Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 177571 225186768 2008-07-12T10:17:19Z Idioma-bot 2964546 robot Adding: [[lt:Džonsono kosminis centras]] <!-- Spelling: US --> {{Infobox_nrhp | name =Apollo Mission Control Center | nrhp_type = nhl | image = GPN-2000-001112.jpg | caption = An aerial view of the Johnson Space Center facility of Houston in 1989 | location= [[Houston, Texas]] | lat_degrees = 29 | lat_minutes = 33 | lat_seconds = 29 | lat_direction = N | long_degrees = 95 | long_minutes = 5 | long_seconds = 18 | long_direction = W | locmapin = Texas | area = | built =1965 | architect= NASA | architecture= No Style Listed | designated= [[October 3]], [[1985]]<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1932&ResourceType=Building |title= Apollo Mission Control Center |accessdate=2008-06-26|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> | added = [[October 03]], [[1985]] | governing_body = NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMINISTRATION | refnum=85002815 <ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2007-01-23|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> }} The '''Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center''' ('''"JSC"''') is the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]'s center for [[human spaceflight]] activities. The center consists of a complex of 100 buildings constructed on {{convert|1620|acre|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} <ref>[http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/spinoff1997/ar5.html Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> located in southeast [[Houston, Texas]]. Johnson Space Center is home to the [[United States]] [[astronaut]] corps and is responsible for training astronauts from both the U.S. and its international partners. The center, originally known as the "Manned Spacecraft Center" was constructed on land donated by [[Rice University]] and was established in 1961. In 1973, the center was renamed in honor of the late President and Texas native, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = JSC History | accessdate = 2008-03-25 | url = http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/jsc_history.htm }}</ref> The Johnson Space Center is home to [[Mission Control Center]] (MCC-H), the NASA control center that coordinates and monitors all human spaceflight for the United States. MCC-H directs all [[Space Shuttle]] missions and activities aboard the [[International Space Station]]. The center is also responsible for direction of operations at [[White Sands Test Facility]] in [[New Mexico]],<ref>[http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/spinoff1997/ar5.html Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> which serves as a backup Shuttle landing site and as the coordinating facility for the upcoming [[Project Constellation]] program, which will replace the Space Shuttle program after 2010. ==History== [[Image:Challenger Ferry Flight Flyover of Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.jpg|thumb|left|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'', atop its [[Boeing 747]] [[Shuttle Carrier Aircraft|SCA]], flying over JSC]] Johnson Space Center has its origins in legislation shepherded to enactment in 1958 by then-[[U.S. Senator]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], who was from Texas. After President [[John F. Kennedy]] made the goal in 1961 to put a man on the [[Moon]] by the end of the decade, the [[Space Task Group]] was formed with [[Langley Research Center]] engineers to lead the [[Apollo Project]]. <ref>{{Cite web | title = Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center | accessdate = 2008-03-25 | url = http://history.nasa.gov/centerhistories/johnson.htm }}</ref> The group would need test facilities and research laboratories suitable to mount an expedition to the moon. In July 1961, NASA Administrator James E. Webb headed the site selection team. Requirements for the new site included the availability of [[water transport]] and an all-weather [[airport]], proximity to a major telecommunications network, availability of established industrial workers and contractor support, an available supply of water, a mild climate permitting year-round outdoor work and a culturally attractive community. Houston was initially included because of the proximity to the 4,700 acre [[US Army]] San Jacinto [[Ordnance]] Depot located on the [[Houston Ship Channel]], and to regional universities, including [[Rice University]], [[University of Texas]], and [[Texas A&M University]]. <ref>{{Cite web | title = Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center | accessdate = 2008-03-25 | url = http://history.nasa.gov/centerhistories/johnson.htm }}</ref> When opened in 1961, the installation was originally designated the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) and was to be the primary center for U.S. space missions involving astronauts. The center was renamed the ''Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center'' in 1973, the year Johnson died. The Mission Control Center has been the operational center of every American human space mission since [[Gemini IV]]. The control center manages all activity on board the spacecraft and directs all space shuttle missions. Mission Control Center was constructed in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center | accessdate = 2008-03-25 | url = http://history.nasa.gov/centerhistories/johnson.htm }}</ref> By 1965, JSC was fully operational and has been responsible for coordinating and monitoring every crewed NASA mission since the [[Gemini Project]]. In addition to housing NASA's astronaut operations, JSC is also the site of the former [[Lunar Receiving Laboratory]], where the first astronauts returning from the [[moon]] were [[quarantine]]d, and where the majority of [[lunar sample]]s are stored. In the wake of the January 28th, 1986 [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster]], the then-President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy traveled to the Johnson Space Center on January 31st, 1986, to speak at a memorial service honoring the astronauts. It was attended by 6,000 NASA employees and 4,000 guests, as well as by the families of the crew. During the carefully planned ceremony, an Air Force band led the singing of "God Bless America" as NASA [[T-38 Talon]] supersonic jets flew directly over the scene, in the traditional [[missing-man formation]]. All activities were broadcast live by the national television networks. One of the artifacts displayed at Johnson Space Center is the [[Saturn V]] rocket. It is whole, except for the ring between the [[S-IC]] and S-II stages, and the fairing between the S-II and [[S-IVB]] stages, and made of actual surplus flight-ready articles. It also has a real, flight-ready [[Apollo spacecraft|Apollo]] CSM, intended to fly in the canceled [[canceled Apollo missions|Apollo 19]] mission. In September 2001, NASA's Johnson Space Center celebrated its 40th year of leading America into space. <ref name="JSC Celebrates">{{cite web | title = JSC Celebrates 40 Years of Human Space Flight | work = National Aeronautics and Space Administration | url = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/about/history/jsc40/jsc40_pg1.html | accessdate = 2007-02-18}}</ref> On [[April 20]], [[2007]] a [[Johnson Space Center shooting|hostage situation]] developed in Building 44, the Communication and Tracking Development Laboratory where a gunman killed one person, injured another, and took a hostage for over three hours until finally committing suicide. ==Personnel== Around 3,000 civil servants, including 110 astronauts, are employed at JSC. The bulk of the workforce are the over 15,000 [[General contractor|contractors]]. Over 15 contracting firms work at JSC; the largest is the [[United Space Alliance]], which accounts for about 40 percent of the JSC employees. As of November 2005 the center director is former astronaut [[Michael Coats]]. Michael Coats is the tenth director at JSC, the first being [[Robert Gilruth]]. ==Training== NASA's astronaut training is conducted at the Johnson Space Center. Astronaut candidates receive training on shuttle systems and in the basic sciences which include mathematics, guidance and navigation, oceanography, orbital dynamics, astronomy, and physics. <ref>[http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/factsheets/asseltrn.html HSF<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Candidates are required to complete military water survival prior to beginning their flying instruction. Candidates are also required to become [[SCUBA]] qualified for extravehicular training and are required to pass a swimming test. EVA training is conducted at the [[Sonny Carter Training Facility]]. Candidates are also trained to deal with emergencies associated with [[hyperbaric]] and [[hypobaric]] atmospheric pressures and are given exposure to the microgravity of space flight. <ref>[http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/factsheets/asseltrn.html HSF<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Candidates maintain their flying proficiency by flying 15 hours per month in NASA's fleet of [[T-38 Talon|T-38]] jets based at nearby [[Ellington Field]]. Additionally, candidates practice Orbiter landings in the [[Shuttle Training Aircraft]]. <ref>[http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/factsheets/asseltrn.html HSF<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Image:NASA Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Astronaut Training.jpg|thumb|right|175px|An astronaut training in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory]] The astronauts begin their formal training program during their year of candidate training by reading manuals and by taking computer-based training lessons on the various Orbiter systems. The training process includes practice with the single systems trainer where the astronauts are trained to operate each Orbiter system and to recognize malfunctions and perform corrective actions. Following SST training, the astronauts begin training in the Shuttle Mission Simulators (SMSs). The SMS provides training of shuttle vehicle operations and systems tasks associated with the major flight phases. Astronauts begin their training in the SMS using training software until they are assigned to a particular mission. Astronauts also train with the flight controllers in the [[Mission Control Center]]. The SMS and MCC are linked by computer in the same way the Orbiter and MCC are linked during an actual mission. The [[Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory]] provides a controlled neutral [[buoyancy]] environment a very large pool containing about 6.2 million US gallons (23,000 m³) of water where astronauts train to practice [[extra-vehicular activity]] tasks while attempting to simulate [[zero-g]] conditions. The facility provides pre-flight training in becoming familiar with crew activities and with the dynamics of body motion under weightless conditions. <ref>[http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/factsheets/asseltrn.html HSF<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==Research== Johnson Space Center leads NASA’s flight-related scientific and medical research programs. Technologies developed for spaceflight are now in use in many areas of medicine, energy, transportation, agriculture, communications and electronics. <ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/167745main_FS_JSC508c.pdf JSC working.qxp<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Prebreathe Reduction Program is a research study program at the JSC that is currently being developed to improve the safety and efficiency of space walks from the ISS. The [[Overflow (software)|OVERFLOW]] software was developed at JSC, in collaboration with [[NASA Ames Research Center|ARC]]. ==Facilities== The buildings at Johnson Space Center are all numbered and not named. A partial listing of building numbers and what is contained in them follows: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Building ! Description |- | 1 | Headquarters of JSC, including the offices of senior management and the JSC director. |- | 2 | Public Affairs Office, video production, and audio processing facilities. |- | 3 | First cafeteria and employee store. |- | 4 | Offices for human spaceflight activities, including astronauts, flight controllers, and [[flight director]]s. |- | 5 | [[Shuttle Mission Simulator]] (SMS), both fixed-base and motion-based. |- | 7 | Vacuum Chamber and Space Suit testing facilities. |- | 8 | Health Clinic and historical photo and video archives. |- | 9 | [[Space Vehicle Mockup Facility]] (SVMF), including full-scale [[International Space Station]] module mockups and several [[Space Shuttle]] cabin and payload bay mockups. |- | 10 | Large scale fabrication facility, the high bay, and machine shops. |- | 11 | Second cafeteria and employee store. |- | 12 | JSC's Office of Education, which specializes in promoting space science, technology, engineering and mathematics across the country. |- | 15 | Human and Environmental Factors offices |- | 16 and 16A | Shuttle [[Avionics]] Integration Laboratory, where software and hardware changes are tested to insure they function well with the whole vehicle in a simulated flight environment. |- | 30 | [[Mission Control Center]] (MCC) including the Flight Control Rooms (FCRs) to support the Space Shuttle and ISS. |- | 32 | [[Space Environment Simulation Laboratory]] Two vacuum chambers for testing flight hardware, designated as a [[National Historic Landmark]]. |- | 37 | Life Sciences Laboratory. Formerly the [[Lunar Receiving Laboratory]]. |- | 44 | Communications and Tracking Center. |- | 45 | Offices for human spaceflight activities, including astronauts, flight controllers, and [[flight director]]s. |- | 110 | Security headquarters just outside the NASA gates by the employee entrance. Security issues badges for employees, contractors, and visitors. |} ==Visitor complex== The visitor's center of JSC is [[Space Center Houston]] since 1994. One of the JSC buildings once housed the JSC Visitor's Center. ==See also== {{portalpar|Houston|Flag of Houston, Texas.png}} *[[Mission Control Center]] *[[Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory]] *[[Ellington Field]] *[[List of NASA contractors]] *[[Robert R. Gilruth]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons|Category:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center}} *[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/index.html Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center] *[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940020111_1994020111.pdf ''Suddenly, tomorrow came... A history of the Johnson Space Center'' (PDF format) 1993] *[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/HollowayTW/HollowayTW_7-25-02.pdf NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project - Interview with Thomas W. 'Tommy' Holloway] *[http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/101space/101space.htm ''"America's Space Program: Exploring a New Frontier"'', a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan] *[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/aviation/ Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' Travel Itinerary] {{NASA centers}} {{Registered Historic Places}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson Space Center}} [[Category:NASA facilities]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Houston, Texas]] [[Category:Visitor attractions in Houston, Texas]] [[Category:Lyndon B. 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