Māori
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:''This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand. For other meanings see [[Māori (disambiguation)]].''
{{Infobox Ethnic group
|group = Māori
|image = [[Image:Hinepare.jpg|220px]]
|caption = Hinepare of [[Ngāti Kahungunu]], c.1890
|population = approx. 725,000
|region1 = {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
|pop1 = 632,900 (ethnicity)
|ref1 = <ref>Statistics New Zealand (2007). [http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/31591600-3789-4E45-BD18-62C78B8A4E0B/0/MaoriPopEstAt30Jun.xls Māori population estimates tables] as of [[2007-06-30]]. Retrieved [[2007-12-18]].</ref>
|region2 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
|pop2 = 72,956 (descent)
|ref2 = <ref>Table 2.1, p 12, in Australian Bureau of Statistics (2004). ''{{PDFlink|[http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/Lookup/3382D783B76B605BCA256E91007AB88E/$File/20540_2001.pdf Australians' Ancestries: 2001]|2.01 [[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 2112269 bytes -->}}''. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Catalogue Number 2054.0.</ref>
|region3 = {{flagcountry|England}}
|pop3 = approx. 8,000
|ref3 = <ref name="Walrond">Walrond, Carl (2005). ''[http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/MaoriOverseas/5/en Māori overseas - England, the United States and elsewhere]'', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.</ref>
|region4 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
|pop4 = approx. 3,500
|ref4 = <ref>New Zealand-born figures from the 2000 U.S. Census; sum of "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander" and people of mixed race. United States Census Bureau (2003). ''{{PDFlink|[http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/stp159-new_zealand.pdf Census 2000 Foreign-Born Profiles (STP-159): Country of Birth: New Zealand]|103 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 105716 bytes -->}}''. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau.</ref>
|region5 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
|pop5 = 1,305
|ref5 = <ref>Statistics Canada (2003). ''[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=62911&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=44&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0 Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data]''. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Cat. No. 97F0010XCB2001001.</ref>
|region6 = Other regions
|pop6 = approx. 8,000
|ref6 = <ref name="Walrond"/>
|languages = [[Māori language|Māori]], [[English language|English]]
|religions = [[Māori religion]], [[Christianity]]
|related-c = other [[Polynesia]]n peoples,<br/>[[Austronesian people]]s
}}
The word '''''Māori''''' refers to the [[indigenous people|indigenous]] [[Polynesian]] people of [[New Zealand]], and to [[Māori language|their language]].
Māori came to New Zealand from eastern Polynesia, probably in several waves, most likely between AD 1280 to 1300<ref>
[http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg19826595.200-rat-remains-help-date-new-zealands-colonisation.html New Scientist Webpage: Rat remains help date New Zealand's colonisation]. Accessed [[2008-06-23]]</ref>. They spread throughout the country and developed a distinct culture. Europeans came to New Zealand in increasing numbers from the late 18th century, and the technologies and diseases they brought with them destabilised Māori society. After 1840, Māori lost much of their land and went into a cultural and numerical decline, but their population began to increase again from the late 19th century, and a cultural revival began in the 1960s.
== Naming and self-naming ==
In the [[Māori language]] the word ''māori'' means "normal", "natural" or "ordinary". In legends and other oral traditions, the word distinguished ordinary mortal human beings from [[Māori religion|deities]] and spirits (''wairua'').<ref>
Atkinson, A. S. (1892). [http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_1_1892/Volume_1%2C_No._3%2C_1892/What_is_a_Tangata_Maori%3F_by_A._S._Atkinson%2C_p133-136?action=null "What is a Tangata Maori?"] ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'', 1 (3), 133-136. Accessed [[2007-12-18]].
</ref><ref>
''Māori'' has cognates in other [[Polynesian languages]] such as [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] 'Maoli,' [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]] 'Mā’ohi,' and [[Cook Islands Maori]] 'Māori' which all share similar meanings.
</ref>
{{TOCleft}}
Early visitors from Europe to the islands of New Zealand generally referred to the inhabitants as "New Zealanders" or as "natives", but ''Māori'' became the term used by Māori to describe themselves in a pan-tribal sense.<ref>
The orthographic conventions developed by the [[Māori Language Commission]] recommend the use of the [[macron]] (ā ē ī ō ū) to denote long vowels. Contemporary English-language usage in New Zealand tends to avoid the anglicised plural form of the word ''Māori'' with an "s": the Māori language generally marks plurals by changing the [[Article (grammar)|article]] rather than the noun, for example: ''te waka'' (the canoe); ''ngā waka'' (the canoes).
</ref>
Māori people often use the term ''tangata whenua'' (literally, "people of the land") to describe themselves in a way that emphasises their relationship with a particular area of land — a tribe may function as ''tangata whenua'' in one area, but not in another. The term can also refer to Māori as a whole in relation to New Zealand (Aotearoa) as a whole.
The [[Maori Purposes Act]] of 1947 required the use of the term 'Maori' rather than 'Native' in official usage, and the "Department of Native Affairs" became the "Department of Māori Affairs".
Prior to 1974 ancestry determined the legal definition of "a Māori person". For example, bloodlines determined whether a person should enrol on the [[Māori seats|Māori]] or general (European) electoral roll; in 1947 the authorities determined that one man, five-eighths Māori, had improperly voted in the general (European) parliamentary electorate of [[Raglan (New Zealand electorate)| Raglan]].<ref>
Atkinson, Neill, (2003), ''Adventures in Democracy: A History of the Vote in New Zealand'', Otago University Press
</ref>
The [[Māori Affairs Amendment Act 1974]] changed the definition to one of cultural self-identification. In matters involving money (for example scholarships or [[Waitangi Tribunal]] settlements), the authorities generally require some demonstration of ancestry or cultural connection, but no minimum "blood" requirement exists.<ref>
McIntosh, Tracey (2005), 'Maori Identities: Fixed, Fluid, Forced', in James H. Liu, Tim McCreanor, Tracey McIntosh and Teresia Teaiwa, eds, ''New Zealand Identities: Departures and Destinations'', Wellington: Victoria University Press, p. 45
</ref><ref>
In 2003, [[Christian Cullen]] became a member of the [[New Zealand Māori rugby union team|Māori rugby team]] despite having, according to his father, about 1/64 Māori ancestry. (BBC Sport: 'Uncovering the Maori mystery', [[5 June]] 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/international/2965212.stm)</ref>
== Origins ==
Archaeological and linguistic evidence (Sutton 1994) suggests that several waves of [[Human migration|migration]] came from Eastern [[Polynesia]] to New Zealand between AD 800 and 1300. Māori oral history describes the arrival of ancestors from [[Hawaiki]] (a mythical homeland in tropical Polynesia) in large [[ocean]]-going [[canoe]]s (''waka'': see [[Māori migration canoes]]). Migration accounts vary among tribes (''[[iwi]]''), whose members may identify with several waka in their genealogies or ''[[whakapapa]]''.
No credible evidence exists of human settlement in New Zealand prior to the Polynesian voyagers; on the other hand, compelling evidence from archaeology, linguistics, and physical anthropology indicates that the first settlers came from East Polynesia and became the Māori.
== Development of Māori culture ==
{{main|Māori culture}}
{{seealso|Māori mythology}}
[[Image:Murderers' Bay (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|300px|First European impression of Māori, at [[Golden Bay|Murderers' Bay]] in [[Abel Tasman]]'s [[travel journal]] (1642)]]
The Eastern Polynesian ancestors of the Māori arrived in a forested land which featured abundant [[New Zealand birds|birdlife]], including now extinct [[moa]] species weighing from 20 to 250 kg. Other species, also now extinct, included a swan, a goose, and the giant [[Haast's Eagle]] which preyed upon the moa. Marine mammals, in particular seals, thronged the coasts, with coastal colonies much further north than [[as of 2008| today]].<ref>
Irwin 2006:18.
</ref>
In the mid-19th century, people discovered large numbers of moa-bones alongside human tools, with some of the bones showing evidence of butchery and cooking. Early researchers, such as [[Julius von Haast]], a geologist, incorrectly interpreted these remains as belonging to a prehistoric Paleolithic people; later researchers, notably [[Stephenson Percy Smith| Percy Smith]], magnified such theories into an elaborate scenario with a series of sharply-defined cultural stages which had Māori arriving in a [[Great Fleet]] in 1350 AD and replacing the so-called "moa-hunter" culture with a "classical Māori" culture based on [[horticulture]].<ref>Howe 2006:28-29.</ref> [[as of 2007| Current]] anthropological theories, however, recognise no evidence for a pre-Māori people; the archaeological record indicates a gradual evolution in culture that varied in pace and extent according to local resources and conditions. Subsequent research dismisses the "Great Fleet" theory as largely a fabrication.<ref> Howe 2006:28-30</ref>
In the course of a few centuries, growing population led to competition for resources and an increase in warfare. The archaeological record reveals an increased frequency of fortified [[pā]], although debate continues about the amount of conflict. Various systems arose which aimed to conserve resources; most of these, such as ''[[tapu]]'' and ''[[rahui|rāhui]]'', used religious or supernatural threats to discourage people from taking species at particular seasons or from specified areas.
As Māori continued in geographic isolation, performing arts such as the [[haka]] developed from their Polynesian roots, as did carving and weaving. Regional dialects arose, with minor differences in vocabulary and in the pronunciation of some words. However, the language retains close similarities to other Eastern Polynesian tongues, to the point where a [[Tahitian]] chief on [[James Cook|Cook]]'s first voyage in the region acted as an interpreter between Māori and the crew of the ''[[HM Bark Endeavour| Endeavour]]''.
Around 1500 AD a group of Māori migrated east to ''Rekohu'' (the [[Chatham Islands]]), where, by adapting to the local climate and the availability of resources, they developed a culture known as [[Moriori]] — related to but distinct from Māori culture in mainland Aotearoa. A notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on [[pacifism]], proved disadvantageous when Māori [[warrior]]s arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship.<ref>
[http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en Moriori - The impact of new arrivals - ''Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand'']
</ref>
== Interactions with Europeans before 1840 ==
[[Image:HekeKawiti1846.jpg|thumb|right|220px|1846: [[Hone Heke]] (holding a rifle) with his wife Hariata and his uncle Kawiti (who holds a ''[[taiaha]]'').]]
European settlement of New Zealand occurred in relatively [[as of 2007| recent]] historical times. New Zealand historian [[Michael King]] in ''The Penguin History Of New Zealand'' describes the Māori as "the last major human community on earth untouched and unaffected by the wider world."
Early European explorers, including [[Abel Tasman]] (who arrived in 1642) and Captain [[James Cook]] (who first visited in 1769), recorded their impressions of Māori. From the 1780s, Māori encountered European and American [[Sealing|sealers]] and [[whaling|whalers]]; some Māori crewed on the foreign ships. A trickle of escaped [[Convictism in Australia|convict]]s from Australia and deserters from visiting ships, as well as early [[Mission (Christian)| Christian missionaries]], also exposed the indigenous New Zealand population to outside influences.
By 1830, estimates placed the number of [[Pākehā]] (Europeans) living among the Māori as high as 2,000. The newcomers had varying status-levels within Māori society, ranging from [[slaves]] to high-ranking advisors. Some remained little more than prisoners, while others abandoned European culture and identified as Māori. Many Māori valued such Pākehā as a means to the acquisition of European technology, particularly firearms. These Europeans "gone native" became known as [[Pākehā Māori]]. When [[Pomare]] led a war-party against Titore in 1838, he had 132 Pākehā mercenaries among his warriors. [[Frederick Edward Maning]], an early settler, wrote two lively accounts of life in these times, which have become classics of New Zealand literature: ''Old New Zealand'' and ''History of the War in the North of New Zealand against the Chief Heke''.
During the period from 1805 to 1840 the acquisition of [[musket]]s by tribes in close contact with European visitors upset the balance of power among Māori tribes, leading to a period of bloody [[endemic warfare|inter-tribal warfare]], known as the [[Musket Wars]], which resulted in the decimation of several tribes and the driving of others from their traditional territory.<ref>
[http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/M/MaoriHealthAndWelfare/MaoriHealthAndWelfare/en 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]
</ref>
European [[disease]]s such as [[influenza]] and [[measles]] also killed an unknown number of Māori: estimates vary between ten and fifty per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portdanielpress.com/maori_pop.htm|title=Estimating a population devastated by epidemics|last=Entwisle|first=Peter|publisher=[[Otago Daily Times]]|date=[[20 October]] [[2006]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Estimates of New Zealand Maori Vital Rates from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to World War I|journal=Population Studies|volume=27|issue=1|date=March 1973|pages=117–125|first=D. I.|last=Pool|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2173457|doi=10.2307/2173457}}</ref> Economic changes, such as the export of [[Phormium|flax]], also took a toll.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Christina A. |year=1997 |month=June |title=A dangerous people whose only occupation is war: Maori and Pakeha in 19th century New Zealand |journal=Journal of Pacific History |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=109–119 |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a793805885~db=all |accessdate= 2008-06-15 |quote=Whole tribes sometimes relocated to swamps where flax grew in abundance but where it was decidedly unhealthy to live. |doi=10.1080/00223349708572831}}</ref>{{clarifyme}}
== 1840 to 1890: The marginalisation of Māori ==
[[Image:MeriMangakahia1890s.jpg|thumb|220px|Meri Te Tai Mangakāhia, a member of the [[Te Kotahitanga| Kotahitanga]] movement in the 1890s, who argued that women should have equal voting-rights in the Māori Parliament]]
With increasing Christian [[missionary]] activity, growing European settlement in the 1830s and the perceived lawlessness of Europeans in New Zealand, the [[The Crown|British Crown]], as a [[Great Power| world power]], came under pressure<ref>
{{cite book
|last= Orange
|first= Claudia
|authorlink= Claudia Orange
|title= The Story of a Treaty
|edition=
|series=
|volume=
|date=
|year= 1989
|month=
|publisher= Allen & Unwin
|location= Wellington
|isbn= 0046410538
|pages= 13
|quote=
}}
</ref> to intervene. Ultimately, [[Whitehall]] sent [[William Hobson]] with instructions to take possession of New Zealand. Before he arrived, [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] annexed New Zealand by royal proclamation in January 1840. On arrival in February 1840, Hobson negotiated the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] with northern chiefs. Other Māori chiefs subsequently signed this treaty. In the end, only 500 chiefs out of the 1500 sub-tribes of New Zealand signed the Treaty, and some influential chiefs — such as [[Pōtatau Te Wherowhero| Te Wherowhero]] in Waikato, and Te Kani-a-Takirau from the east coast of the North Island — refused to sign. The Treaty made the Māori [[British nationality law|British subjects]] in return for a guarantee of Māori property-rights and tribal autonomy.
Dispute continues over whether the Treaty of Waitangi ceded Māori sovereignty. Māori chiefs signed a Māori-language version of the Treaty that did not accurately reflect the English-language version. It appears unlikely that the Māori-language version of the treaty ceded sovereignty; and the Crown and the missionaries probably did not fully explain the meaning of the English-language version.
[[Image:1863 Meeting of Settlers and Maoris at Hawke's Bay, New Zealand.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A traditional Māori village in [[Hawke's Bay Province]], during a meeting between Māori and settlers in 1863 to discuss the [[invasion of the Waikato]].]]
Māori formed substantial [[business]]es, supplying food and other products for domestic and overseas markets.
Among the early European settlers who both learnt the [[Māori language]] and also recorded [[Māori mythology]], [[George Edward Grey|George Grey]], Governor of New Zealand from 1845 to 1855 and from 1861 to 1868, stands out.
In the 1860s, disputes over questionable land purchases and the attempts of Māori in the [[Waikato]] to establish what some saw as a rival to the British system of royalty led to the [[New Zealand land wars]]. Although these resulted in relatively few deaths, the colonial government confiscated large tracts of tribal land as punishment for what they called rebellion (although the Crown had initiated the military action against its own citizens), in some cases taking land even from tribes which had taken no part in the [[war]]. Some tribes actively fought against the Crown, while others (known as ''kupapa'') fought in support of the Crown. After most of the active fighting had ceased, a [[passive resistance]] movement developed at the settlement of [[Parihaka]] in [[Taranaki]], but Crown troops dispersed its participants in 1881.
The Native Land Acts of 1862 and 1865 set up the Native Land Court, which had the purpose of breaking down communal ownership and facilitating the alienation of land. As a result, between 1840 and 1890 Māori lost 95 per cent of their land (63,000,000a of 66,000,000 -55,000,000a in 1890).
With the loss of much of their land, Māori went into a period of numerical and cultural decline, and by the late 19th century a widespread belief existed amongst both Pakeha and Māori that the Māori population would cease to exist as a separate race or culture and become assimilated into the European population.<ref>King 2003, p 224</ref>
In 1840, New Zealand had a Māori population of about 100,000 and only about 2,000 Europeans. By the end of the 19th century, the Māori population had declined to 42,113 (according to the 1896 census) and Europeans numbered more than 700,000.<ref> [http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/P/Population/PopulationFactorsAndTrends/en "Population - Factors and Trends"], from ''An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand'', edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966. ''Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand'', updated [[2007-09-18]]. Accessed [[2007-12-18]].
</ref>
== Revival ==
[[Image:KupeWheke.jpg|left|thumb|108px|Late twentieth-century house-post depicting the navigator [[Kupe]] fighting two sea creatures.]]
[[Image:ApiranaNgata1905.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Sir [[Apirana Ngata]] became instrumental in the revival of traditional arts such as ''[[kapa haka]]'' and carving. He also promoted farming as a means of land-retention.]]
The decline of the Māori population did not continue; instead levels recovered. Despite a substantial level of [[Interracial marriage| intermarriage]] between the Māori and European populations, many Māori retained their cultural identity. A number of discourses developed as to the meaning of "Māori" and to who counted as Māori or not. (Māori do not form a monolithic bloc, and no one political or tribal authority can speak on behalf of all Māori.)
From the late nineteenth century, a number of successful Māori politicians emerged. These men, such as [[James Carroll (New Zealand politician)|James Carroll]], [[Apirana Ngata]], [[Te Rangi Hiroa]] and [[Maui Pomare]] showed skill in the arts of Pākehā politics; at one point Carroll became Acting Prime Minister. The group, known as the [[Young Māori Party]], cut across voting-blocs in Parliament and aimed to revitalise the Māori people after the devastation of the previous century. For them this involved [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] — Māori adopting European ways of life such as [[History of medicine#Modern medicine|Western medicine]] and education. However Ngata in particular also wished to preserve traditional Māori culture, especially the arts. Ngata acted as a major force behind the revival of arts such as [[kapa haka]] and carving. He also enacted a programme of land-development which helped many ''[[iwi]]'' retain and develop their land.
The New Zealand government decided to exempt Māori from the [[conscription]] that applied to other citizens in [[World War II]], but nonetheless Māori volunteered in large numbers, forming the 28th or [[Māori Battalion]], which performed creditably, notably in [[Crete]], [[North Africa]], and [[Italy]]. Altogether 17,000 Māori took part in the war.
Since the 1960s, Māoridom has undergone a cultural revival<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/Maori/5/en
|title=Māori - Urbanisation and renaissance|encyclopedia=[[Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]
| quote The Māori renaissance since 1970 has been a remarkable phenomenon.
}}
</ref>
strongly connected{{Verify source|date=July 2008}} with a [[Māori protest movement|protest-movement]].<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://schools.look4.net.nz/history/new_zealand/time_line4/
|title=Time Line of events 1950 - 2000|publisher=Schools @ Look4}}
</ref>
Government recognition{{Fact|date=July 2008}} of the growing political power of Māori, combined with political activism, have led to a limited [[Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements|redress]] for unjust confiscation of land and for the violation of other [[Property|property-rights]]. The State set up the [[Waitangi Tribunal]], a body with the powers of a [[Commission of Enquiry]], to investigate and make recommendations on such issues. Significantly, because of the manner in which the Government empowered it, the Tribunal cannot make binding rulings. However, as a result of the redress paid to many ''iwi'' (tribes), Māori now have significant interests in the fishing and forestry industries. Tensions remain however, with complaints from Māori that the settlements occur at a level of between 1 and 2.5 cents on the dollar of the value of the confiscated lands. The Government need not accept the findings of the Waitangi Tribunal, and has rejected some of them, with a [[as of 2007|most recent]] and widely-debated example in the [[New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy]].
The urbanisation of Māori proceeded apace in the second half of the 20th century. A majority of Māori people [[as of 2007|now]] live in cities and towns, and many have become estranged from [[tribalism|tribal]] roots and customs.
''[[Once Were Warriors (film)|Once Were Warriors]]'', a 1994 film adapted from a 1990 [[Once Were Warriors|novel of the same name]] by [[Alan Duff]], brought the plight of some urban Māori to a wide audience. It became the highest-grossing film in New Zealand that year and received international acclaim, winning several international film-prizes. While some Māori feared that viewers would consider the violent male characters an accurate portrayal of Māori men, most film-critics praised it as exposing, on an international stage, the raw side of [[domestic violence]]. Some Māori opinion, particularly feminist, welcomed the debate on domestic violence that the film enabled.
In many areas of New Zealand, the Māori language lost its role as a living community language (used by significant numbers of people) in the post-[[World War II|war]] years. In tandem with calls for sovereignty and for the righting of social injustices from the 1970s onwards, many New Zealand schools now teach [[Māori culture]] and language, and pre-school ''[[kohanga reo]]'' (literally: "language-nests") have started which teach ''[[tamariki]]'' (young children) exclusively in Māori. These [[as of 2007|now]] extend right through secondary schools (''kura tuarua''). In 2004 [[Māori Television]], a government-funded television channel committed to broadcasting primarily in [[Māori language| ''te reo'']], began broadcasting. Māori language enjoys the equivalent status ''de jure'' as [[English language|English]] in government and law, although the language continues marginalised in mainstream use. At the time of the 2006 Census, Māori figured as the second most widely-spoken language in New Zealand after English, with 4% of New Zealanders able to speak Māori to at least a conversational level.
[[As of 2008]], Māori politicians have seven designated [[Māori seats]] in the [[Parliament of New Zealand]] (and they may and do stand in and win General-roll seats), and consideration of and consultation with Māori have become routine requirements for many New Zealand councils and government organisations. Debate occurs frequently as to the relevance and legitimacy of the Māori electoral roll, although [[as of 2007|currently]] neither of the two "major" political parties intend to abolish it quite just yet.
Despite significant social and economic advances during the twentieth century, Māori tend to cluster in the lower percentiles in most health and education statistics and in labour-force participation, as well as featuring disproportionately highly in criminal and [[Department of Corrections (New Zealand)|imprisonment]] statistics. Like many indigenous cultures around the world, Māori suffer both institutional and direct [[racism]]. For example, in December 2006, vandals sprayed racist graffiti on ancient Māori rock-art at the Raincliff Historic Reserve in [[South Canterbury]].<ref name="graffiti">
{{cite news| title=Racist graffiti harms early Maori rock art |publisher=Stuff |date=2006-12-09 |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/search/3893740a8153.html |accessdate=2006-12-17}}
</ref><ref name="HRC07">''[http://www.hrc.co.nz/hrc_new/hrc/cms/files/documents/21-Aug-2007_21-51-41_Race_Relations_2006_-_print_version.doc Tūi Tūi Tuituiā - Race Relations in 2006]'', Human Rights Commission, March 2007. ISBN 0-478-28625-2. Accessed [[2007-12-21]].</ref>
=== Treaty of Waitangi settlements===
{{main|Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements}}
During the 1990s and 2000s, the New Zealand government negotiated with Māori to provide redress for breaches by the Crown of the guarantees set out in the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. As of [[2006]] the government had provided over NZ$900 million in settlements, much of it in the form of land deals. The single largest settlement, signed on [[25 June]] [[2008]] with seven Māori iwi, transferred nine large tracts of forested land to Māori control.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10518293|title=Iwi 'walks path' to biggest ever Treaty settlement|publisher=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
|date=[[25 June]] [[2008]]|first=Yvonne|last=Tahana|accessdate=2008-06-26}}
</ref>
== Intellectual property ==
[[Image:Papawai1897.jpg|thumb|220px|right|The opening of the Māori Parliament at Pāpāwai, Greytown, 1897, with [[Richard John Seddon]] in attendance]]
=== Bionicle ===
In 2001 a dispute concerning the popular [[LEGO]] toy-line "[[Bionicle]]" arose between [[Denmark|Danish]] toymaker [[Lego Group]] and several Māori tribal groups (fronted by lawyer Maui Solomon) along with several members of an on-line discussion-forum ([[Aotearoa Cafe]]). The Bionicle product-line allegedly used many words [[Cultural appropriation|appropriated]] from Māori language, imagery and folklore. The dispute ended in an amicable settlement. Initially the Lego Group refused to withdraw the product, saying it had drawn the names from many cultures, but later agreed that it had taken the names from Māori and agreed to change certain names or spellings to help set the toy-line apart from the Māori legends. This, however, did not prevent the many Bionicle users from continuing to use the disputed words, resulting in the popular Bionicle website BZPower coming under a [[denial-of-service attack]] for four days from an attacker using the name Kotiate. <ref>[http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2002/11/56451 Wired - Lego Site Irks Maori Sympathizer]</ref>
=== "Maori" cigarettes ===
[[Image:Maorimix.jpg|thumb|220px|Phillip Morris' L&M Maori Mix cigarettes]]
In 2005 a New Zealander in Jerusalem discovered that the [[Phillip Morris]] cigarette company had started producing a brand of cigarette in [[Israel]] called the "L & M Maori mix".<ref>[http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411319/638858 TVNZ]</ref> In 2006, the head of Phillip Morris, [[Louis C. Camilleri| Louis Camilleri]] issued an apology to Māori: "We sincerely regret any discomfort that was caused to Māori people by our mistake and we won't be repeating it."<ref>[http://www.auahikore.org.nz/initiatives/rsi.htm Auahi Kore]</ref>
=== Māori Russian-dolls, made in China ===
In 2008 the discovery of Chinese-made Māori [[Matryoshka doll|Russian dolls]] in [[gift shop]]s throughout New Zealand caused offence to both Māori and Russians.<ref>
{{cite news|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5XSTTGxk3|archivedate=2008-04-30
|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4475904a10.html
|title=Maori Russian dolls made in China, sold in NZ|publisher=[[Fairfax New Zealand]]|date=[[12 April]] [[2008]]|first=Julie|last=Jacobson}}
</ref>
=== Trademark of ''Ka Mate'' haka ===
Between 1998 and 2006, the [[Ngati Toa]] [[iwi]] attempted to trademark the [[Ka Mate]] [[haka]] and to forbid its use by commercial organisations without their permission.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/793975.stm
|title=All Blacks fight to keep haka |publisher=''[[BBC News|news.bbc.co.uk]]'' |date=[[2000-07-16]] |accessdate=2008-05-03}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10126807
|title= Iwi threatens to place trademark on All Black haka|publisher=''[[New Zealand Herald]]'' |date=[[2005-05-22]] |accessdate=2008-05-03}}
</ref> The Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand turned their claim down in 2006, since ''Ka Mate'' had achieved wide recognition in New Zealand and abroad as representing New Zealand as a whole and not a particular trader.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10389347 |title=Iwi claim to All Black haka turned down|publisher=''[[New Zealand Herald]]'' |date=[[2007-07-02]] |accessdate=2008-05-03}}
</ref>
== Pop culture ==
According to [[Tania Kopytko]], Māori youth have always had a difficult time maintaining ties with the traditional [[Māoritanga]] culture, especially lacking "the commitment and effort necessary for a knowledge of [it]".<ref>
{{cite journal
| quotes =
| last = Kopytko
| first = Tania
| date =
| year = 1986
| month =
| title = Breakdance as an Identity Marker in New Zealand
| journal = Yearbook for Traditional Music
| volume = 18
| issue =
| pages = 21-28
| publisher = International Council for Traditional Music
| location =
| issn =
| url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/view/768516?seq=2
| accessdate = 2008-07-13
| quote =
}} [Payment or subscription required for online version]
</ref>
For this reason{{Fact|date=July 2008}}, Māori youth import [[mainstream]] and popular cultural icons, [[Identity (social science)| identities]], and [[lifestyle]]s in considerable quantities. Most typically, these Māori youth will take after the [[African American hip hop]] culture, as its perceived mainstream status makes it readily accessible to them. Kopytko also says that the socio-political position of African Americans resisting a dominant white culture mirrors the situation of Māori, Polynesian, and even [[white trash| poor-white]] youth resisting the oppressive white forces which occupy the higher economic strata of society in [[New Zealand]]. Finally, the mass consumption of [[British punk]] in 1982 marked the first real establishment of a [[youth culture]] and, more importantly, paved the way for such a warm reception of foreign forms with the influx of what Kopytko calls the "[[breakdance]] package".<ref>
{{cite journal
| quotes =
| last = Kopytko
| first = Tania
| date =
| year = 1986
| month =
| title = Breakdance as an Identity Marker in New Zealand
| journal = Yearbook for Traditional Music
| volume = 18
| issue =
| pages = 22
| publisher = International Council for Traditional Music
| location =
| issn =
| url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/view/768516?seq=2
| accessdate = 2008-07-13
| quote =
}} [Payment or subscription required for online version]
</ref>
In this way, facilitation by a pre-existing youth culture and identification with the African-American cause have both made importing the associated hip hop culture quite easy. One feature of this youth import culture, breakdancing, arrived in New Zealand as early as 1983 from [[Western Samoa]], confirms Kopytko.<ref name=global/> Indeed, "breakdance provided a very strong and positive identity that did much to raise [Māori] [[self esteem]] and realize their capabilities."<ref name=global/> Māori youth utilize the social space that breakdancing provides them in a very dynamic fashion, she says, gaining recognition and notions of increased [[self-esteem| self-worth]] in the process. Kopytko suggests that this appropriation of breakdancing allowed the later arrival of [[rap]] to become "a vehicle for vernacular expressions of Māori militancy".<ref name=global>
Mitchell, Tony. "Kia Kaha! (Be Strong!): Maori and Pacific Islander Hip-hop in Aotearoa-New Zealand." In Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop Outside the USA, ed. Tony Mitchell, 282-284. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001.</ref>
The white upper class of [[South Auckland]]'s suburbs views breakdance as inextricably bound to [[gangster]] ideologies and violence{{Fact|date=April 2008}}, as practised in the African American hip-hop scene, which gains breakdance aficionados infamy and, conversely, intensifies the level of defiance implied on behalf of Māori in both the politics of breakdancing and rapping. Ultimately though, these [[African American culture| black cultural]] styles have provided Maori youth with an avenue for free expression, where a more rigidly applied Māoritanga culture could make no such offer.
In [[as of 2008| recent]] years, indigenous peoples all over have made attempts to reconnect with their youth. A 1992 song by the group [[Moana and the Moa Hunters]] called out to young Māori to learn the language and to accept their heritage.<ref>Mitchell, Tony. "Kia Kaha! (Be Strong!): Maori and Pacific Islander Hip-hop in Aotearoa-New Zealand." In Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop Outside the USA, ed. Tony Mitchell, 280-305. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001.
</ref>
The music video for this song shows images of Maori in traditional dress doing traditional dances, yet it has a modern-hip hop beat. The video targets youth through its rhythms while it educates them about their heritage.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}
== Commerce ==
The New Zealand [[Law Commission]] has started its own project to develop a legal framework for Māori who want to manage communal resources and responsibilities. The voluntary system proposes an alternative to existing companies, incorporations, and trusts in which tribes and ''[[hapu]]'' and other groupings can interact with the legal system. The foreshadowed legislation, under the proposed name of the "Waka Umanga (Māori Corporations) Act", would provide a model adaptable to suit the needs of individual [[iwi]]. It seems likely that the [[as of 2007|current]] Government coalition will not support the Bill in its un-amended form and if the final Act should pass into law, it will presumably depart significantly less radically from the current legal personalities afforded by British/New Zealand law.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.lawcom.govt.nz/ProjectReport.aspx?ProjectID=115
|title=Waka Umanga : A Proposed Law for Maori Governance Entities - NZLC R
|publisher=New Zealand Law Commission|date=[[8 June]] [[2006]]|accessdate=2007-06-08}}
</ref> <ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.adls.org.nz/public/wb/wb2007/wb24may2007/wb31may2007e.asp
|title=Waka Umanga (Maori Corporations) Bill - NZLC MP 15
|publisher=Auckland District Law Society|date=[[31 May]] [[2007]]
|accessdate=2007-06-08}}
</ref>
== Religion ==
{{main|Maori religion}}
Māori "tend to be followers of Presbyterianism, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), or Maori Christian groups such as Ratana and Ringatu",<ref>
[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90148.htm International Religious Freedom Report], retrieved [[2008-02-07]]
</ref>
but with Catholic, Anglican and Methodist groupings also prominent. Maori Christian faiths syncretize Christian tenets with pre-colonial Maori beliefs.
With numbers increasing from 99 to 708 in the 10 years to 2001, [[Islam]] may have become the fastest-growing religion amongst the Māori community.<ref>
[http://www.cpifinancial.net/cpifn/inside_restricted.aspx?cid=1118&cat=IBF&in=21 "Kia Ora Aotearoa"] on the CPI website based in Dubai; retrieved [[2008-02-07]]
</ref>(See [[Islam in New Zealand]]).
== Modern socio-economic issues ==
Māori class as poorer on average than the rest of the population of New Zealand, and run greater risks of many negative economic and social outcomes. Over 50% of Māori live in areas classed in the three highest deprivation deciles, compared with 24% of the rest of the population.<ref>
[http://www.maorihealth.govt.nz/moh.nsf/UnidPrint/MA364?OpenDocument Maori Health Web Page: Socioeconomic Determinants of Health - Deprivation]. Accessed [[2007-06-12]].
</ref>
Although Māori make up only 14% of the population, they make up almost 50% of the total prison-population.<ref>
http://www.corrections.govt.nz/public/research/psychiatricmorbidity/ Corrections Department NZ, ''National Study of Psychiatric Morbidity in NZ Prisons''
</ref>
Māori have higher unemployment-rates than other cultures resident in New Zealand <ref>
http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/lmr/lmr-maori-outcomes.asp Department of Labour, NZ, ''Māori Labour Market Outlook''
</ref>
Māori have higher numbers of suicides than non-Māori.<ref>
http://www.otago.ac.nz/wsmhs/academic/dph/Publicationsreports/SuicContract.pdf University of Otago, NZ, ''Suicide Rates in New Zealand - Exploring Associations with Social and Economic Factors''
</ref>
"Only 47% of Māori school-leavers finish school with qualifications higher than [[National Certificate of Educational Achievement| NCEA]] Level One; compared to a massive 74% European; 87% Asian."<ref>
http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0702/S00296.htm Scoop, ''Flavell: Maori Education - not achieved''
</ref>
Māori also suffer more health problems, including alcohol and drug-related problems, per head of population than any other culture living in New Zealand.<ref>
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9090803&dopt=Abstract PubMed ''Maori Health Issues''
</ref>
Māori also have considerably lower life-expectancies compared to non-Māori: Māori males 69.0 years vs. non-Māori males 77.2 years; Māori females 73.2 yrs vs. non-Māori females 81.9 years.<ref>[http://www.socialreport.msd.govt.nz/2004/health/life-expectancy.html Social Report 2004 | Health - Life Expectancy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== See also ==
<div style="width:80%; -moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* [[Bionicle#Controversy|Bionicle Māori controversy]]
* [[Haka]]
* [[Hei-tiki]]
* [[Kapa haka]]
* [[Māori King Movement|Kīngitanga]]{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(Māori King Movement)}}
* [[New Zealand cuisine#Māori cuisine|Māori cuisine]]
* [[Māori culture]]
* [[Māori language]]
* [[Māori music]]
* [[Māori migration canoes]]
* [[Māori religion]]
* [[Māori seats]]
* [[Māori traditional textiles]]
* [[Maori voting rights in Australia]]
* [[Moriori]]
* [[New Zealand land wars]]
* [[New Zealand Māori rugby league team]]
* [[New Zealand Māori rugby union team]]
* [[Pā (Māori)]]
* [[Tā moko]]{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(Māori body- and face-marking)}}
* [[Tewhatewha]]
</div>
== Notes==
{{reflist}}
== References ==
* Biggs, Bruce (1994). "Does Māori have a closest relative?" In Sutton (Ed.)(1994), pp. 96 - 105.
* Hiroa, Te Rangi (Sir Peter Buck) (1974). ''The Coming of the Māori''. Second edition. First published 1949. Wellington: Whitcombe and Tombs.
* Howe, Kerry, (2006). 'Ideas of Māori Origins' in ''Māori Peoples of New Zealand: Ngā Iwi o Aotearoa''. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Auckland: David Bateman, 2006:25-40.
* [[Geoffrey Irwin|Irwin, Geoffrey]] (1992). ''The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Irwin, Geoffrey (2006). 'Pacific Migrations' in ''Māori Peoples of New Zealand: Ngā Iwi o Aotearoa''. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Auckland: David Bateman, 2006:10-18.
* [[Michael King|King, Michael]] (2003). ''History of New Zealand'' ISBN 0-14-301867-1 Penguin.
* Simmons, D.R. (1997). ''Ta Moko, The Art of Māori Tattoo''. Revised edition. First published 1986. Auckland: Reed.
* Sutton, Douglas G. (Ed.) (1994). ''The Origins of the First New Zealanders''. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 1869400984
</div>
== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Maori|Māori}}
{{wiktionary|Māori}}
* [http://www.aocafe.com/ Aotearoa Cafe], a discussion-forum about Māori history, politics and art.
* [http://www.amio.maori.nz/ Aotearoa Māori Internet Organisation], an online discussion board.
* [http://www.culture.co.nz/ culture.co.nz], directory of important Māori websites.
* [http://www.maori.info/ maori.info]; provides summaries of major aspects of Māori culture.
* [http://www.korero.maori.nz/ korero.maori.nz], an interactive Māori language resource site.
* [http://www.maori.org.nz/ maori.org.nz], a large website covering a wide range of Māori topics.
* [http://www.maorinews.com/karere/ Māori-related news headlines], from the Te Karere Ipurangi news portal.
* [http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~dominic/intro.html Māori theology], by Michael Shirres.
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080603162919.htm New Zealand's Colonization 1000 Years Later Than Previously Thought?], Study of the date of Māori arrival in New Zealand.
* [http://www.tamoko.org.nz Ta Moko], a website about ''moko'' (Māori body art).
* [http://www.teara.govt.nz Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand]; includes information on Māori New Zealanders.
{{Iwi}}
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