Lymphoma
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{{Infobox_Disease |
Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
Image = Gastric MALT lymphoma 2.jpg|
Caption = Gastric MALT lymphoma|
DiseasesfsdgsdfDB = |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|81||c|81}}-{{ICD10|C|96||c|81}} |
ICD9 = |
ICDO = 9590-9999 |
OMIM = |
MedlinePlus = |
eMedicineSubj = |
eMedicineTopic = |
MeshID = D008223 |
}}
{{otheruses4|lymphoma in humans|the disease in dogs, cats, and ferrets|lymphoma in animals}}
'''Lymphoma''' is a type of solid [[neoplasm]] that originates in [[lymphocyte]]s (a type of [[white blood cell]] in the vertebrate [[immune system]]). This is in contrast to [[lymphoid leukemia]], which is a malignancy of circulating cells.<ref name="isbn0-8153-4093-1">{{cite book |author=Parham, Peter |title=The immune system |publisher=Garland Science |location=New York |year=2005 |pages=414 |isbn=0-8153-4093-1 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>
There are many types of lymphoma. Lymphomas are part of the broad group of diseases called [[Hematological malignancy|hematological neoplasms]].
In the 19th and 20th centuries the affliction was called [[Hodgkin's Disease]], as it was discovered by [[Thomas Hodgkin]] in [[1832]]. Colloquially, lymphoma is broadly categorized as [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] and [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|non-Hodgkin lymphoma]] (all other types of lymphoma). Scientific classification of the types of lymphoma is more detailed.
Although older classifications referred to histiocytic lymphomas, these are recognized in newer classifications as of [[B cell|B]], [[T cell|T]] or [[NK cell]] lineage. Histiocytic malignancies are rare and are classified as [[sarcomas]].<ref name="isbn92-832-2411-6">{{cite book |author= |title=Pathology and Genetics of Haemo (World Health Organization Classification of Tumours S.) |publisher=Oxford Univ Pr |location= |year= |pages= |isbn=92-832-2411-6 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>
==Prevalence==
According to the U.S. [[National Institutes of Health]], lymphomas account for about five percent of all cases of cancer in the United States, and Hodgkin's lymphoma in particular accounts for less than one percent of all cases of cancer in the United States.
Because the whole system is part of the body's immune system, patients with a weakened immune system, such as from [[HIV]] infection or from certain drugs or medication, also have a higher incidence of lymphoma.
==Classification==
===WHO classification===
The '''WHO Classification''', published in 2001<ref name="isbn92-832-2411-6">{{cite book |author= |title=Pathology and Genetics of Haemo (World Health Organization Classification of Tumours S.) |publisher=Oxford Univ Pr |location= |year= |pages= |isbn=92-832-2411-6 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>, is the latest classification of lymphoma and is based on the "Revised European-American Lymphoma classification" (REAL). This system attempts to group lymphomas by cell type, i.e., the normal cell type that most resembles the tumor. There are three large groups: the [[B cell]], [[T cell]], and [[natural killer cell]] tumors. Other less common groups, including [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], are also recognized. ([[ICD-O]] codes are provided where available.)
====Mature B cell neoplasms====
[[Image:lymphoma_microarray.jpg|400px|thumb|right|DNA-microarray analysis of Burkitt's lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) showing differences in gene expression patterns. Colors indicate levels of expression; green indicates genes that are underexpressed in lymphoma cells (as compared to normal cells), whereas red indicates genes that are overexpressed in lymphoma cells.]]
**[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]]/[[Small lymphocytic lymphoma]]
**[[B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia]]
**[[Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma]] (such as [[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]])
**[[Splenic marginal zone lymphoma]]
**[[Plasma cell]] neoplasms
***[[Plasma cell myeloma]]
***[[Plasmacytoma]]
***[[Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases]]
***[[Heavy chain diseases]]
**[[Extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma]], also called [[MALT lymphoma]]
**[[Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma]] (NMZL)
**[[Follicular lymphoma]]
**[[Mantle cell lymphoma]]
**[[Diffuse large B cell lymphoma]]
**[[Mediastinal tumor|Mediastinal]] (thymic) large B cell lymphoma
**[[Intravascular large B cell lymphoma]]
**[[Primary effusion lymphoma]]
**[[Burkitt's lymphoma|Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia]]
====Mature T cell and natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms====
**[[T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia|T cell prolymphocytic leukemia]]
**[[T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia|T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia]]
**Aggressive NK cell leukemia
**Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma
**Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type
**Enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma
**Hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma
**Blastic NK cell lymphoma
**[[Mycosis fungoides]] / [[Sezary syndrome]]
**Primary cutaneous CD30-positive T cell lymphoproliferative disorders
***Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma
***[[Lymphomatoid papulosis]]
**Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma
**Peripheral T cell lymphoma, unspecified
**Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
====Hodgkin lymphoma====
**Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
**Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
***Nodular sclerosis
***Mixed cellularity
***Lymphocyte-rich
***Lymphocyte depleted or not depleted
====Immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders====
**Associated with a primary immune disorder
**Associated with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus ([[HIV]])
**Post-transplant
**Associated with Methotrexate therapy
===Working formulation===
The '''Working Formulation''', published in 1982, is primarily descriptive. It is still occasionally used, but has been superseded by the WHO classification, above.
====Low grade====
*Malignant Lymphoma, small lymphocytic ([[chronic lymphocytic leukemia]])
*Malignant Lymphoma, [[lymph follicle|follicular]], predominantly small [[cleaved cell]]
*Malignant Lymphoma, follicular, mixed (small cleaved and [[large cell]])
====Intermediate grade====
*Follicular Large Cell
*Diffuse small cleaved cell
*Diffuse mixed small and large cell
*Diffuse large cell
====High grade====
*Malignant Lymphoma, large cell, [[immunoblastic]]
*Malignant Lymphoma, [[lymphoblastic]]
*Malignant Lymphoma, small non-cleaved cells ([[Burkitt's lymphoma]])
====Miscellaneous====
*Composite
*[[Mycosis fungoides]]
*[[Histiocytic]]
*[[Extramedullary plasmacytoma]]
*Unclassifiable
===Other classification systems===
* [[ICD-O]] (codes 9590-9999, details at [http://web.archive.org/web/20040627090029/http://www.cog.ufl.edu/publ/apps/icdo/icdo_morph.txt]) ([[Internet Archive|archive]] link, was [[Dead link|dead]])
* [[ICD|ICD-10]] (codes C81-C96, details at [http://www3.who.int/icd/vol1htm2003/fr-icd.htm?gc81.htm+])
== Diagnosis, etiology, staging, prognosis, and treatment ==
See separate links to [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] and [[non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]].
== Genetics ==
Enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is environmentally induced as a result of the consumption of [[Triticeae glutens]]. In gluten sensitive individuals with EATL 68% are homozygotes of the DQB1*02 subtype at the HLA-DQB1 locus (serotype DQ2).<ref name="pmid17470479">{{cite journal |author=Al-Toma A, Verbeek WH, Hadithi M, von Blomberg BM, Mulder CJ |title=Survival in Refractory Coeliac Disease and Enteropathy associated T cell Lymphoma: Retrospective evaluation of single centre experience |journal= Gut|volume= 56|issue= | pages = 1373|year=2007 |pmid=17470479 |doi=10.1136/gut.2006.114512}}</ref> (See [[Coeliac Disease]], [[HLA-DQ]], [[HLA DR3-DQ2]])
==See also==
* [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]]
* [[Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]]
* [[Follicular lymphoma]]
* [[Burkitt's lymphoma]]
* [[Mantle cell lymphoma]]
* [[Gastric lymphoma]]
* [[Cutaneous T Cell lymphoma]]
* [[Mycosis fungoides]]
* [[Anaplastic large cell lymphoma]]
* [[mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue|MALT lymphoma]]
* [[Primary central nervous system lymphoma]]
* [[BCP-1 cells]]
* [[Ann Arbor staging]]
* [[International Prognostic Index]]
* [[:Category:Lymphoma deaths|People who died of lymphoma]]
==References==
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==External links==
{{linkfarm}}
===Information===
*[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymphoma.html MedlinePlus: Lymphoma]
*[http://www3.who.int/icd/vol1htm2003/fr-icd.htm?gc81.htm+ ICD10 classification of lymphoma]
*[http://lymphoma.about.com About Lymphoma: A guide to lymphoma for patients]
*[http://www.kids-cancer.org/lymphomas.htm Lymphomas in Children and Adolescents] From the Centre for Cancer and Blood Disorders at [[Sydney Children's Hospital]]
* [http://emice.nci.nih.gov/emice/mouse_models/organ_models/hema_models/hema_human_class Summary at NIH/National Cancer Institute]
*[http://www.lymphoma-net.org Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Symptoms & Support Information]
===Charities===
*[http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_page?item_id=7030 The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society]
*[http://www.lymphomacoalition.org Lymphoma Coalition - an international coalition of lymphoma organisations.]
*[http://www.lymphoma.org Lymphoma Research Foundation]
===Statistics===
*[http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lymph.html US Lymphoma Fact Sheet from the American Cancer Society]
*[http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/hodgkinslymphoma/?a=5441 UK Hodgkin Lymphoma Statistics]
*[http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/nhl/?a=5441 UK Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Statistics]
*[http://www.lymphomation.org/aboutNHL.htm About Lymphomas - Patients Against Lymphoma]
*[http://www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/timeline.html Timeline of discovery and treatment of Hodgkin's Lymphoma]
* {{cite news | first= | last=National Cancer Institute | coauthors= | title=Risk of Lymphoma Increases with Hepatitis C Virus Infection | date=May 2007 | publisher= | url =http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pressreleases/HepCLymphomaRelease | work = | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}
{{Hematology}}
{{Hematological malignancy histology}}
[[Category:Blood disorders]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Lymphoma deaths| ]]
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