Madi 2948866 213320176 2008-05-18T20:39:39Z Iridescent 937705 Cleanup/[[WP:AWB/T|typo fixing]] , typos fixed: sudan → Sudan using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] : ''For other uses, see [[madi (disambiguation)]].'' The '''Mà'dí''' people are found in the [[Torit|Torit district]] in [[Sudan]], and the districts of [[Adjumani]] and [[Moyo]] in [[Uganda]]. == Language and brief history == Their language, also called [[Madi language (Sudan and Uganda)|Ma'di]], is a [[Central Sudanic languages|Central Sudanic language]], closely related to the language spoken by the [[Moru]], [[Lugbara]], [[Lulubo]], [[Keliku]], [[Logo,]] and [[Avukaya]], with whom they also share many cultural similarities &ndash; which might point to their common origin. There are three main dialects of the language. These are Northern ('Burulo), central (Lokayi) and Southern (Moyo, Metu etc). Of the three southern and central are related in syntax, grammar and vocabulary, but the northern dialect is completely different, especially in its syntax.<br /> The [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] (1983–2005) diminished the number of Madi in the Sudan and most of their villages are now occupied by [[internally displaced person|internally displaced people]] from other parts of Southern Sudan.However following the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed between the SPLM/A and the NIF government, a number of the Sudanese are preparing to return home. In Uganda, the Sudanese civil-war and the havoc caused by the [[Lord's Resistance Army]], has led the Madi to bear with the influx of refugees from Sudan and from other parts of Uganda.<br /> Uganda has hosted the Sudanese Ma'di twice now. First in the 1960s during the Anyanya war which ended in 1972 with the Adis Ababa Accord. The second wave started in 1983 with the SPLM/A war which came to an end in 2005 with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA).<br /> In the early 1980s the flow of refugees was from Uganda, following the fall of Idi Amin's government when a lot of Ma'di people were massacred by the invading Tanzanian forces and the National Liberation Army. ==Religion== The majority of the Madi are now [[Christian]]s, while some are [[Muslim]]s.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Most Christian Ma'dis are Catholics with some Anglicans. However a plethora of new churches are springing up daily in the area. There is also a sizeable Moslem community, mostly of Nubi stock, especially in trading areas like Adjumani, Dzaipi and Nimule. See [[Juma Oris]] and [[Moses Ali]]. However, even the so called 'people of the books' often revert to traditional beliefs and practices at traumatic moments.<br /> In addition some modern people continue to believe in traditional African religions. In traditional Madi religion, God or ''Rubanga'', may be approached through the spirits of dead relatives. At harvest time, the first harvest must be offered to the spirits to thank them for successfully interceding to God on behalf of the living. On miniature altars called ''Kidori'', sacrifices were offered to ancestral spirits in good times and bad times.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} The Ma'di used to have rainmakers who played important social, religious and political roles. They had the power to make rain to fall. Often they were killed when rain fails for a prolonged period of time.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} However, as elders knowledgeable about Madi traditional culture die off, increasingly fewer Madi practise traditional religion and cultural activities. == Socio-Economic activities == The Ma'di grow millet, sorghum, cassava, sweet potatoes, sesame, groundnuts for home consumption and sale. The main cash crops are cotton {Uganda} and tobacco {Sudan}. There is some fishing at Laropi (Uganda) and Nimule (Sudan). Hunting used to be a very important seasonal activity but is dwindling in importance now. == Political set-up == The ma'di used to be organised mostly at clan levels, led by a combination of rain makers (eyi opi), Land custodians (Vu 'dipi) and distinguished warriors (ajugo). With the coming of colonialism, there are now centralised local administration with the Ajugopi in Moyo and the paramount chief in Loa, Sudan. == Dances == There are a number of traditional dances. The main ones are Mure, (a royal war dance), gayi (a youth flirtation dance in the flamingo tradition), kore (a graceful dance), kejua (mostly by women), ogwa ariyo ( a foreign invasion possibly from the Acholi for youth). <!--[hide, for now, due to possible promotional issues (and excess bold font)]== Musicians == Some of the most well known Ma'di musicians are:<br /> '''Ma'di Homa Boyz''', who rap.<br /> '''Pawa Boyz''', who are into easy listening music.<br /> Of the older generation there is '''James Iyu''' who plays a traditional harp [o'di] and '''Jima Oyuru''' who plays guitar, in country fashion. == Notable Ma'di Individuals == '''Felix Onama''', Defence Minister, Obote 1 regime (Uganda). Deceased.<br /> '''Roland Bata (Dr)''', Minister of Labour, Museveni Government (Uganda)<br /> '''Moses Apiliga (Dr)''', Minister of Trade and Supply, and MP currently, Obote ii, (Uganda)<br /> '''Moses Ali (General)''', Minister of Finance (Amin's Govt) and Deputy V Premiere (Museveni)<br /> '''Juma Orisi (Brigadier)''', Minister of Foreign Affairs, (Amin). Deceased.<br /> '''Ceaser Asili''', Bishop of Lira (Uganda). Deceased.<br /> '''James Appe''', a novelist (Uganda)<br /> '''Prof Kiapi''', an academic, (lawyer) Makerere University. Deceased.<br /> '''Joseph Lagu (Lt Gen)''', Vice President (Sudan), Leader of Anyanya<br /> '''Paride Taban''', Bishop of Torit, Sudan. Retired.<br /> '''Gama Hassan''', Regional Minister of Agriculture, South Sudan<br /> '''Angelo Voga''', Sudanese Ambassador to Zimbabwe <br /> '''Severino Fuli''', Chairman South Sudan repartration Committe and author<br /> '''Ann Itto (Dr)''', SPLM Deputy Sec Gen Southern Sector (Sudan) and academic<br /> '''Florence Luttaya''', Minister of health, Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan.<br /> '''Tereza iro''', Minister of State for Environment and Physical Development, Khartoum, Sudan<br /> '''Redento Onzi''', Speaker of National Assembly, Khartoum, in 1950s.Deceased.<br /> '''Siricio Iro''', Member of the Joint Presidency in 1950s, Khartoum, Sudan. deceased.<br /> '''Mairi Blackings''' (Dr), Academic and a Linguist, Sudan<br /> '''Joseph Ke'bulu''', Minister for Social services, equatoria Region, assassinated in 1990s.<br /> '''Adelino Opi''', Speaker Eastern Equatoria Parliament.Deposed.<br /> '''Andrea Vuni''', Bishop African Inland Church, Sudan. deceased.<br/> '''Nichlaus Olal''', Bishop, revival church, Sudan<br /> '''Giovani Kisso''', Bishop, Apostolic Church, Sudan. <br /> '''Jima Oyuru''', a musician, Nimule, Sudan.<br /> '''James Iyu''', a musician, Panyanga,Loropi, Uganda.<br /> == Important books on Ma'di by the Ma'di == A'babiku, Rose 'A Key History of Ma'di<br /> Blackings, M and Fabb N (2003) A Grammar of Ma'di: Mouton <br /> Blackings, M (2000) Ma'di English - English Ma'di Dictionary. Lincom Europa.<br /> Fuli, Severino (2002) Shaping a Free Southern Sudan: Memoirs of our struggle. Loa Parish.--> == Important Tourist Attractions == In Uganda there is Drufile port that was used as a major slave trade port. In the Sudan, there is the Nimule national park, and the Fulla Rapids, which is likely to be a major provider of hydro-electricity for the whole region. ==References== *[http://www.gurtong.org/resourcecenter/people/profile_tribe.asp?TribeID=30 Gurtong Peace Project - South Sudanese Communities] * Moorehead Alan, No Room in the Ark, Penguin, Middlesex, 1962. [[Category:Ethnic groups in Sudan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Uganda]] [[nl:Madi]] [[sv:Madifolket]]