Macha
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2008-06-03T12:28:04Z
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/75.28.56.150|75.28.56.150]] ([[User talk:75.28.56.150|talk]]) to last version by Dysepsion
[[Image:Macha.jpg|thumb|200px|"Macha Curses the Men of Ulster", illustration by Stephen Reid from Eleanor Hull's ''The Boys' Cuchulainn, 1904]]
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'''Macha''' ({{IPA|/ˈmaxə/}}) is a presumed [[goddess]] of ancient [[Ireland]], associated with war, horses, sovereignty, and the sites of [[Armagh]] and [[Emain Macha]] in [[County Armagh]], which are named after her. A number of figures called Macha appear in [[Irish mythology]], legend and historical tradition, all believed to derive from the same deity.
==Macha, daughter of Partholón==
A poem in the ''[[Lebor Gabála Érenn]]'' mentions Macha as one of the daughters of [[Partholón]], leader of the first settlement of Ireland after the flood, although it records nothing about her.<ref>''[[Lebor Gabála Érenn]]'' [http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/lebor2.html §38]</ref>
==Macha, wife of Nemed==
Various sources record a second Macha as the wife of [[Nemed]], leader of the second settlement of Ireland after the flood. She was the first of Nemed's people to die in Ireland - twelve years after their arrival according to [[Geoffrey Keating]],<ref>[[Geoffrey Keating]], ''Foras Feasa ar Éirinn'' [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text017.html 1.7]</ref> twelve days after their arrival according to the ''[[Annals of the Four Masters]]''.<ref>''[[Annals of the Four Masters]]'' [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/text002.html M2850]</ref> She is said to have given her name to ''Ard Macha'' - "Macha's high place", the city of [[Armagh]] - where she was buried.
==Macha, daughter of Ernmas==
Macha, daughter of [[Ernmas]], of the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]], appears in many early sources. She is often mentioned together with her sisters, the [[Morrígan]] and the [[Badb]], and the three are often considered a [[triple goddess]] associated with war.<ref>James MacKillop, ''Dictionary of Celtic Mythology'', Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 281-282</ref> ''O'Mulconry's Glossary'', a thirteenth century compilation of [[gloss]]es from medieval manuscripts preserved in the ''[[Yellow Book of Lecan]]'', describes Macha as "one of the three ''morrígna''" (the plural of ''Morrígan''), and says the term ''Mesrad Machae'', "the mast [acorn crop] of Macha", refers to "the heads of men that have been slaughtered." A version of the same gloss in MS H.3.18 identifies Macha with the Badb, calls the trio "raven women" who instigate battle.<ref>Angelique Gulermovich Epstein, ''War Goddess: The Morrígan and her Germano-Celtic Counterparts'', [http://snlemons.iweb.bsu.edu/docs/Celtic/Morrigan%20Thesis.ZIP electronic version (WinZip format)], September 1998, pp. 49-52.</ref> Keating explicitly calls them "goddesses",<ref>Geoffrey Keating, ''Foras Feasa ar Éirinn'' [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text021.html 1.11]</ref> but medieval Irish tradition was keen to remove all trace of pre-Christian religion, so Macha is said to have been killed by [[Balor]] in the Second Battle of Mag Tuired.<ref>''Lebor Gabála Érenn [http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/lebor4.html §60, 62, 64]; Whitley Stokes (ed & trans), ''[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T300011.html The Second Battle of Moytura]'', p. 101</ref>
==Macha Mong Ruad==
Macha Mong Ruad ("red mane"), daughter of [[Áed Rúad]], was, according to medieval legend and historical tradition, the only queen in the [[List of High Kings of Ireland]]. Her father rotated the kingship with his cousins [[Díthorba]] and [[Cimbáeth]], seven years at a time. Áed died after his third stint as king, and when his turn came round again, Macha claimed the kingship. Díthorba and Cimbáeth refused to to allow a woman to take the throne, and a battle ensued. Macha won, and Díthorba was killed. She won a second battle against Díthorba's sons, who fled into the wilderness of [[Connacht]], and married Cimbáeth, with whom she shared the kingship. She pursued Díthorba's sons alone, disguised as a leper, and overcame each of them in turn when they tried to have sex with her, tied them up, and carried the three of them bodily to [[Ulster]]. The Ulstermen wanted to have them killed, but Macha instead enslaved them and forced them to build the stronghold of [[Emain Macha]] (Navan Fort near Armagh), to be the capital of the [[Ulaid]], marking out its boundaries with her brooch (explaining the name ''Emain Macha'' as ''eó-muin Macha'' or "Macha's neck-brooch").<ref>Eugene O'Curry, ''Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History'', 1861, [http://www.google.co.uk/books?id=li02AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527&vq=macha Appendix No. XXXVIII]</ref> Macha ruled together with Cimbáeth for seven years, until he died of plague at Emain Macha, and then a further fourteen years on her own, until she was killed by [[Rechtaid Rígderg]].<ref>Geoffrey Keating, ''Foras Feasa ar Éirinn'' [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text037.html 1.27]-[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text038.html 1.28]</ref><ref>''Annals of the Four Masters'' [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/text017.html M4532]-[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/text018.html 4546]</ref> The ''Lebor Gabála'' synchronises her reign to that of [[Ptolemy I Soter]] (323-283 BC).<ref>R. A. Stewart Macalister (ed. & trans.), ''Lebor Gabála Érenn: The Book of the Taking of Ireland Part V'', Irish Texts Society, 1956, p. 263-267</ref> The chronology of Keating's ''Foras Feasa ar Éirinn'' dates her reign to 468-461 BC, the ''Annals of the Four Masters'' to 661-654 BC.
Marie-Louise Sjoestedt writes of this figure: "In the person of this second Macha we discover a new aspect of the local goddess, that of the warrior and dominator; and this is combined with the sexual aspect in a specific manner which reappears in other myths, the male partner or partners being dominated by the female."<ref name = "Sjoestedt">{{cite book | first = Marie-Louise | last = Sjoestedt | coauthors =(Translated by Myles Dillon) | title = Gods and Heroes of the Celts | edition = second | year = 1982 | publisher = Turtle Island Foundation | location = Berkeley, CA | page= pp.28-9 | id = ISBN 0-913666-52-1}}</ref>
{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Cimbáeth]]<br>and Macha|
title=[[List of High Kings of Ireland|High Queen of Ireland]]<br>(Alone)|
after=[[Rechtaid Rígderg]]|
years=[[Lebor Gabála Érenn|LGE]] 4th/3rd century BC<br>[[Geoffrey Keating|FFE]] 468-461 BC<br>[[Annals of the Four Masters|AFM]] 661-654 BC|
}}
{{end box}}
==Macha, wife of Cruinniuc==
Macha, daughter of Sainrith mac Imbaith, was the wife of [[Cruinniuc]], an Ulster farmer. After Cruinniuc's first wife died, she appeared at his house and, without speaking, began acting as his wife. As long as they were together Cruinniuc's wealth increased. When he went to a festival organised by the king of Ulster, she warned him that she would only stay with him so long as he did not mention her to anyone, and he promised to say nothing. However, during a chariot race, he boasted that his wife could run faster than the king's horses. The king heard, and demanded she be brought to put her husband's boast to the test. Despite being heavily pregnant, she raced the horses and beat them, giving birth to twins on the finish line. Thereafter the capital of Ulster was called ''Emain Macha'', or "Macha's twins". She cursed the men of Ulster to suffer her labour pains in the hour of their greatest need, which is why none of the Ulstermen but the semi-divine hero [[Cúchulainn]] were able to fight in the ''[[Táin Bó Cuailnge]]'' (Cattle Raid of [[Cooley peninsula|Cooley]]).<ref>[http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/debility.html "The Debility of the Ulstermen"]</ref> This Macha is particularly associated with horses – it is perhaps significant that twin colts were born on the same day as Cúchulainn, and that one of his chariot-horses was called [[Liath Macha]] or "Macha's Grey" - and she is often compared with the [[Welsh mythology|Welsh mythological]] figure [[Rhiannon]].
==Etymology==
As part of its [[lexicon]], [[Proto-Celtic]] is thought to have had a [[Grammatical gender|feminine]] word *''makajā'' denoting ‘[[plain]],’ with a [[genitive]] [[Grammatical number|singular]] *''makajās'' ‘of the [[plain]]’ <ref>[http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/institutes/sassi/spns/ProtoCelt.pdf Proto-Celtic lexicon]</ref>. The name Macha may be derived from either of these.
==References==
{{commons|Category:Macha|Macha}}
{{reflist}}
{{Celtic mythology (Mythological)}}
{{Celtic mythology (Ulster)}}
[[Category:Cycles of the Kings]]
[[Category:Legendary High Kings of Ireland]]
[[Category:Irish goddesses]]
[[Category:Mythological cycle]]
[[Category:Mythological queens]]
[[Category:Tuatha Dé Danann]]
[[Category:Ulster Cycle]]
[[Category:War goddesses]]
[[cy:Macha]]
[[de:Macha]]
[[it:Macha]]
[[ja:マッハ (ケルト神話)]]
[[pl:Macha]]
[[pt:Macha (mitologia da Irlanda)]]