Mainframe computer 20266 225828880 2008-07-15T16:18:34Z Epbr123 1395162 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/OrgasGirl|OrgasGirl]] to last version by Scandum (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{Cleanup|date=June 2007}} {{otheruses3|Mainframe}} [[Image:Honeywell-Bull DPS 7 Mainframe BWW March 1990.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A ''Honeywell-Bull DPS 7'' mainframe, circa 1990.]] '''Mainframes''' (often colloquially referred to as '''[[big iron|Big Iron]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/07/20/ibm_mainframe_refresh/|title=IBM preps big iron fiesta|publisher=[[The Register]]|date=July 20, 2005}}</ref>) are [[computer]]s used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as [[census]], industry and consumer statistics, [[Enterprise Resource Planning|ERP]], and financial [[transaction processing]]. The term probably originated from the early mainframes, as they were housed in enormous, room-sized metal boxes or frames. <ref>{{cite web| last = Ebbers | first = Mike | last2 = O’Brien | first2 = W. | last3 = Ogden | first3 = B. | title = Introduction to the New Mainframe: z/OS Basics | publisher = IBM International Technical Support Organization | year = 2006 | format = pdf | url = http://publibz.boulder.ibm.com/zoslib/pdf/zosbasic.pdf | accessdate = 2007-06-01 }}</ref> Later the term was used to distinguish high-end commercial machines from less powerful units. Today in practice, the term usually refers to computers compatible with the [[IBM System/360]] line, first introduced in 1965. ([[IBM System z10]] is the latest incarnation.) Otherwise, large systems that are not based on the System/360 are referred to as either "[[computer server|servers]]" or "[[supercomputer]]s". However, "server", "supercomputer" and "mainframe" are not synonymous (see [[client-server]]). Some non-System/360-compatible systems derived from or compatible with older (pre-Web) server technology may also be considered mainframes. These include the [[Burroughs large systems]], the [[UNIVAC 1100/2200 series]] systems, and the pre-System/360 [[IBM 700/7000 series]]. Most large-scale computer system architectures were firmly established in the 1960s and most large computers were based on architecture established during that era up until the advent of Web servers in the 1990s. (Interestingly, the first Web server running anywhere outside Switzerland ran on an IBM mainframe at Stanford University as early as 1990. See [[History of the World Wide Web]] for details.) There were several [[minicomputer]] operating systems and architectures that arose in the 1970s and 1980s, but minicomputers are generally not considered mainframes. ([[UNIX]] arose as a minicomputer operating system; Unix has scaled up over the years to acquire some mainframe characteristics.) Many defining characteristics of "mainframe" were established in the 1960s, but those characteristics continue to expand and evolve to the present day. == Description == Modern mainframe computers have abilities not so much defined by their single task computational speed (usually defined as MIPS — Millions of Instructions Per Second) as by their redundant internal engineering and resulting high reliability and security, extensive input-output facilities, strict [[backward compatibility]] with older software, and high utilization rates to support massive throughput. These machines often run for years without interruption, with repairs and hardware upgrades taking place during normal operation. Software upgrades are only non-disruptive when [[Parallel Sysplex]] is in place, with true workload sharing, so one system can take over another's application, while it is being refreshed. More recently, there are several IBM mainframe installations that have delivered over a decade of continuous business service as of 2007, with hardware upgrades not interrupting service.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Mainframes are defined by high availability, one of the main reasons for their longevity, because they are typically used in applications where downtime would be costly or catastrophic. The term [[Reliability, Availability and Serviceability]] (RAS) is a defining characteristic of mainframe computers. Proper planning (and implementation) is required to exploit these features. In the 1960s, most mainframes had no interactive interface. They accepted sets of [[punch cards]], paper tape, and/or magnetic tape and operated solely in [[batch processing|batch]] mode to support [[back office]] functions, such as customer billing. [[Teletype]] devices were also common, at least for system operators. By the early 1970s, many mainframes acquired interactive user interfaces and operated as [[timesharing]] computers, supporting hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously along with batch processing. Users gained access through specialized [[Computer terminal|terminals]] or, later, from [[personal computer]]s equipped with [[terminal emulation]] software. Many mainframes supported graphical terminals (and terminal emulation) by the 1980s (if not earlier). Nowadays most mainframes have partially or entirely phased out classic user terminal access in favor of Web user interfaces. Historically mainframes acquired their name in part because of their substantial size and requirements for specialized heating, ventilating, air conditioning ([[HVAC]]), and electrical power. Those requirements ended by the mid-1990s with [[CMOS]] mainframe designs replacing the older [[Bipolar junction transistor|bipolar]] technology. In a major reversal, IBM now touts its newer mainframes' ability to reduce data center energy costs for power and cooling and reduced physical space requirements compared to [[server farms]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Setting the record straight on mainframe TCO|author=John Shedletsky|publisher=IBM|date=2007-11-20|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/swnews/swnews.nsf/n/cres78cr4r?OpenDocument&Site=swzseries}}</ref> == Characteristics of mainframes== Nearly all mainframes have the ability to run (or host) multiple operating systems and thereby operate not as a single computer but as a number of [[virtual machine]]s. In this role, a single mainframe can replace dozens or even hundreds of smaller [[Server (computing)|servers]], reducing management and administrative costs while providing greatly improved [[scalability]] and reliability. Mainframes can add or [[hot swap]] system capacity non disruptively and granularly. Modern mainframes, notably the IBM [[zSeries]], [[System z9]] and [[System z10]] servers, offer three levels of [[virtualization]]: logical partitions ([[LPAR]]s, via the [[PR/SM]] facility), virtual machines (via the [[z/VM]] operating system), and through its operating systems (notably [[z/OS]] with its key-protected address spaces and sophisticated goal-oriented workload scheduling,{{Clarifyme|date=November 2007}}<!-- are those two virtualization techniques at all? --> but also [[Linux]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] and [[Java (programming language)|Java]]). This virtualization is so thorough, so well established, and so reliable that most IBM mainframe customers run no more than two machines: one in their primary data center, and one in their [[disaster recovery|backup data center]]&mdash;fully active, partially active, or on standby&mdash;in case there is a catastrophe affecting the first building. All test, development, training, and production workload for all applications and all databases can run on a single machine, except for extremely large demands where the capacity of one machine might be limiting. Such a two mainframe installation can support continuous business service, avoiding both planned and unplanned outages. Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output (I/O) and emphasize throughput computing. Since the mid-1960s, mainframe designs have included several subsidiary computers (called [[System/360#Channels|''channels'']] or [[CDC 6600#Peripheral Processors .28PPs.29|''peripheral processors'']]) which manage the I/O devices, leaving the CPU free to deal only with high-speed memory. It is common in mainframe shops to deal with massive [[database]]s and files. Giga-record or tera-record files are not unusual.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wintercorp.com/PressReleases/ttp2005_pressrelease_091405.htm |title=Largest Commercial Database in Winter Corp. TopTen™ Survey Tops One Hundred Terabytes |accessdate=2008-05-16 |work=Press release}}</ref> Compared to a typical PC, mainframes commonly have hundreds to thousands of times as much [[computer storage|data storage]] online, and can access it much faster.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} {{Cleanup|paragraph|date=April 2008}}Mainframe [[return on investment]] (ROI), like any other computing platform, is dependent on its ability to scale, support mixed workloads, reduce labor costs, deliver uninterrupted service for critical business applications, and several other risk-adjusted cost factors. Some argue that the modern mainframe is not cost-effective. [[Hewlett-Packard]] and [[Dell, Inc.|Dell]] unsurprisingly take that view at least at times, and so do a few independent analysts. [[Sun Microsystems]] used to take that view but, beginning in mid-2007, started promoting its new partnership with IBM, including probable support for the company's [[OpenSolaris]] operating system running on IBM mainframes. The general consensus (held by [[Gartner]]{{Fact|date=November 2007}} and other independent analysts) is that the modern mainframe often has unique value and superior cost-effectiveness, especially for large scale enterprise computing. In fact, Hewlett-Packard also continues to manufacture its own mainframe (arguably), the [[NonStop]] system originally created by Tandem. Logical partitioning is now found in many [[UNIX]]-based servers, and many vendors are promoting virtualization technologies, in many ways validating the mainframe's design accomplishments. Mainframes also have unique execution integrity characteristics for [[fault tolerant]] computing. z900 and z990 and System z9 and z10 servers execute each instruction twice,{{Fact|date=November 2007}}<!-- each or some of them? --> compare results, and shift workloads "in flight" to functioning processors, including spares, without any impact to applications or users. This feature, also found in HP's [[NonStop]] systems, is known as lock-stepping, because both processors take their "steps" (''i.e.'' instructions) together. Not all applications absolutely need the assured integrity that these systems provide, but many do, such as financial transaction processing. However, the mainframe has its disadvantage. In particular, it is most likely remote and centralized. That may not be a problem as some business has to be done centralized, e.g. accounting, stock transaction, etc. However, there are a lot of business processes that benefit from decentralized management. Also, the high costs to maintain in an absolute scale or, to put it nicer, the need of a critical mass to invest on a mainframe platform sometimes "force" processes that are relatively independent to compromise and sit in one large box under the centralized IT management. Even though one may argue certain cost saving on average, the flexibility, the user ownership, the difficulty to compromise the [[maintenance window]], the hardship to deal with diverse clients, and also delegating IT management to a different team makes mainframe concept unpopular. A lot of IT revolution is away from the "bureau approach" implicit to mainframe solution. Instead, one opts for a more personal (PC), or departmental (mid-range), data processing. Mainframe's virtualization technology of running hundreds of OSes (like Linux) on one mainframe did not directly address these issues inherent to centralization. Instead, a lot of the mainframe's features, like [[multiprocessing]], [[disk array controller]]s, [[I/O multipathing]], [[graphics controller]]s, virtualization, are downscaled to less expensive platforms, rather than lower platform's technologies upscale to mainframe. Despite these issues, the mainframe is still a viable general purpose business computer in terms of its support for a wide variety of popular operating systems, [[middleware]], and applications suitable for certain type of organization, culture and business processes. ==Market== [[IBM mainframe]]s dominate the mainframe market at well over 90% [[market share]]<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.ccianet.org/artmanager/publish/news/IBM_Tightens_Stranglehold_Over_Mainframe_Market_Gets_Hit_with_Antitrust_Complaint_in_Europe.shtml |title=IBM Tightens Stranglehold Over Mainframe Market; Gets Hit with Antitrust Complaint in Europe |date=2008-07-02 |publisher=CCIA |accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref>. [[Unisys]] manufactures ClearPath mainframes, based on earlier [[Sperry Corporation|Sperry]] and [[Burroughs Corporation|Burroughs]] product lines. [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]] co-developed the [[zSeries]] z800 with IBM to share expenses. [[Hewlett-Packard]] sells its unique [[NonStop]] systems, which it acquired with [[Tandem Computers]]. [[Groupe Bull]]'s DPS, [[Fujitsu]]-Siemens [[BS2000]], and Fujitsu-[[ICL VME]] mainframes are still available in Europe. Fujitsu, Hitachi, and [[NEC]] (the "JCMs") still maintain nominal mainframe hardware businesses in their home Japanese market. The amount of vendor investment in mainframe development varies with marketshare. Unisys, HP, Groupe Bull, Fujitsu, Hitachi, and NEC now rely primarily on commodity [[Intel]] [[CPU]]s rather than custom processors in order to reduce development expenses, and they have also cut back their mainframe software development. In contrast, IBM has its own large research and development organization designing new, homegrown CPUs, including mainframe processors, and IBM is rapidly expanding its software business, including its mainframe software portfolio, to seek additional profits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enterprisenetworksandservers.com/monthly/art.php?3306|title=IBM Opens Latin America's First Mainframe Software Center|publisher=Enterprise Networks and Servers|date=August 2007}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/22556.wss|title=IBM Helps Clients Modernize Applications on the Mainframe|publisher=IBM|date=November 7, 2007}}</ref> Platform Solutions Inc., which was spun off former plug compatible mainframe vendor [[Amdahl]] Corp. in January 1999,{{cite web |url=http://www.platform-solutions.com/aboutPSI.php |title=PSI history|accessdate=2008-04-24}} markets [[Itanium]]-based servers compatible with [[IBM System z]]. PSI and IBM are engaged in a series of lawsuits. IBM alleges that PSI violated its [[patents]] and refuses to license its software on PSI systems, while PSI alleges that IBM is violating anti-trust laws. In October of 2007, PSI has additionally filed a complaint with the EU concerning IBM anti-competitive behavior in the European mainframe market. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.platform-solutions.com/news-litigation.php|title=Litigation Status on Platform Solutions, Inc. Anti-Trust Claims Against IBM|publisher=Platform Solutions Inc.|date=January 22, 2007}}</ref> In July 2008 IBM acquired PSI and both companies dropped their lawsuits against each other.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/24560.wss |title=IBM Acquires Platform Solutions | date=2008-07-02 |accessdate=2008-07-06}}</ref> The European Union, however, has not stated it has dropped its investigation.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} ==History== Several manufacturers produced mainframe computers from the late 1950s through the 1970s. The group of manufacturers was first known as "[[BUNCH|IBM and the Seven Dwarfs]]": [[IBM]], [[Burroughs Corporation|Burroughs]], [[UNIVAC]], [[NCR Corporation|NCR]], [[Control Data Corporation|Control Data]], [[Honeywell Corporation|Honeywell]], [[General Electric]] and [[RCA]]. Later, shrinking, it was referred to as IBM and the [[BUNCH]]. IBM's dominance grew out of their [[IBM 700/7000 series|700/7000 series]] and, later, the development of the [[System/360|360]] series mainframes. The latter architecture has continued to evolve into their current zSeries/z9 mainframes which, along with the then Burroughs and now [[Unisys]] [[Burroughs large systems|MCP]]-based mainframes, are among the few mainframe architectures still extant that can trace their roots to this early period. That said, while they can still run 24-bit System/360 code, the 64-bit zSeries and System z9 CMOS servers have nothing physically in common with the older systems. Notable manufacturers outside the USA were [[Siemens AG|Siemens]] and [[Telefunken]] in [[Germany]], [[International Computers Limited|ICL]] in the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Fujitsu]], [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&u=http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKITAC&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dokitac%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DsW9 Oki], and [[NEC]] in [[Japan]]. The [[Soviet Union]] and [[Warsaw Pact]] countries manufactured close copies of IBM mainframes during the [[Cold War]]; the [[Strela computer|Strela]] is an example of an independently designed Soviet computer. Shrinking demand and tough competition caused a shakeout in the market in the early 1980s &mdash; RCA sold out to UNIVAC and GE also left; Honeywell was bought out by [[Bull (company)|Bull]]; UNIVAC became a division of [[Sperry Corporation|Sperry]], which later merged with Burroughs to form [[Unisys]] Corporation in 1986. In 1991, [[AT&T]] briefly owned NCR. During the same period, companies found that servers based on microcomputer designs could be deployed at a fraction of the acquisition price and offer local users much greater control over their own systems given the IT policies and practices at that time. Terminals used for interacting with mainframe systems were gradually replaced by [[personal computer]]s. Consequently, demand plummeted and new mainframe installations were restricted mainly to financial services and government. In the early 1990s, there was a consensus among industry analysts that the mainframe was a dying market as mainframe platforms were increasingly replaced by personal computer networks. That trend started to turn around in the late 1990s as corporations found new uses for their existing mainframes and as the price of data networking collapsed in most parts of the world. The growth of [[e-business]] also dramatically increased the number of back-end transactions processed by mainframe software as well as the size and throughput of databases. Another factor currently increasing mainframe use is the development of the [[Linux on zSeries|Linux]] operating system, which can run on many mainframe systems, typically in virtual machines. Linux allows users to take advantage of [[open source]] software combined with mainframe hardware RAS. Rapid expansion and development in [[emerging markets]], particularly [[China]], is also spurring major mainframe investments to solve exceptionally difficult computing problems, e.g. providing unified, extremely high volume online transaction processing databases for 1 billion consumers across multiple industries (banking, insurance, credit reporting, government services, etc.) ==Mainframes vs. supercomputers== The distinction between [[supercomputer]]s and mainframes is not a hard and fast one, but supercomputers generally focus on problems which are limited by calculation speed while mainframes focus on problems which are limited by input/output and reliability ("throughput computing") and on solving multiple business problems concurrently (mixed workload). The differences and similarities include: *Both types of systems offer parallel processing. Supercomputers typically expose it to the programmer in complex manners, while mainframes typically use it to run multiple tasks. One result of this difference is that adding processors to a mainframe often speeds up the entire workload transparently. * Supercomputers are optimized for complicated computations that take place largely in memory, while mainframes are optimized for comparatively simple computations involving huge amounts of external data. For example, [[weather forecasting]] is suited to supercomputers, and insurance business or payroll processing applications are more suited to mainframes. * Supercomputers are often purpose-built for one or a very few specific institutional tasks (e.g. simulation and modeling). Mainframes typically handle a wider variety of tasks (e.g. data processing, warehousing). Consequently, most supercomputers can be one-off designs, whereas mainframes typically form part of a manufacturer's standard model lineup. * Mainframes tend to have numerous ancillary service processors assisting their main central processors (for cryptographic support, I/O handling, monitoring, memory handling, etc.) so that the actual "processor count" is much higher than would otherwise be obvious. Supercomputer design tends not to include as many service processors since they don't appreciably add to raw number-crunching power. There has been some blurring of the term "mainframe," with some PC and server vendors referring to their systems as "mainframes" or "mainframe-like." This is not widely accepted and the market generally recognizes that mainframes are genuinely and demonstrably different. == Statistics == [[Image:Z800 2066 JKU.jpeg|thumb|left|200px|An IBM zSeries 800 (foreground, left) running [[Linux]].]] * Historically 85% of all mainframe programs were written in the [[COBOL]] programming language. The remainder included a mix of [[PL/I]] (about 5%), [[Assembly language]] (about 7%), and miscellaneous other languages. eWeek estimates that millions of lines of net new COBOL code are still added each year, and there are nearly 1 million COBOL programmers worldwide, with growing numbers in emerging markets. Even so, COBOL is decreasing as a percentage of the total mainframe lines of code in production because [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[C (programming language)|C]], and [[C++]] are all growing faster. * Mainframe COBOL has recently acquired numerous [[World Wide Web|Web]]-oriented features, such as [[XML]] parsing, with [[PL/I]] following close behind in adopting modern language features. * 90% of IBM's mainframes have [[CICS]] transaction processing software installed.<ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://service.boulder.ibm.com/software/htp/cics/PDF/cics_introduction.pdf|title=CICS-An Introduction|publisher=IBM|accessdate=2006-10-22}}</ref> Other software staples include the [[Information Management System|IMS]] and [[IBM DB2|DB2]] databases, and WebSphere [[MQSeries|MQ]] and [[WebSphere Application Server]] middleware. * [[As of 2004]], IBM claimed over 200 new (21st century) mainframe customers &mdash; customers that had never previously owned a mainframe. Many are running [[Linux]], some exclusively. There are new [[z/OS]] customers as well. * In May, 2006, IBM claimed that over 1,700 mainframe customers are running Linux. [[Nomura Securities]] of Japan spoke at [[LinuxWorld]] in 2006 and is one of the largest publicly known, with over 200 [[Integrated Facility for Linux|IFL]]s in operation that replaced rooms full of distributed servers. * Most mainframes run continuously at over 70% busy. A 90% figure is typical, and modern mainframes tolerate sustained periods of 100% CPU utilization, queuing work according to business priorities without disrupting ongoing execution. * Mainframes have a historical reputation for being "expensive," but the modern reality is much different. As of late 2006, it is possible to buy and configure a complete IBM mainframe system (with software, storage, and support), under standard commercial use terms, for about $50,000 (U.S.). The price of z/OS starts at about $1,500 (U.S.) per year, including 24x7 telephone and Web support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mainframe.typepad.com/blog/2006/11/my_personal_mai.html|title=My Personal Mainframe?|publisher=The Mainframe Blog|accessdate=2006-11-30}}</ref> *Typically, a mainframe is repaired without being shut down. Also, memory, storage and processor modules of chips could be added or [[hot swap]]ped without being shut down. It is not unusual for a mainframe to be continuously switched on for 6 months at a stretch == Speed and performance == The CPU speed of mainframes has historically been measured in [[million instructions per second|millions of instructions per second]] (MIPS). MIPS have been used as an oversimplified comparative rating of the speed and capacity of mainframes. The smallest System z9 IBM mainframes today run at about 26 MIPS <!-- IBM z9 BC A01 --> and the largest System z10 at about 30,657 MIPS&nbsp;&mdash; a 1 to 1179 performance capacity ratio.<!-- PCI Index for z10 EC model 764 according to IBM Performance Reference --> IBM's [[Parallel Sysplex]] technology can join up to 32 of these systems, making them behave like a single, logical computing facility of as much as about 981,024 MIPS<!-- 32 x z10 EC Model 764 running z/OS 1.9 or higher -->.<ref>The 981,024 MIPS figure assumes 32 maximally configured System z10 Enterprise Class (i.e. Model 764) machines with all 64 central processors on each machine allocated to a single z/OS 1.9 (or higher) LPAR. A total of 32 such LPARs results in the cited MIPS figure (32 multiplied by 30,657). This figure is approximate and is current as of late March, 2008.</ref> The MIPS measurement has long been known to be misleading and has often been parodied as "Meaningless Indicator of Processor Speed." The complex CPU architectures of modern mainframes have reduced the relevance of MIPS ratings to the actual number of instructions executed. Likewise, the modern "balanced performance" system designs focus both on CPU power and on I/O capacity, and virtualization capabilities make comparative measurements even more difficult. See [[benchmark (computing)]] for a brief discussion of the difficulties in benchmarking such systems. IBM has long published a set of LSPR (Large System Performance Reference) ratio tables for mainframes that take into account different types of workloads and are a more representative measurement. However, these comparisons are not available for non-IBM systems. It takes a fair amount of work (and maybe guesswork) for users to determine what type of workload they have and then apply only the LSPR values most relevant to them. Also, IBM does not measure all workloads on all possible configurations, so some estimates are inaccurate. Current processors can have up to 64 CPU's, but LSPR has not measured any over 32. This is not negligence. Rather, it is a cost item. To give some idea of real world experience, it is typical for a single mainframe CPU to execute the equivalent of 50, 100, or even more distributed processors' worth of business activity, depending on the workloads. Merely counting processors to compare server platforms is extremely perilous. == See also == * [[Computer types]] == References == <references/> == External links == {{commonscat|Mainframe computers}} * [http://ibmmainframes.com IBM Mainframe portal] * [http://ibm.com/zseries IBM eServer zSeries mainframe servers] * [http://www.technikum29.de/en/computer/univac9400 Univac 9400], a mainframe from the 1960s, still in use in a German computer museum {{Computer sizes}} [[Category:Mainframe computers]] [[Category:Mainframe games]] [[Category:Classes of computers]] [[az:Meynfreym]] [[ca:Ordinador central]] [[cs:Mainframe]] [[da:Mainframe]] [[de:Großrechner]] [[el:Κεντρικός υπολογιστής]] [[es:Computadora central]] [[eu:Konputagailu nagusi]] [[fr:Ordinateur central]] [[ko:메인프레임]] [[id:Mainframe (komputer)]] [[it:Mainframe]] [[he:מחשב מרכזי]] [[lo:ເມນເຟຣມ]] [[lv:Lieldators]] [[lt:Universalieji kompiuteriai]] [[hu:Nagygép]] [[ml:മെയിന്‍ഫ്രെയിം കമ്പ്യൂട്ടര്‍]] [[nl:Mainframe]] [[ja:メインフレーム]] [[no:Stormaskin]] [[pl:Mainframe]] [[pt:Mainframe]] [[ro:Mainframe]] [[ru:Мейнфрейм]] [[simple:Mainframe]] [[sl:Veliki računalnik]] [[fi:Suurtietokone]] [[sv:Stordator]] [[th:เมนเฟรมคอมพิวเตอร์]] [[vi:Máy tính lớn]] [[uk:Мейнфрейм]] [[zh:大型计算机]]