Madder 233878 222575584 2008-06-30T02:06:51Z Juhachi 1150136 some ce {{for|the actor|Leo Madder}} {{Taxobox | name = Madder | image = Rubia.tinctorum02.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Common Madder (''Rubia tinctorum'') | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Gentianales]] | familia = [[Rubiaceae]] | tribus = [[Rubieae]] | genus = '''''Rubia''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text. }} '''Madder''' is the common name of the [[plant]] genus ''Rubia'', the [[biological type|type genus]] of the madder family [[Rubiaceae]]. The genus contains about 60 species of perennial scrambling or climbing [[herb]]s and [[sub-shrub]]s native to the [[Old World]], Africa, temperate Asia and America. The best known species are Common Madder (''Rubia tinctorum''), Wild Madder (''Rubia peregrina''), and Indian Madder (''Rubia cordifolia''). The Common Madder can grow to 1.5 m in height. The [[evergreen]] [[leaf|leaves]] are 5-10 cm long and 2-3 cm broad, produced in whorls of 4-7 starlike around the central stem. It climbs with tiny hooks at the leaves and stems. The flowers are small (3-5 mm across), with five pale yellow petals, in dense [[raceme]]s, and appear from June to August, followed by small (4-6 mm diameter) red to black [[berry|berries]]. The [[root]]s can be over a metre long, up to 12 mm thick and the source of a red [[dye]] known as [[rose madder]]. It prefers loamy soils with a constant level of moisture. Madders are used as food plants for the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Macroglossum stellatarum|Hummingbird hawk moth]]. ==Species== * ''Rubia akane'' * ''Rubia alaica'' Pachom. * ''Rubia angustifolia'' L. ** ''Rubia angustifolia'' ssp. ''angustifolia'' ** ''Rubia angustifolia'' ssp. ''caespitosa'' * ''Rubia chinensis'' Regel & Maack * ''Rubia chitralensis'' Ehrend. * ''Rubia cordata'' Thunb * ''Rubia cordifolia'' L. : Indian Madder * ''Rubia cretacea'' Pojark. * ''Rubia deserticola'' Pojark. * ''Rubia dolichophylla'' Schrenk * ''Rubia florida'' Boiss. * ''Rubia fruticosa'' * ''Rubia jesoensis'' (Miq.) Miyabe & Miyake * ''Rubia komarovii'' Pojark. * ''Rubia krascheninnikovii'' Pojark. * ''Rubia laevissima'' Tscherneva * ''Rubia laxiflora'' Gontsch. * ''Rubia pavlovii'' Bajtenov & Myrz. * ''Rubia peregrina'' L. : Wild Madder * ''Rubia rechingeri'' Ehrend. * ''Rubia regelii'' Pojark. * ''Rubia rezniczenkoana'' Litv. * ''Rubia rigidifolia'' Pojark. * ''Rubia schugnanica'' B.Fedtsch. ex Pojark. * ''Rubia sikkimensis'' Kurz * ''Rubia syrticola'' Miq. * ''Rubia tatarica'' (Trevir.) F.Schmidt * ''Rubia tibetica'' Hook.f. * ''Rubia tinctorum'' L. : Common Madder * ''Rubia transcaucasica'' Grossh. * ''Rubia yunnanensis'' (Franch. ex Diels) Diels ==Uses== It has been used since ancient times as a vegetable red [[dye]] for leather, wool, cotton and silk. For dye production, the roots are harvested in the first year. The outer brown layer gives the common variety of the dye, the lower yellow layer the refined variety. The dye is fixed to the cloth with help of a [[mordant]], most commonly [[alum]]. Madder can be fermented for dyeing as well (Fleurs de garance). In [[France]], the remains were used to produce a spirit as well. The roots contain the acid [[ruberthyrin]]. By drying, fermenting or a treatment with acids, this is changed to sugar, [[alizarin]] and [[purpurin]]. Purpurin is normally not coloured, but is red when dissolved in alcalic solutions. Mixed with clay and treated with [[alum]] and [[ammonia]], it gives a brilliant red colourant ([[madder lake]]).[[Image:Illustration Rubia tinctorum1.jpg|thumb|left|Common Madder (''Rubia tinctorum''), from Thomé, ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' 1885.]] The pulverised roots can be dissolved in [[sulfuric acid]], which leaves a dye called [[garance]] (the [[French language|French]] name for madder) after drying. Another method of increasing the yield consisted of dissolving the roots in sulfuric acid after they had been used for dyeing. This produces a dye called [[garanceux]]. By treating the pulverized roots with alcohol, [[colorin]] was produced. It contained 40-50 times the amount of [[alizarin]] of the roots. The chemical name for the [[pigment]] is [[alizarin]], of the [[anthraquinone]]-group. In 1869, the German chemists Graebe and Liebermann synthesised artificial alizarin, which was produced industrially from 1871 onwards, which effectively put an end to the cultivation of madder. In the 20th century, madder was only grown in some areas of France. ==History== [[Pedanius Dioscorides|Dioscorides]] and [[Pliny the Elder]] (De Re Natura) mention the plant (Rubia passiva). In [[Viking age]] levels of [[York]], remains of both [[woad]] and madder have been excavated. The oldest textiles dyed with madder come from the grave of the [[Merovingian]] queen [[Arnegundis]] in [[St. Denis]] near [[Paris]] (between 565 and 570 AD). In the "Capitulare de villis" of [[Charlemagne]], madder is mentioned as "warentiam". The [[herbal]] of [[Hildegard of Bingen]] mentions the plant as well. The red coats of the British [[Redcoat]]s were dyed with madder. According to [[Nicholas Culpeper|Culpeper]]'s [[herbal]], the plant is ruled by [[Mars]] and has an opening quality, and will bind and strengthen afterwards. It was used in the treatment of [[jaundice]], obstruction of the [[spleen]], [[melancholy]], [[palsy]], [[hemorrhoid|haemorrhoids]], [[sciatica]], and of bruises. The root should be boiled in wine, and sugar or honey added. The seed of madder, drunk with vinegar and honey is used for the swelling of the spleen. Leaves and stems are used when the monthly female menstrual bleeding is late. Leaves and roots are squashed and put on freckles and other discolorations of the skin. ==References== * R. Chenciner, Madder red: a history of luxury and trade (Richmond 2000). ==External links== {{commons|Rubia tinctorum|Madder}} <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================== | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS | | NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS NOR SHOULD IT BE USED FOR ADVERTISING. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page. Or submit your link | | to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)| | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> *[http://www.mannamcarpets.com/images/madderR3.gif Picture showing shades of red obtained on wool with Madder] *[http://www.rugreview.com/13-3nest.htm Article showing the results of cold dyeing wool with madder] *[http://www.dyeplants.de/faerberroete.html Data sheet with pictures of madder] (German) {{Dyeing}} [[Category:Rugs and carpets]] [[Category:Rubiaceae]] [[Category:Natural dyes]] [[da:Krap]] [[de:Färberröten]] [[es:Rubia (Planta)]] [[fr:Rubia]] [[ka:ენდრო]] [[ja:アカネ]] [[pt:Rubia]] [[ru:Марена]] [[sr:Броћ]] [[te:మంజిష్ఠ]]