [[Occidental Petroleum]], healthcare provider [[Health Net]], homebuilding company [[KB Home]], metals distributor Reliance Steel & Aluminum, and real estate group [[CB Richard Ellis]]. The [[University of Southern California]] (USC) is the city's largest private sector employer.<ref>Evan George, [http://www.downtownnews.com/articles/2006/12/11/news/news05.txt Trojan Dollars: Study Finds USC Worth $4 Billion Annually to L.A. County], ''Los Angeles Downtown News'', December 11, 2006.</ref> [[Image:Downtownplazala.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Companies such as [[Citigroup]], [[Wells Fargo]], [[KPMG]], [[U.S. Bancorp]], [[Bank of America]], and [[Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu]] have offices on Downtown's Bunker Hill]] Other companies headquartered in Los Angeles include [[20th Century Fox]], [[Latham & Watkins]], [[Univision]], Metro Interactive, LLC, [[Premier America]], [[Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher]], [[Guess (clothing)|Guess?]], [[O’Melveny & Myers]]; [[Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker]], [[Tokyopop]], [[The Jim Henson Company]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[Robinsons-May]], [[Sunkist Growers, Incorporated]], [[Fox Sports Net]], [[The Capital Group Companies|Capital Group]], 21st century Insurance and [[The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf]]. The metropolitan area contains the headquarters of companies who moved outside of the city to escape its taxes but keep the benefits of proximity.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.muniservices.com/consulting/LA_Final%20Evaluation%20Report%20January%2015.pdf EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE CITY’S GROSS RECEIPTS BUSINESS TAX]}}UT Strategies, et al. ''Competitiveness of City Taxes and Fees''. 1997.</ref> For example, Los Angeles charges a gross receipts tax based on a percentage of business revenue, while many neighboring cities charge only small flat fees.<ref>''Competitiveness'' 22.</ref> The companies below benefit from their proximity to Los Angeles, while at the same time avoiding the city's taxes (and other problems). Some of the major companies headquartered in the cities of Los Angeles county are [[Shakey's Pizza]] ([[Alhambra, California|Alhambra]]), [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] ([[Beverly Hills, California|Beverly Hills]]), [[City National Bank]] (Beverly Hills), [[Hilton Hotels]] (Beverly Hills), [[DIC Entertainment]] ([[Burbank, California|Burbank]]), [[The Walt Disney Company]] ([[Fortune 500]] – Burbank), [[Warner Bros.]] (Burbank), [[Countrywide Financial]] (Fortune 500 – [[Calabasas, California|Calabasas]]), [[THQ]] (Calabasas), [[Belkin]] ([[Compton, California|Compton]]), [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] (parent of [[Columbia Pictures]], located in Culver City), California|El Segundo]]), [[DirecTV]] (El Segundo), [[Mattel]] (Fortune 500 – El Segundo), [[Unocal Corporation]] (Fortune 500 – El Segundo), [[DreamWorks]] ([[Glendale, California|Glendale]]), [[Sea Launch]] ([[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]), [[ICANN]] ([[Marina del Rey, California|Marina del Rey]]), [[Cunard Line]] ([[Santa Clarita, California|Santa Clarita]]), [[Princess Cruises]] (Santa Clarita), [[Activision]] ([[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]]), and [[RAND]] (Santa Monica). == Demographics == {{USCensusPop |1850 = 1610 |1860 = 4385 |1870 = 5728 |1880 = 11183 |1890 = 50395 |1900 = 102479 |1910 = 319198 |1920 = 576673 |1930 = 1238048 |1940 = 1504277 |1950 = 1970358 |1960 = 2479015 |1970 = 2816061 |1980 = 2966850 |1990 = 3485398 |2000 = 3694820 |estimate = 3849378 |estyear = 2006 }} The [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000 recorded 3,694,820 people, 1,275,412 households, and 798,407 families residing in the city, with a [[population density]] of 7,876.8 people per square mile (3,041.3/km²). There were 1,337,706 housing units at an average density of 2,851.8 per square mile (1,101.1/km²). Los Angeles has become a [[Multiethnic society|multiethnic]]/[[multiculturalism|racially diverse]] city, with major new groups of Latino and Asian immigrants in recent decades. As of the 2000 US Census, the racial distribution in Los Angeles are as follows:<ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo_id=16000US0644000&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US06&_street=&_county=Los+Angeles&_cityTown=Los+Angeles&_state=04000US06&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=DEC_2000_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= Los Angeles: city-data.com]</ref><ref>http://www.laalmanac.com/population/po38.htm</ref> *46.9% [[White American]] (includes 17.2% [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]]), *11.2% [[African American]], *10.0% [[Asian American]], *0.8% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], *0.16% [[Pacific Islander]], *25.9% from [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|other races]], *5.2% from two or more races. *46.5% of the population were [[Hispanic]] or [[Latino (demonym)|Latino]] (of any race).<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://censtats.census.gov/data/CA/1600644000.pdf U.S. Census]}}</ref> 42.2% spoke [[English language|English]], 41.7% [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 2.4% [[Korean language|Korean]], 2.3% [[Tagalog language|Filipino]], 1.7% [[Armenian language|Armenian]], 1.5% [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (including [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese]] and [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]]) and 1.3% [[Persian language|Persian]] as their [[first language]].<ref>[http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=6&county_id=&mode=&zip=&place_id=44000&cty_id=&ll=&a=&ea=&order=r Modern Language Association Data Center Results of Los Angeles, California] [[Modern Language Association]]</ref> Since the mid-1980s, Los Angeles has been a [[Minority-majority state|minority-majority]] city.{{fact|date=July 2008}} According to the census, 33.5% of households had children under 18, 41.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]], 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 28.5% of households were made up of individuals and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The [[average]] household size was 2.83 and the average family size 3.56.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The age distribution was: 26.6% under 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 34.1% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 or older. The median age was 32. For every 100 females there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 97.5 males.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The median income for a household was $36,687, and for a family was $39,942. Males had a median income of $31,880, females $30,197. The [[per capita income]] was $20,671. 22.1% of the population and 18.3% of families were below the [[Poverty threshold|poverty line]]. 30.3% of those under the age of 18 and 12.6% of those aged 65 or older were below the poverty line.{{fact|date=July 2008}} Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different identified languages.<ref>[http://www.lacity.org/mayor/deliveringresults/results_cibasic.htm City basics, lacity.org]</ref> Ethnic enclaves like [[Chinatown, Los Angeles, California|Chinatown]], [[Historic Filipinotown, Los Angeles, California|Historic Filipinotown]], [[Koreatown, Los Angeles, California|Koreatown]], [[Little Armenia, Los Angeles, California|Little Armenia]], [[Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles, California|Little Ethiopia]], [[Tehrangeles]], [[Artesia, California|Little India]], [[Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, California|Little Tokyo]], and [[Thai Town, Los Angeles, California|Thai Town]] provide examples of the [[Multilingualism|polyglot]] character of Los Angeles. == Government == {{Unreferencedsection|date=July 2008}} The city is governed by a [[Mayor-council government|mayor-council]] system. The current [[Mayor of Los Angeles, California|mayor]] is [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]. There are 15 [[Los Angeles City Council|city council]] districts. Other elected city officials include the City Attorney [[Rocky Delgadillo]] and the City Controller [[Laura N. Chick]]. The city attorney prosecutes misdemeanors within the city limits. The district attorney, elected by county voters, prosecutes misdemeanors in unincorporated areas and in 78 of the 88 cities in the county, as well as felonies throughout the county. The Los Angeles Civic Center (where city hall is located) is the largest grouping of government buildings in the U.S., outside of Washington D.C.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The [[Los Angeles Police Department]] (LAPD) polices the city of Los Angeles, but the city also maintains four specialized police agencies; The Office of Public Safety, within the General Services Department (which is responsible for security and law enforcement services at city facilities, including City Hall, city parks and libraries, the Los Angeles Zoo, and the Convention Center), the Port Police, within the Harbor Department (which is responsible for land, air and sea law enforcement services at the Port of Los Angeles), the Los Angeles City Schools Police department which handles law enforcement for all city schools, and the Airport Police, within the Los Angeles World Airports Department (which is responsible for law enforcement services at all four city-owned airports, including [[Los Angeles International Airport]] (LAX), [[LA/Ontario International Airport]] (ONT), [[LA/Palmdale Regional Airport]] (PMD), and [[Van Nuys Airport]] (VNY), (the busiest general aviation airport in the country).{{clarifyme|date=July 2008}} LAPL, [[Los Angeles Public Library]] System and the [[Los Angeles Unified School District]] (LAUSD) are among the largest such institutions in the country.{{fact|date=July 2008}} LAUSD is the second largest school district in the United States; only the [[New York City Department of Education]] is larger.{{fact|date=July 2008}} === Neighborhood councils === {{Unreferencedsection|date=July 2008}} {{seealso|List of elected officials in Los Angeles|List of mayors of Los Angeles, California}} Voters created [[Neighborhood Councils]] in the Charter Reform of 1999. First proposed by City Council member [[Joel Wachs]] in 1996, they were designed to promote public participation in government and make it more responsive to local needs. The councils cover districts which are not necessarily identical to the traditional neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Almost ninety neighborhood councils (NCs) are certified and all "[[Stakeholder (corporate)|stakeholders]]" — meaning anyone who lives, works or owns property in a neighborhood — may vote for members of the councils' governing bodies. Some council bylaws allow other people with a stake in the community to cast ballots as well. The councils are official government bodies and so their governing bodies and committees must abide by California's [[Brown Act]], which governs the meetings of deliberative assemblies. The first notable concern of the neighborhood councils collectively was the opposition by some of them in March 2004 to an 18% increase in water rates by the city's Department of Water and Power. This led the City Council to approve only a limited increase pending independent review. More recently, some of the councils petitioned the City Council in summer 2006 to allow them to introduce ideas for legislative action, but the City Council put off a decision. The neighborhood councils have been allocated $50,000 each for administration, outreach and approved neighborhood projects. === Crime and safety === {{seealso|Crime in Los Angeles, California}} [[Image:May Day Immigration March LA66.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Los Angeles Police Department|LAPD]] during [[May Day]] 2006 in front of the new Caltrans District 7 Headquarters]] Los Angeles has been experiencing significant decline in crime since the mid-1990s, and hit a record low in 2007, with 392 homicides.{{fact|date=July 2008}} Criminality peaked in 1992 with 72,667 recorded acts of violence — of which 1,096 were homicides — and 245,129 recorded property crimes.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The year before, Los Angeles recorded 1,025 murders.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The distribution of homicides in the city is uneven with nearly half of them occurring in the four stations of the South Bureau of the LAPD encompassing South Los Angeles and the Harbor area.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The LAPD makes live crime statistics available on the [http://www.lapdcrimemaps.org/ LAPD crimestats and epolice web site]. Current mayor Antonio Villaraigosa is a member of the [[Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml |title=Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members}}</ref> an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by [[New York City]] mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] and [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] mayor [[Thomas Menino]].{{fact|date=July 2008}} According to a May 2001 Drug Threat Assessment by the National Drug Intelligence Center, [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] is home to 152,000 gang members organized into 1,350 gangs.<ref>"[http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs0/668/overview.htm California Central District Drug Threat Assessment : Overview]." ''[[National Drug Intelligence Center]].'' May, 2001.</ref> Among the most infamous are the [[Crips]], [[Bloods]], [[18th Street gang|18th Street]], [[Florencia 13]], [[Mara Salvatrucha]], [[Cyclones13]], and [[Surenos]] street gangs. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America."<ref>[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N08492271.htm "Police target 11 worst Los Angeles street gangs"] - Reuters AlertNet</ref> [[Car chase]]s happen more often than in most other major cities, with the city's complex freeway system allowing lengthier pursuits.{{fact|date=July 2008}} == Education == === Colleges and universities === <center><gallery> Image:Royce.jpg|<center>[[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]]</center> Image:Doheny.jpg|<center>[[University of Southern California|USC]]</center> Image:CSULA 002.jpg|<center>[[California State University, Los Angeles|CSULA]]</center> Image:csun-mc.jpg|<center>[[California State University, Northridge|CSUN]]</center> Image:Bluff25.jpg|<center>[[Loyola Marymount University|LMU]]</center> Image:Johnson Student Center and Freeman College Union.jpg|<center>[[Occidental College]] Image:Chalon.png|<center>[[Mount St. Mary's College]] Image:American Jewish University, Bel Air, California.JPG|<center>[[American Jewish University]] </center> </gallery></center> There are three public universities located within the city limits: [[California State University, Los Angeles]] (CSULA), [[California State University, Northridge]] (CSUN) and [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA). Private colleges in the city include the [[AFI Conservatory|American Film Institute Conservatory]], [[Alliant International University]], [[American InterContinental University Los Angeles Campus|American InterContinental University]], [[American Jewish University]], [[American Musical and Dramatic Academy|The American Musical and Dramatic Academy - Los Angeles campus]], [[Antioch University]]'s Los Angeles campus, [[Art Center College of Design]] (Art Center), [[Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science]], [[Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising]]'s Los Angeles campus (FIDM), [[Los Angeles Film School]], [[Loyola Marymount University]] (LMU is also the parent university of [[Loyola Law School]] located in Los Angeles), [[Mount St. Mary's College]], [[National University]] of California, [[Occidental College]] ("Oxy"), [[Otis College of Art and Design]] (Otis), [[Southern California Institute of Architecture]] (SCI-Arc), [[Southwestern Law School]], and [[University of Southern California]] (USC). The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District: [[East Los Angeles College]] (ELAC), [[Los Angeles City College]] (LACC), [[Los Angeles Harbor College]], [[Los Angeles Mission College]], [[Los Angeles Pierce College]], [[Los Angeles Valley College]] (LAVC), [[Los Angeles Southwest College]], [[Los Angeles Trade-Technical College]] and [[West Los Angeles College]]. === Schools and libraries === [[Image:LA Lib.JPG|thumb|right|The Los Angeles Central Library in [[Downtown Los Angeles]]]] {{seealso|Los Angeles County, California#Colleges and universities|List of high schools in Los Angeles County, California}} [[Los Angeles Unified School District]] serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding communities, with a student population over 800,000.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/saipe/district.html US Census, District information]</ref> After [[California Proposition 13 (1978)|Proposition 13]] was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 [[Magnet school]]s to help compete with local private schools.<ref>[http://media.www.dailytrojan.com/media/storage/paper679/news/2005/01/26/News/Magnet.Schools.Just.As.Competitive.As.Private.Schools-841415.shtml Magnet schools just as competitive as private schools]</ref> Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the [[Las Virgenes Unified School District]]. Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the [[Los Angeles County High School for the Arts]]. The [[Los Angeles Public Library]] system operates 72 public libraries in the city.<ref>[http://www.lapl.org/branches/ LA Public Library]</ref> == Transportation == [[Image:Los Angeles Bus .JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority|MTA]] buses are the prime means of public transportation in L.A.]] {{main|Transportation of Los Angeles}} === Public transportation === The [[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] and other agencies operate an extensive system of [[bus]] lines, as well as [[Rapid transit|subway]] and [[light rail]] lines across Los Angeles County, with a combined daily ridership of 1.7 million.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.apta.com/research/stats/ridership/riderep/documents/06q2rep.pdf ''APTA TRANSIT RIDERSHIP REPORT'' APTA.]}}</ref> With 1.4 million daily boardings, the ridership on Los Angeles' bus network is second only to that of New York. The city's subway system is the [[List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership|ninth busiest in the United States]] and its light rail system is the [[List of United States light rail systems by ridership|third most ridden in the country]].{{fact|date=July 2008}} [[Image:Highsmithunionstationfacadeclocktower.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Union Station (Los Angeles)|Union Station]] is the prime railway station in the city]] Nevertheless, given the population of the city, Los Angeles' mass transit system does not have high ridership, averaging 276,900 trips a day, a mere 0.4% of the 65 million daily commutes.<ref>[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/002/351jldsx.asp?pg=2 ''The Search for the Holy Rail'' Rachel Dicarlo.]</ref>. Altogether, 11% of Los Angeles commuters use public transit (including both bus and rail),<ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.html?_lang=en US Census]</ref> compared with 54% and 38% in New York and Washington, D.C., respectively.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The rail system includes the [[Metro Red Line (LACMTA)|Red]] and [[Metro Purple Line (LACMTA)|Purple]] subway lines, as well as the [[Metro Gold Line (LACMTA)|Gold]], [[Metro Blue Line (LACMTA)|Blue]], and [[Metro Green Line (LACMTA)|Green]] light rail lines. The [[Metro Orange Line (LACMTA)|Orange Line]], although a [[bus rapid transit]] line rather than a rail line, is usually considered part of the system.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The [[Metro Rapid]] buses are a [[bus rapid transit]] program with stops and frequency similar those of a [[light rail]]. An extension of the Gold Line running from Downtown to [[East Los Angeles, California|East Los Angeles]] is currently under construction, and is expected to open in late 2009.{{fact|date=July 2008}} A second extension from [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] into the [[Foothills of California|foothills]] is being considered.{{fact|date=July 2008}} Also in the works is the new [[LACMTA Expo Line|Expo Line]], which will run from Downtown into [[Culver City, California|Culver City]]. Construction of this line is expected to finish in the summer of 2010.{{fact|date=July 2008}} Plans of a second phase extending the line into Santa Monica are currently being assessed. Momentum is slowly building to extend the Purple Line under Wilshire Boulevard all the way to the ocean in Santa Monica, extending the city's public transportation system further.{{fact|date=July 2008}} [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]] [[Commuter rail]] connects Los Angeles' historic [[Union Station (Los Angeles)|Union Station]] to far-flung suburbs of [[Ventura County, California|Ventura]], [[San Bernardino County, California|San Bernardino]], [[Riverside County, California|Riverside]], [[Orange County, California|Orange]], and [[San Diego County, California|San Diego Counties]].{{fact|date=July 2008}} === Air transportation === [[Image:LAX LA.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Los Angeles International Airport|LAX]], the fifth busiest airport in the world]] Los Angeles has six commercial airports and many more general-aviation airports.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The main Los Angeles airport is [[Los Angeles International Airport]] {{airport codes|LAX|KLAX}}. The fifth busiest commercial airport in the world and the third busiest in the [[United States]], LAX handled over 61 million passengers and 2 million tons of cargo in 2006.<ref>[http://www.lawa.org/lax/volTraffic.cfm LAX Volume of air traffic]</ref> Other major nearby commercial airports include: * {{airport codes|ONT|KONT}} [[LA/Ontario International Airport]], owned by the city of Los Angeles; serves the Inland Empire. * {{airport codes|BUR|KBUR}} [[Bob Hope Airport]], formerly known as ''Burbank Airport''; serves the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys * {{airport codes|LGB|KLGB}} [[Long Beach Airport]], serves the Long Beach/Harbor area * {{airport codes|SNA|KSNA}} [[John Wayne Airport]] of Orange County. * {{airport codes|PMD|KPMD}} [[LA/Palmdale Regional Airport]] is owned by the city of Los Angeles and serves the northern outlying communities of the [[Santa Clarita Valley|Santa Clarita]] and [[Antelope Valley]]s. The world's third busiest general-aviation airport is also located in Los Angeles, [[Van Nuys Airport]] {{airport codes|VNY|KVNY}}.<ref>[http://www.lawa.org/vny/ Los Angeles World Airports]</ref> === Harbors === [[Image:Los Angeles Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A view of the [[Vincent Thomas Bridge]] reaching Terminal Island]] The [[Port of Los Angeles]] is located in [[San Pedro Bay (California)|San Pedro Bay]] in the [[San Pedro, Los Angeles, California|San Pedro]] neighborhood, approximately 20 miles (30 km) south of [[Downtown Los Angeles|Downtown]]. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies 7,500 acres (30 km²) of land and water along 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront. It adjoins the separate [[Port of Long Beach]]. The sea ports of the [[Port of Los Angeles]] and [[Port of Long Beach]] together make up the ''Los Angeles – Long Beach Harbor''. There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along L.A.'s coastline. Most of these like [[Redondo Beach, California|Redondo Beach]] and [[Marina del Rey, California|Marina del Rey]] are used primarily by [[sailboat]]s and [[yacht]]s.{{fact|date=July 2008}} Safety is provided at the only beach controlled by Los Angeles City by the highly trained [http://lacitylifeguards.pyroinnovations.com Los Angeles City Lifeguards]. The [[Port of Los Angeles]] along with the [[Port of Long Beach]] comprise the largest seaport complex in the [[United States]] and the fifth busiest in the world.{{fact|date=July 2008}} The port includes four bridges: the [[Vincent Thomas Bridge]], [[Henry Ford Bridge]], [[Gerald Desmond Bridge]], and [[Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge]]. == Sister cities == <!-- *** IMPORTANT *** * Please do not add or remove sister cities unless you provide a reliable * * source. This list is verified by http://www.lacity.org/SisterCities/, * * which lists 25 sister cities. If you make changes to this list without * * citing a source, your edits will be reverted. * --> [[Image:Los Angeles City Hall with sister cities 2006.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A sign near [[Los Angeles City Hall|City Hall]] points to the sister cities of Los Angeles]] Los Angeles has 25 [[town twinning|sister cities]],<ref>"[http://www.lacity.org/SisterCities/ Sister Cities of Los Angeles]." Retrieved on [[March 26]], [[2008]].</ref> ranked by year joined: {{Divbegin|columns=2}} * {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Eilat]], [[Israel]] (1959) * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nagoya]], [[Japan]] (1959) * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], [[Brazil]] (1962) * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bordeaux]], [[France]] (1964) * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] (1967) * {{flagicon|ZMB}} [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] (1968) * {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] (1969) * {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] (1971) * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]], [[South Korea]] (1971) * {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai]], [[India]] (1972) * {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] (1972) * {{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taipei]], [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] (1979) * {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], [[People's Republic of China]] (1981) * {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athens]], [[Greece]] (1984) * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]] (1984) * {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Vancouver, British Columbia|Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] [[Canada]] (1986) * {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Giza]], [[Egypt]] (1989) * {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] (1990) * {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuania]] (1991) * {{flagicon|PHL}} [[Makati City]], [[Philippines]] (1992) * {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Split]], [[Croatia]] (1993) * {{flagicon|SLV}} [[San Salvador]], [[El Salvador]] (2005) * {{flagicon|LBN}} [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]] (2006) * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Ischia]], [[Italy]] (2006) * {{flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], [[Armenia]] (2007) </div> == See also == * [[Greater Los Angeles]] *[[Los Angeles County]] == References == ===Notes=== {{Reflist|2}} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * [[Reyner Banham]], ''Los Angeles: The Architecture of the Four Ecologies'', University of California Press, 1971. * [[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]], ''[[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]]'', Vintage Books, 1992 * Torin Monahan, {{PDFlink|[http://torinmonahan.com/papers/LA_Studies.pdf Los Angeles Studies: The Emergence of a Specialty Field]}}, City & Society XIV (2): 155-184, 2002 * Lynell George, ''No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels'', Verso, 1992 * [[Paul Glover]], [http://www.ithacahours.com/losangeles.html "Los Angeles: A History of the Future"], Eco-Home Press, 1989 * Norman M. Klein, ''The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory'', Verso, 1997 * Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt, ''Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County'', University of California Press, 2000 * Peter Theroux, ''Translating LA: A Tour of the Rainbow City'', Norton, 1994 * David L. Ulin (ed), ''Writing Los Angeles: A Literary Anthology'', [[Library of America]], 2002 * [[Richard White (historian)|Richard White]], ''[[It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own]]: A New History of the American West'', University of Oklahoma Press, 1991 * Marc Reisner, ''[[Cadillac Desert|Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water]],'' Penguin, 1986. * Robert M. Fogelson, ''The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1850-1930'', [[UC Press|University of California Press]], 1967 * [http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Hhb/HHBindex.htm California History, Bancroft] {{refend}} ==External Links== <!--==========================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA | | IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS NOR SHOULD IT BE USED FOR ADVERTISING. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | =========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================--> {{sisterlinks|Los Angeles}} === Official sites === * [http://www.lacity.org/ City of Los Angeles Official Web Site] * [http://www.experiencela.com/ ExperienceLA: LA's Official Cultural Calendar and Trip Planner] * [http://www.lapdonline.org/all_most_wanted/ Los Angeles Police Department] (most wanted list) * [http://lacitylifeguards.pyroinnovations.com Los Angeles City Lifeguards] === Places === * [http://www.lacclink.com/ Los Angeles Convention Center] * [http://www.lachamber.org/ Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce] * [http://www.lapl.org/ Los Angeles Public Library - 72 branches] * [http://www.cheers2wine.com/Los-Angeles-Wineries.html Los Angeles Wineries] * [http://www.lacvb.com/ LA INC.: Los Angeles Convention & Visitors Bureau] * [http://www.laonmap.com/ Los Angeles Sightseeing Map] === Media === * [http://www.laalmanac.com/ Los Angeles Almanac] * [http://www.lamag.com/ Los Angeles magazine] (print) * [http://www.la2day.com/ Los Angeles Online Magazine LA2day] === Photos === * [http://you-are-here.com/ Los Angeles photo gallery / Architecture + Buildings] * [http://www.pictures-usa.com/losangeles/ Free pictures Los Angeles] === Guides === * {{Wikitravel|Los Angeles}} === Maps === {{Geolinks-US-cityscale|34.054|-118.245}} {{Los Angeles}} {{Los Angeles County, California}} {{California county seats}} {{California}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{USLargestCities}} {{USLargestMetros}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} [[Category:Cities in California]] [[Category:Cities in Los Angeles County]] [[Category:Communities on U.S. Route 66]] [[Category:County seats in California]] [[Category:Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games]] [[Category:Los Angeles, California]] [[Category:Port cities in the United States]] [[Category:Settlements established in 1781]] {{Link FA|af}} {{Link FA|es}} {{Link FA|fr}} [[af:Los Angeles]] [[ar:لوس أنجلوس، كاليفورنيا]] [[an:Los Ángeles]] [[ast:Los Ángeles]] [[az:Los-Anceles]] [[bn:লস অ্যাঞ্জেলেস]] [[be-x-old:Лос-Анджэлас]] [[bar:Los Angeles]] [[bs:Los Angeles]] [[br:Los Angeles]] [[bg:Лос Анджелис]] [[ca:Los Angeles]] [[ceb:Los Angeles]] [[cs:Los Angeles]] [[cy:Los Angeles]] [[da:Los Angeles]] [[de:Los Angeles]] [[et:Los Angeles]] [[el:Λος Άντζελες]] [[es:Los Ángeles]] [[eo:Los-Anĝeleso (Kalifornio)]] [[eu:Los Angeles]] [[fa:لس‌آنجلس]] [[fo:Los Angeles]] [[fr:Los Angeles]] [[fy:Los Angeles]] [[fur:Los Angeles]] [[ga:Los Angeles]] [[gd:Los Angeles]] [[gl:Os Ánxeles - Los Angeles]] [[ko:로스앤젤레스]] [[hy:Լոս Անջելես]] [[hi:लॉस ऐन्जेलिस]] [[hr:Los Angeles, Kalifornija]] [[io:Los Angeles]] [[id:Los Angeles]] [[ia:Los Angeles, California]] [[is:Los Angeles]] [[it:Los Angeles]] [[he:לוס אנג'לס]] [[jv:Los Angeles]] [[pam:Los Angeles, California]] [[ka:ლოს-ანჯელესი]] [[kw:Los Angeles]] [[sw:Los Angeles]] [[ku:Los Angeles]] [[la:Angelopolis]] [[lv:Losandželosa]] [[lt:Los Andželas]] [[lij:Los Angeles]] [[hu:Los Angeles]] [[mk:Лос Анџелес, Калифорнија]] [[mr:लॉस एंजेल्स]] [[ms:Los Angeles]] [[nah:Los Angeles]] [[nl:Los Angeles]] [[ja:ロサンゼルス]] [[no:Los Angeles]] [[nn:Los Angeles]] [[oc:Los Angeles]] [[uz:Los Anjeles]] [[pl:Los Angeles]] [[pt:Los Angeles]] [[ro:Los Angeles, California]] [[rm:Los Angeles]] [[qu:Los Angeles]] [[ru:Лос-Анджелес]] [[sa:लास एंजलस]] [[sq:Los Angeles]] [[scn:Los Angeles]] [[simple:Los Angeles, California]] [[sk:Los Angeles]] [[sl:Los Angeles, Kalifornija]] [[szl:Los Angeles]] [[sr:Лос Анђелес]] [[sh:Los Angeles]] [[fi:Los Angeles]] [[sv:Los Angeles]] [[tl:Los Angeles]] [[ta:லாஸ் ஏஞ்சலஸ்]] [[te:లాస్ ఏంజలెస్]] [[th:ลอสแอนเจลิส]] [[vi:Los Angeles, California]] [[tg:Лос Анҷелес]] [[tr:Los Angeles, Kaliforniya]] [[uk:Лос-Анджелес]] [[vec:Los Angeles]] [[vo:Los Angeles]] [[zh-yue:洛杉磯]] [[diq:Los Angeles]] [[bat-smg:Luos Andžels]] [[zh:洛杉矶]]