Lynn Margulis
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/* Theory of symbiotic relationships driving evolution */ There is no such word as centric
{{Infobox_Scientist
|name = Lynn Margulis
|image = Lynn_Margulis.jpg
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|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1938|3|5}}
|birth_place = Chicago
|residence =
|nationality = [[United States]]
|death_date =
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|field = [[Biology]]
|work_institutions =
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'''Lynn Margulis''' (born [[March 5]], [[1938]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[biologist]] and [[University Professor]] in the [[Earth science|Department of Geosciences]] at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]].<ref>[http://www.geo.umass.edu/faculty/margulis Lynn Margulis biography at U. Mass.] (Accessed [[July 15]], [[2006]])</ref> She is best known for her theory on the origin of [[eukaryote|eukaryotic]] [[organelle]]s, and her contributions to the [[endosymbiotic theory]]—which is now generally accepted for how certain [[Mitochondrion|organelles]] were formed.
== Research ==
===Endosymbiotic theory===
Lynn Margulis attended the [[University of Chicago]] as an undergraduate, and received her [[Ph.D.]] in [[1963]] from [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]]. In 1966, as a young faculty member at [[Boston University]], she wrote a theoretical paper entitled ''The Origin of Mitosing Eukaryotic Cells.''<ref>{{cite journal | author=Lynn Sagan | date=1967 | title=On the origin of mitosing cells | journal=J Theor Bio. | volume=14 | issue=3 | pages=255–274 | pmid=11541392 | doi=10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3}}</ref> The paper however was "rejected by about fifteen scientific journals," Margulis recalled.<ref>John Brockman, [http://www.edge.org/documents/ThirdCulture/n-Ch.7.html ''The Third Culture''], New York: Touchstone, 1995, 135.</ref> It was finally accepted by ''The Journal of Theoretical Biology'' and is considered today a landmark in modern [[endosymbiotic theory]]. Although it draws heavily on symbiosis ideas first put forward by mid-19th century scientists and by [[Konstantin Merezhkovsky|Merezhkovsky]] (1905) and [[Ivan Wallin|Wallin]] (1920) in the early-20th century, Margulis's endosymbiotic theory formulation is the first to rely on direct [[microbiology|microbiological]] observations (as opposed to [[paleontology|paleontological]] or [[zoology|zoological]] observations which were previously the norm for new works in [[evolutionary biology]]). The paper was initially heavily rejected, as symbiosis theories had been dismissed by mainstream biology at the time. Weathering constant criticism of her ideas for decades, Margulis is famous for her tenacity in pushing her theory forward, despite the opposition she faced at the time.
The underlying theme of endosymbiotic theory, as formulated in 1966, was interdependence and cooperative existence of multiple [[prokaryotic]] organisms; one organism engulfed another, yet both survived and eventually evolved over millions of years into [[eukaryotic cell]]s. Her 1970 book, ''Origin of Eukaryotic Cells'', discusses her early work pertaining to this [[organelle]] genesis theory in detail. Currently, her endosymbiotic theory is recognized as the key method by which some organelles have arisen (see [[endosymbiotic theory]] for a discussion) and is widely accepted by mainstream scientists. The endosymbiotic theory of organogenesis gained strong support in the 1980s, when the genetic material of [[mitochondria]] and [[chloroplast]]s was found to be different from that of the symbiont's [[nuclear DNA]].<ref>[http://www.immaculata.edu/bioinformatics/Summer_2001/Students/esehi/lynn%20margulis.htm Acceptance Doesn't Come Easy] (Accessed [[July 15]], [[2006]])</ref></blockquote>
In 1995, prominent evolutionary biologist, [[Richard Dawkins]], had this to say about Lynn Margulis and her work:
{{cquote|I greatly admire Lynn Margulis's sheer courage and stamina in sticking by the endosymbiosis theory, and carrying it through from being an unorthodoxy to an orthodoxy. I'm referring to the theory that the eukaryotic cell is a symbiotic union of primitive prokaryotic cells. This is one of the great achievements of twentieth-century evolutionary biology, and I greatly admire her for it.<ref>John Brockman, [http://www.edge.org/documents/ThirdCulture/n-Ch.7.html ''The Third Culture''], New York: Touchstone, 1995, 144.</ref>}}
===Theory of symbiotic relationships driving evolution===
She later formulated a theory to explain how symbiotic relationships between organisms of often different phyla or kingdoms are the driving force of [[evolution]]. [[Genetic variation]] is proposed to occur mainly as a result of transfer of nuclear information between [[bacteria|bacterial cell]]s or [[virus]]es and [[eukaryotic cell]]s. While her organelle genesis ideas are widely accepted, symbiotic relationships as a current method of introducing genetic variation is something of a fringe idea. However, examination of the results from the [[Human Genome Project]] lends some credence to an endosymbiotic theory of evolution—or at the very least Margulis's endosymbiotic theory is the catalyst for current ideas about the composition of the human genome. Significant portions of the human genome are either bacterial or viral in origin—some clearly ancient insertions, while others are more recent in origin. This strongly supports the idea of symbiotic—and more likely [[parasitic]]—relationships being a driving force for genetic change in humans, and likely all organisms. It should be noted that while the endosymbiotic theory has historically been juxtaposed to [[Neo-Darwinism]] as a competitor, the two theories are not irreconcilable. An emerging synthesis holds that natural selection works on many levels (genetic up to the ecosystem) and variation is introduced both at the genetic and the cellular level.
She does, however, hold a negative view of certain interpretations of Neo-Darwinism, excessively focused on inter-organismic competition, as she believes that history will ultimately judge them as comprising ''"a minor twentieth-century religious sect within the sprawling religious persuasion of Anglo-Saxon Biology."''<ref>Mann, C. (1991) "Lynn Margulis: Science's Unruly Earth Mother," Science, 252</ref>
She also believes that proponents of the standard theory ''"wallow in their zoological, capitalistic, competitive, cost-benefit interpretation of Darwin - having mistaken him... Neo-Darwinism, which insists on (the slow accrual of mutations by gene-level natural selection), is a complete funk."''<ref>Mann, C. (1991) "Lynn Margulis: Science's Unruly Earth Mother," Science, 378-381</ref>
She opposes such competition-oriented views of evolution, stressing the importance of symbiotic or cooperative relationships between species.
== Other ==
*Margulis was elected to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] in [[1983]] and served as Chairman of the Academy’s Space Science Board Committee on Planetary Biology and Chemical Evolution.
*She was inducted into the World Academy of Art and Science, the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Russian Academy of Natural Sciences]], and the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] between 1995 and 1998.
*In [[1998]] the [[Library of Congress]], [[Washington, DC]], announced that it would permanently archive Dr. Margulis' papers.
*In [[1999]] she received the [[Proctor Prize]] for scientific achievement.
*In 1999, she was awarded the [[National Medal of Science]] by [[bill Clinton|President William J. Clinton]].
*She is also a proponent and co-developer of the modern version of [[Gaia hypothesis]], based on an idea developed by the English atmospheric scientist [[James Lovelock]].
*She is profiled in a book published in 2006 by Resurgence Magazine in the UK, called ''Visionaries: The 20th Century's 100 Most Important Inspirational Leaders''.
*In [[2006]] with her son Dorion, she founded Sciencewriters Books, an imprint of Chelsea Green Publishing for science books.
*In 2007 she expressed her support for a new investigation of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]].<ref>[http://www.dailyhampshiregazette.com/storytmp_v6.cfm?id_no=57821|Lauded UMass scientist a 9/11 doubter], Kristin Palpini, ''The Daily Hampshire Gazette'', 9/11/07</ref>
*In [[2008]] she was one of thirteen recipients of the Darwin-Wallace Award, which is bestowed every 50 years by the [[Linnean Society of London]].
== Personal ==
She was the first wife of [[astronomer]] [[Carl Sagan]] and is the mother of [[Dorion Sagan]], popular science writer and co-author; [[Jeremy Sagan]], software developer and founder of [[Sagan Technology (company)|Sagan Technology]]; Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma, New York City Criminal Defense lawyer; and Jennifer Margulis, teacher and author.
==See also==
*[[Symbiogenesis]]
==Publications and bibliography==
*Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 2007, ''Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature'', Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-31-8
*Margulis, Lynn and [[Eduardo Punset]], eds., 2007 ''Mind, Life and Universe: Conversations with Great Scientists of Our Time'', Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-61-5
*Margulis, Lynn, 2007, ''Luminous Fish: Tales of Science and Love'', Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-33-2
*Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 2002, ''Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species'', Perseus Books Group, ISBN 0-465-04391-7
*Margulis, Lynn, et al., 2002, ''The Ice Chronicles: The Quest to Understand Global Climate Change'', University of New Hampshire, ISBN 1-58465-062-1
*Margulis, Lynn, 1998, ''Symbiotic Planet : A New Look at Evolution'', Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-07271-2
*Margulis, Lynn and Karlene V. Schwartz, 1997, ''Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth'', W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN 0-613-92338-3
*Margulis, Lynn and Dorian Sagan, 1997, ''What Is Sex?'', Simon and Shuster, ISBN 0-684-82691-7
*Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 1997, ''Slanted Truths: Essays on Gaia, Symbiosis, and Evolution'', Copernicus Books, ISBN 0-387-94927-5
*Sagan, Dorion and Lynn Margulis, 1993, ''The Garden of Microbial Delights: A Practical Guide to the Subvisible World'', Kendall/Hunt, ISBN 0840385293
*Margulis, Lynn, 1992, ''Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Microbial Communities in the Archean and Proterozoic Eons'', W.H. Freeman, ISBN 0-7167-7028-8
*Margulis, Lynn, ed, 1991, ''Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis'', The MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-13269-9
*Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 1991, ''Mystery Dance: On the Evolution of Human Sexuality'', Summit Books, ISBN 0-671-63341-4
*Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 1987, ''Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Evolution from Our Microbial Ancestors'', HarperCollins, ISBN 0-04-570015-X
*Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, 1986, ''Origins of Sex : Three Billion Years of Genetic Recombination'', Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-03340-0
*Margulis, Lynn, 1982, ''Early Life'', Science Books International, ISBN 0-86720-005-7
*Margulis, Lynn, 1970, ''Origin of Eukaryotic Cells'', Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-01353-1
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Interview and portrait of Lynn Margulis by Ariane Laroux in ''Portraits Parlés'', éditions l'Age d'Homme (2006)
==External links==
*[http://www.bio.umass.edu/faculty/biog/margulis.html UMass Bio Dept. (includes a partial list of technical publications)] (Accessed [[March 3]], [[2005]])
*[http://www.geo.umass.edu/faculty/margulis/ UMass Geo Dept.] (Accessed [[March 3]], [[2005]])
*[http://www.immaculata.edu/bioinformatics/esehi/lynn%20margulis.htm www.immaculata.edu] (Accessed [[March 3]], [[2005]])
*[http://www.isepp.org/Pages/San%20Jose%2004-05/MargulisSaganSJ.html San Jose Science, Technology and Society, 2004-2005 Linus Pauling Memorial Lectures] (Accessed [[March 3]], [[2005]])
*[http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html The Endosymbiotic Theory] (Accessed [[March 3]], [[2005]])
*[http://www.edge.org/documents/ThirdCulture/n-Ch.7.html Gaia Is a Tough Bitch]
*[http://blog.connectingforchange.org/wp-content/podcasts/lynnmargulis.mp3 Interview with Lynn Margulis on Gaia] 5 minute MP3 from October 2005
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[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American biologists]]
[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
[[Category:Women biologists]]
[[Category:American scientists]]
[[Category:Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
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