Makemake (dwarf planet)
2340343
226163014
2008-07-17T02:50:26Z
HappyCamper
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/* Size and brightness */ fix TeX
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{{Infobox Planet
| bgcolour = #FFFFC0
| name = Makemake
| symbol =
| image = [[Image:2005FY9art.jpg|300px]]
| caption = Artist's conception of Makemake, by Ann Feild<!-- not a typo --> (Space Telescope Science Institute)
| discovery = yes
| discoverer = [[Michael E. Brown]],<br />[[Chad Trujillo]],<br />[[David Rabinowitz]]
| discovered = [[March 31]] [[2005]]
| mp_name = (136472) Makemake
| alt_names = {{mp|2005 FY|9}}
| mp_category = [[Trans-Neptunian object|TNO]]
| orbit_ref = <ref name=Buie>{{cite web
|author=[[Marc W. Buie]]
|date=2008/04/05
|title=Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 136472
|publisher=SwRI (Space Science Department)
|url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/136472.html
|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref><ref name=jpldata/>
| epoch = [[January 28]] [[1955]] ([[Julian day|JD]] 2435135.5)
| aphelion = {{convert|7939.7|Gm|AU|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| perihelion = {{convert|5760.8|Gm|AU|abbr=on|lk=off}}
| semimajor = {{convert|6850.3|Gm|AU|abbr=on|lk=off}}
| semiminor =
| orbital_circ =
| eccentricity = 0.159
| period = 113,183 [[day|d]] (309.88 [[Julian year (astronomy)|a]])
| avg_speed = 4.419 km/[[second|s]]
| inclination = 28.96 [[degree (angle)|°]]
| asc_node = 79.382°
| arg_peri = 298.41°
| mean_anomaly = 85.13°
| physical_characteristics = yes
| dimensions = 1,300–1,900 km
| mean_radius = 750{{±|200|100}} km<ref name="Stansberry 2007">{{cite journal| last=Stansberry| first=J.| coauthors=Grundy, W.; Brown, M.; ''et al.''| title=Physical Properties of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects: Constraints from Spitzer Space Telescope|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0702538v1| year=2007| format=abstract}}</ref>
| surface_area = ~7,000,000 km²
| volume = ~1.8{{Esp|9}} km³
| mass = ~4{{Esp|21}} [[kilogram|kg]]
| density = ~2 g/[[cubic centimetre|cm³]]
| surface_grav = ~0.5 m/s²
| escape_velocity = ~0.8 km/s
| albedo=78.2{{±|10.3|8.6}} ([[Geometric albedo|geometric]])<ref name="Stansberry 2007"/>
| single_temperature= ~{{convert|30|K|°C °F|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| abs_magnitude=−0.48<ref name=jpldata>{{cite web
|date=2008-04-05 last obs
|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 136472 ({{mp|2005 FY|9}})
|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=136472
|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref>
| magnitude = 16.7 ([[Opposition (astronomy and astrology)|opposition]])<ref name=Horizons>{{cite web
|title=HORIZONS Web-Interface
|publisher=[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov JPL Solar System Dynamics]
|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=2005FY9
|accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref>
}}
'''Makemake''' (pronounced {{Audio-IPA|en-us-Makemake.ogg|[ˈmɑkeˈmɑke]}}<ref name=Craig2004>{{cite book
| last=Craig | first=Robert D.
| year=2004 | pages=p63
| title= Handbook of Polynesian Mythology | isbn=1576078949
| url=http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=LOZuirJWXvUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA63&dq=makemake&ots=xyXfFytGAc&sig=9Bgeo5m2_e3gzZb4ZnD0VpEdyWo#PPA63,M1
| accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref>), formally designated '''(136472) Makemake''', is the third-largest known [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]], and one of the two largest [[Kuiper belt]] objects (KBO) in the [[Classical Kuiper belt object|classical KBO]] population. Its diameter is roughly three-quarters that of [[Pluto]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The discovery of {{mp|2003 UB|313}} Eris, the 10<sup>th</sup> planet largest known dwarf planet|author=Michael E. Brown|work=CalTech|year=2006|url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/|accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> Makemake has no known satellites, which makes it unique among the largest KBOs. Its extremely low average temperature (about 30 K) means its surface is covered with [[methane]] and possibly [[ethane]] ices.<ref name=brown/>
Initially known as '''{{mp|2005 FY|9}}''' (and later given the [[minor planet names|minor planet number]] '''136472'''), it was discovered on [[March 31]], [[2005]] by the team led by [[Michael E. Brown|Michael Brown]]. Its discovery was announced on [[July 29]], [[2005]]. On [[June 11]], [[2008]], the [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] included Makemake in its list of potential candidates to be given "[[plutoid]]" status, a term for dwarf planets beyond the orbit of [[Neptune]] that would place the object alongside [[Pluto]] and {{dp|Eris}}. Makemake was formally classified as a plutoid in July 2008.<ref name=name/><ref name="Tancredi">{{cite journal|last=Tancredi|first=Gonzalo|coauthors=Favre, Sofia|title=Which are the dwarfs in the Solar System?|year=2008|month=June|journal=Icarus|volume=195|issue=2|pages=851–862|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.020}}</ref><ref name=Brown>{{citeweb|authorlink=Michael E. Brown|title=The Dwarf Planets|first=Michael E.|last=Brown |publisher=California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences|url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/|accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref>
==Discovery==
Makemake was discovered on [[March 31]], [[2005]] by the team led by [[Michael E. Brown|Michael Brown]].<ref name=jpldata/> Its discovery was announced on [[July 29]], [[2005]] on the same day as {{dp|Eris}}, and two days after {{mpl|2003 EL|61}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=His Stellar Discovery Is Eclipsed|author=Thomas H. Maugh II and John Johnson Jr.|work=Los Angeles Times|year=2005|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/16/local/me-planet16|accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref>
Despite its relative brightness, 16.7 magnitude vs. [[Pluto#Appearance_and_composition|15 for Pluto]], Makemake was not discovered until fairly recently, well after many much fainter Kuiper belt objects. This is probably due to its relatively high orbital [[inclination]], and the fact that it was at its farthest distance from the [[ecliptic]] (the region of the sky that the Sun, Moon and planets appear to lie in, as seen from Earth) at the time of its discovery (in the northern constellation of [[Coma Berenices]]).<ref name=Horizons/> Most searches for minor planets are conducted relatively close to the ecliptic, due to the greater probability of finding objects there.
However, at the time of [[Clyde Tombaugh]]'s discovery of Pluto, Makemake was only a few degrees from the ecliptic, near the border of [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]] and [[Auriga (constellation)|Auriga]],<ref>Based on Minor Planet Center online Minor Planet Ephemeris Service: March 1 1930: RA: 05h51m, Dec: +29.0</ref> at an apparent magnitude of 16.0.<ref name=Horizons/> Unfortunately, this position was also very near the [[Milky Way]], making it almost impossible to find within the dense concentration of background stars. Tombaugh continued searching for some years after the discovery of Pluto,<ref>{{cite web|title=Clyde W. Tombaugh|work=New Mexico Museum of Space History |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=51|accessdate=2008-06-29}}</ref> but he failed to find Makemake or any other [[Trans-Neptunian object|trans-Neptunian objects]].
===Name===
The [[provisional designation|designation]] {{mp|2005 FY|9}} was given to Makemake when the discovery was made public. Before that, the discovery team used the codename "[[Easter Bunny|Easterbunny]]" for the object because of the discovery time shortly after [[Easter]].<ref name=brownblog/>
<!-- When was it numbered? -->In 2008, in accordance with IAU rules for classical Kuiper belt objects, {{mp|2005 FY|9}} was given the name of a [[creator deity]]. The name of [[Makemake (mythology)|Makemake]] (pronounced ''ma kay ma kay''), the creator of humanity in the mythos of the [[Rapanui]], the native people of [[Easter Island]],<ref name=name>{{cite web|date=07/11/2008 11:42:58|title=Dwarf Planets and their Systems|publisher= Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html#DwarfPlanets|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref> was chosen in part to preserve the object's connection with Easter.<ref name=brownblog>{{cite web|title=Mike Brown's Planets: What's in a name? [part 2]|author=Mike Brown|work=CalTech|year=2008|url=http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2008/07/whats-in-name-part-2.html|accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref>
==Physical characteristics==
===Size and brightness===
Makemake is currently visually the second brightest Kuiper belt object after Pluto,<ref name=brown2006/> having a March [[Opposition (astronomy and astrology)|opposition]] [[apparent magnitude]] of about 16.7 in the [[constellation]] [[Coma Berenices]].<ref name=Horizons/> This is bright enough to be visible using a high-end [[amateur astronomer|amateur]] [[telescope]]. Makemake's high albedo of roughly 80 percent suggests an average surface temperature of roughly 30 K.<ref>Calculated using the formula</br><math>T=\frac{T_{\textrm{eff}}(1-q\sigma)^{1/4}}{\sqrt{2}},</math></br>where T<sub>eff</sub> =54.8 K, <math>\sigma</math>=0.78 is the geometrical albedo, ''q''=0.8 is the [[phase integral]]. All parameters are taken from Stansberry, et al, 2007.</ref><ref name="Stansberry 2007"/> The size of Makemake is not precisely known, but the detection in infrared by the [[Spitzer space telescope]], combined with the similarities of spectrum with [[Pluto]] yielded an estimate of a 1,500{{±|400|200}} km diameter</sub>.<ref name="Stansberry 2007"/> This is slightly larger than the size of {{mpl-|136108|2003 EL|61}} making Makemake the third largest known Trans-Neptunian object after {{dp|Eris}} and [[Pluto]].<ref name=Tegler>{{cite journal|last=Tegler|first=S. C.|coauthors=Grundy, W. M.; Romanishin, W.; ''et al.''|title=Optical Spectroscopy of the Large Kuiper Belt Objects 136472 (2005 FY<sub>9</sub>) and 136108 (2003 EL<sub>61</sub>)|year=2007|volume=133|pages=526–530 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AJ....133..526T|doi=10.1086/510134|journal=The Astronomical Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/dwarf_planet.html|title=Dwarf planet|accessdate=2007-05-31}}</ref> Makemake is now designated the fourth [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]] since it has a bright [[absolute magnitude]] of −0.48<ref name=jpldata/> guaranteeing that it is large enough to achieve [[hydrostatic equilibrium]].<ref name=name/>
<imagemap>
Image:EightTNOs.png|thumb|300px|right|Makemake compared to other large TNOs
# Earth
rect 646 1714 2142 1994 [[Earth|The Earth]]
# Eris and Dysnomia
circle 226 412 16 [[Dysnomia (moon)|Dysnomia]]
circle 350 626 197 [[Eris (dwarf planet)|(136199) Eris]]
# Pluto and Charon
circle 1252 684 86 [[Charon (moon)|Charon]]
circle 1038 632 188 [[Pluto|(134340) Pluto]]
# Makemake
circle 1786 614 142 [[Makemake (dwarf planet)|(136472) Makemake]]
# 2003 EL61
circle 2438 616 155 [[(136108) 2003 EL61|(136108) 2003 EL<sub>61</sub>]]
# Sedna
circle 342 1305 137 [[90377 Sedna|(90377) Sedna]]
# Orcus
circle 1088 1305 114 [[90482 Orcus|(90482) Orcus]]
# Quaoar
circle 1784 1305 97 [[50000 Quaoar|(50000) Quaoar]]
# Varuna
circle 2420 1305 58 [[20000 Varuna|(20000) Varuna]]
desc none
# - setting this to "bottom-right" will display a (rather large) icon linking to the graphic, if desired
# Notes:
# Details on the new coding for clickable images is here: [[mw:Extension:ImageMap]]
# While it may look strange, it's important to keep the codes for a particular system in order. The clickable coding treats the first object created in an area as the one on top.
# Moons should be placed on "top" so that their smaller circles won't disappear "under" their respective primaries.
</imagemap>
===Spectra===
In a letter written to the journal ''[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]'' in 2006, Licandro ''et al.'' showed that the surface of Makemake resembles that of Pluto by measuring its visible and near [[Infrared spectrum#Infrared radiation|infrared spectrum]] using the [[William Herschel Telescope]] and [[Telescopio Nazionale Galileo]].<ref name=atmosphere/> It appears red in the visible spectrum, as opposed to, e.g., Eris which has a neutral spectrum (see [[trans-Neptunian object#Colors|colour comparison]] for TNOs).<ref name=atmosphere/> The infrared spectrum is marked by the presence of [[methane]] (CH<sub>4</sub>), as also observed on Pluto and Eris. Its presence, more prominent even than on Pluto, suggests that Makemake could have a transient [[celestial body atmosphere|atmosphere]] similar to Pluto's near [[apsis|perihelion]].<ref name=atmosphere>{{cite journal|title=The methane ice rich surface of large TNO 2005 FY<sub>9</sub>: a Pluto-twin in the trans-neptunian belt?|author=J. Licandro, N. Pinilla-Alonso, M. Pedani, ''et al.''|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|year=2006|volume= 445|number= L35-L38 |doi= 10.1051/0004-6361:200500219|url=http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=article&access=doi&doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200500219
|accessdate=2008-07-14|pages=L35}}</ref>
Spectral analysis of Makemake's surface also reveals evidence of large-grained methane crystals, at least one centimetre in diameter, along with large amounts of [[ethane]], most likely created by [[photolysis]] of methane from solar radiation.<ref name=brown/> Unlike Pluto or Eris, Makemake shows little evidence of nitrogen ice on its surface, suggesting that its supply of nitrogen has somehow been depleted over the age of the Solar System.<ref name=brown/>
==Orbit==
Makemake is currently at a distance of 52 AU from the Sun;<ref name=Horizons/> almost as far from the Sun as it ever reaches in its orbit.<ref name=brown>{{cite journal|title=Methane and Ethane on the Bright Kuiper Belt Object 2005 FY<sub>9</sub>|author=Mike Brown, K. M. Barksume, G. L. Blake, ''et al.'' |journal= The Astronomical Journal |year=2007|volume=133|pages= 284–289| doi= 10.1086/509734|url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1538-3881/133/1/284|accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> Makemake follows an orbit very similar to that of {{mpl-|136108|2003 EL|61}}: highly [[orbital inclination|inclined]] (29°) and moderately [[orbital eccentricity|eccentric]] (e~0.15).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Optical Spectroscopy of the Large Kuiper Belt Objects 136472 (2005 FY<sub>9</sub>) and 136108 (2003 EL<sub>61</sub>)|author=S. C. Tegler ''et al.'' |journal=The Astronomical Journal|year=2007|volume=133|pages= 526–530|doi= 10.1086/510134|url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1538-3881/133/2/526|accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> Nevertheless, Makemake's orbit is slightly farther from the Sun (in terms of both the [[semi-major axis]] and [[apsis|perihelion]]). Its [[orbital period]] is nearly 310 years,<ref name=Buie/> more than Pluto's 248 years.
The diagram below shows the similar orbits of the two objects contrasted with the orbit of Pluto. The [[perihelion|perihelia]] (q)<ref name=jpldata/> and the [[aphelion|aphelia]] (Q) are marked with the dates of passage. The positions on April 2006 are marked with the spheres illustrating relative sizes and differences in [[Albedo#Astronomical albedo|albedo]] and colour. Both are currently far above the [[ecliptic]] (illustrated as Neptune's orbit in grey). Makemake is approaching its 2033 [[apsis|aphelion]],<ref name=Horizons/> while {{mpl-|136108|2003 EL|61}} passed its aphelion in late 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Horizons 2003EL<sub>61</sub> |publisher=JPL Solar System Dynamics |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=2003EL61 |accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref>
==Satellites==
No satellites have been detected around Makemake to a radius of 0.4 arcseconds with a brightness more than 1 percent of the primary.<ref name=brown2006/> This contrasts with the other largest trans-Neptunian objects, which all possess at least one satellite: {{dp|Eris}} has [[Dysnomia (moon)|one]], {{mpl-|136108|2003 EL|61}} has [[2003 EL61#Moons|two]] and [[Pluto]] has [[Moons of Pluto|three]]. From 10% to 20% of all [[trans-Neptunian object]]s are expected to have one or more satellites.<ref name=brown2006/> Since satellites offer a simple method to measure an object's mass, lack of a satellite makes determination of an accurate figure for Makemake's mass more difficult.<ref name=brown2006>{{cite journal|title=Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects|author=M. E. Brown, M. A. van Dam, A. H. Bouchez, ''et al.''|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume= 639|pages=43–46|year=2006|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/gab.pdf|accessdate=2008-07-14|doi=10.1086/501524}}</ref>
==Classification==
[[Image:TheKuiperBelt_Orbits_2003EL61_2005FY9.svg|right|thumb|250px|Orbits of Makemake (blue), {{mpl-|136108|2003 EL|61}} (green) and [[Pluto]] (red)]]
Makemake is classified a [[cubewano|classical]] [[Kuiper belt]] object, which means it lies in the region of the belt (between 42 and 48 AU) gravitationally unaffected by the orbit of Neptune.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Kuiper Belt|author=Jonathan Lunine|url=http://www.gsmt.noao.edu/gsmt_swg/SWG_Apr03/The_Kuiper_Belt.pdf|year=2003|accessdate=2007-06-23}}</ref><ref name=jewitt>{{cite web|title=Classical Kuiper Belt Objects (CKBOs)|author=David Jewitt|url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/kb/kb-classical.html|year=2004|accessdate=2007-06-23}}</ref> Unlike [[plutino]]s, which can cross Neptune's orbit due to their 2:3 [[orbital resonance|resonance]] with the planet, the classical objects have perihelia further from the Sun, free from Neptune’s [[orbital perturbation|perturbation]].<ref name=jewitt/> Such objects have relatively low eccentricities and orbit the Sun in much the same way the planets do. Makemake is however a member of the "dynamically hot" class of classical KBOs, meaning that it has a high inclination compared to others in its population.<ref>{{cite web|title=The formation of the Kuiper belt by the outward transport of bodies during Neptune’s migration|author=Harold F. Levison, Alessandro Morbidelli|url=http://www.obs-nice.fr/morby/stuff/NATURE.pdf|year=2003|accessdate=2007-06-25}}</ref>
On [[August 24]], [[2006]], the [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) announced a formal [[2006 definition of planet|definition of planet]] that established a tripartite classification for objects in orbit around the Sun: "[[small Solar System bodies]]" were those objects too small for their gravity to have collapsed their surfaces into a rounded shape; "[[dwarf planet]]s" were those objects large enough to be rounded, but who had yet to clear their orbits of similar-sized objects; "[[planet]]s" were those objects that were both large enough to be rounded by self-gravity and which had cleared their orbits of similar-sized objects.<ref name=IAU0603/> Under this classification, [[Pluto]], {{dp|Eris}} and {{dp|Ceres}} were reclassified as dwarf planets.<ref name=IAU0603>{{cite press release
|date=2006-08-24
|publisher=International Astronomical Union (News Release - IAU0603)
|title=IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes
|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0603/
|accessdate=2007-12-31}} ([http://www.iau.org/iau0603.414.0.html orig link])</ref>
On [[June 11]], [[2008]], the IAU further elaborated on this classification scheme by creating a subclass of dwarf planet, [[plutoid]], specifically for those dwarf planets found beyond the orbit of Neptune. Eris and Pluto were thus plutoids, while Ceres was not. To be considered a plutoid, an object must be exceptionally bright with an [[absolute magnitude]] of H= +1,<ref>{{cite web
|date=2008-06-11, Paris
|title=Plutoid chosen as name for Solar System objects like Pluto
|publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]] (News Release - IAU0804)
|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0804
|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref> which meant that only Makemake and {{mpl-|136108|2003 EL|61}} are likely to be included in the near future.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mike Brown's Planets:Plutoid fever|author=Michael Brown|year=2008|url=http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2008/06/plutoid-fever.html|accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> On [[July 11]], [[2008]], the IAU/USGS Working Group on Planetary Nomenclature included Makemake in the plutoid class, making it officially both a dwarf planet and a plutoid, alongside Pluto and Eris.<ref name=name/>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
* [http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/mpec/K05/K05O42.html MPEC listing for Makemake]
* [http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/cgi-bin/astdys/astibo?objects:2005FY9;main AstDys] orbital elements
* [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=136472;orb=1;view=Far Orbital simulation] from JPL (Java) / [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=136472 Ephemeris]
* [http://www.ing.iac.es:8080/PR/press/2005FY9.html Press release] from [[WHT]] and [[Telescopio Nazionale Galileo|TNG]] on Makemake's similarity to Pluto.
* [http://mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/blobrana/database/2005FY9.htm Makemake chart and Orbit Viewer]
* [http://www.klet.org/klenot/html/k05f09y.html Precovery image] with the 1.06-m [[Kleť Observatory]] telescope on 2003 April 20
* [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap080716.html Makemake of the Outer Solar System] [[APOD]] July 15, 2008
{{MinorPlanets Navigator|(136471) 2005 FJ7|PageName=(136472) Makemake|(136473) 2005 GB}}
{{Trans-Neptunian dwarf planets}}
{{Trans-Neptunian objects}}
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[[Category:Plutoids]]
[[Category:Cubewanos]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Michael E. Brown]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Chad Trujillo]]
[[Category:Discoveries by David L. Rabinowitz]]
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