Mamluk
172627
225281273
2008-07-12T21:31:03Z
71.255.225.167
/* Mamluks independence from the Ottomans */
{{Mergefrom|mamluk identity|date=December 2007}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|common_name = Mamluk Sultanate
|conventional_long_name = Mamluk Sultanate
|native_name = <big>سلطنة المماليك</big><br>Saltanat Al-Mamaleek''
|continent = Afroasia
|region = Middle East
|year_start = 1250
|year_end = 1517
|event_start = [[As-Salih Ayyub]]'s death
|event_end = Battle of Ridanieh
|p1 = Ayyubid dynasty
|flag_p1 = Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg
|s1 = Ottoman Empire
|flag_s1 = Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg
|image_flag = Mameluke_Flag.svg
|flag_type = Mamluk Flag
|image_map = Eastern Mediterranean 1450 .svg
|image_map_caption = Eastern Mediterranean 1450
|capital = Cairo <ref> The Mamluk sultans Ruled from Qal'at al-Jabal ( The Citadel of the Mountain ) which was situated on the Muqatam Mountain in Cairo where the Mosque of Muhammed Ali and the remains of Saladin's Citadel stand now. From Cairo They ruled their dominions in Syria and al-Kark by the Sultan's dupties. ( Al-Maqrizi, p.327/vol.3 ): al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar,Matabat aladab,Cairo 1996, ISBN 977-241-175X
Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain , Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte,Paris 1895 ) </ref>.
|latd=30|latm=05|latNS=N|longd=31|longm=22|longEW=E
|common_languages = [[Arabic]], [[Kipchak language|Kipchak Turkic]]<ref>Kennedy, Hugh N. ''The Historiography of Islamic Egypt (C. 950-1800)''. Brill Academic Publishers, 2001. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Y-iu6u8GkvkC&pg=PA69&dq=mamluk%2Blanguage%2Bturkish&sig=RM1wSmabUNLEBaAqBaKRfHaShzw]</ref>
|government_type = Monarchy
|religion = Islam
|today = {{EGY}}<br>{{KSA}}<br>{{SYR}}<br>{{flagcountry|Palestinian Authority}}<br>{{ISR}}<br>{{flagcountry|Lebanon}}<br>{{JOR}}<br>{{TUR}}<br>{{flagcountry|Libya}}
}}
A '''mamluk''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: مملوك (singular), مماليك (plural), "owned"; also [[Arabic transliteration|transliterated]] '''mameluk''', '''mameluke''', '''mamaluke''', or '''mamluke''') was a [[slavery|slave]] [[soldier]] who converted to [[Islam]] and served the [[Muslim]] [[caliph]]s and the [[Ayyubid]] sultans during the [[Middle Ages]]. Over time, they became a powerful military [[caste]] numerously defeating the [[Crusader]]s and, on more than one occasion, they seized power for themselves, for example ruling [[Egypt]] in the '''Mamluk Sultanate''' from 1250-1517.
== Overview ==
The first mamluks served the [[Abbasid]] caliphs at the end of the 9th century [[Baghdad]]. The Mamluk system was an evolution of a previous system, the [[Ghilman|Ghulam]] system, invented by the Caliph [[al-Mu'tasim]], in which Turkish prisoners of war became the caliphal guard. This system ended in disaster in the 860s with the murder of four caliphs in a row, and the Mamluk system was created on its ruins. The main difference was that the Mamluks were captured as children and then trained and moulded within the Islamic world to ensure their loyalty to their masters. The Abbasids "recruited" them mainly from areas near the [[Caucasus]] (mainly [[Circassians|Circassian]] and [[Georgians|Georgian]]) and in areas north of the [[Black Sea]] (mainly [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], most of whom were [[Kipchaks|Kipchak Turks]]) and of [[Yoruk]] background. Most of those captured were of non-Muslim origin.
[[Image:Mamluke.jpg|thumb|A Mamluk cavalryman, drawn in 1810]]
The mamluk system gave rulers troops who had no link to any established power structure. Local non-mamluk warriors were often more loyal to their tribal [[sheik]]s, their families, or nobles than to the [[sultan]] or caliph. If a commander conspired against the ruler, it was often not possible to deal with the conspiracy without causing unrest among the nobility. The mamluk slave-troops were strangers of the lowest possible status who could not conspire against the ruler and who could easily be punished if they caused trouble, making them a great military asset.
==Organization==
After mamluks had converted to Islam, many were trained as [[cavalry]] soldiers. Mamluks had to follow the dictates of ''furusiyya'', a code that included values such as courage and generosity, and also cavalry tactics, horsemanship, archery and treatment of wounds, etc.
Mamluks lived within their garrisons and mainly spent their time with each other. Their entertainments included sporting events such as archery competitions and presentations of mounted combat skills at least twice a week. The intensive and rigorous training of each new recruit helped ensure continuity of mamluk practices.
While they were no longer actually slaves after training, they were still obliged to serve the Sultan. The Sultan kept them as an outsider force, under his direct command, to use in the event of local tribal frictions. The Sultan could also send them as far as the Muslim regions of [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]].
Sultans had the largest number of mamluks, but lesser [[amir]]s could have their own troops as well. Many mamluks rose to high positions throughout the empire, including army command. At first their status remained non-hereditary and sons were strictly prevented from following their fathers. However over time, in places such as Egypt, the mamluk forces became linked to existing power structures and gained significant amounts of influence on those powers.
A similar evolution occurred in the [[Ottoman Empire]] with the [[Janissaries]].
==Mamluk power in Egypt==
===Origins===
[[Image:View from the citadel.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Sultan Hassan Mosque (left) along with the later El Rifai Mosque (right) and two Ottoman mosques (foreground) - Cairo]]
The origins of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt lie in the [[Ayyubid]] Dynasty that [[Saladin]] (Salah al-Din) founded in 1174. With his uncle Shirkuh he conquered Egypt for the Zengid King [[Nur al-Din]] of [[Damascus]] in 1169. By 1189, after the capture of Jerusalem, Saladin had consolidated the dynasty's control over the Middle East. After Saladin's death his sons fell to squabbling over the division of the Empire, and each attempted to surround himself with larger expanded mamluk retinues.
By 1200 Saladin's brother [[Al-Adil]] succeeded in securing control over the whole empire by defeating and killing or imprisoning his brothers and nephews in turn. With each victory Al-Adil incorporated the defeated mamluk retinue into his own. This process was repeated at Al-Adil's death in 1218, and at his son Al-Kamil's death in 1238. The Ayyubids became increasingly surrounded by the power of the mamluks and soon involved them in the internal court politics of the kingdom itself.
In 1315 they invaded and conquered a great part of [[Nubia]], but the power remained with a Nubian prince converted from [[Coptic Orthodox]] to Islam.
===French attack and Mamluk takeover===
In June 1249, the [[Seventh Crusade]] under [[Louis IX of France]] landed in Egypt and took [[Damietta]]. The Egyptian troops retreated at first. When the Egyptian sultan [[As-Salih Ayyub]] died, the power passed briefly to his son [[al-Muazzam Turanshah|Turanshah]] and then his favorite wife [[Shajar Al-Durr]] (or Shajarat-ul-Dur). She took control with mamluk support and launched a counterattack. Troops of the Bahri commander [[Baibars]] defeated Louis's troops. The king delayed his retreat too long and was captured by the Mamluks in March 1250, and agreed to a ransom of 400,000 [[livres]] (150,000 of which were never paid)<ref>[[Thomas Madden|Madden, Thomas F.]] ''Crusades the Illustrated History''. 1st ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan P, 2005. 159</ref>. Political pressure for a male leader made Shajar marry the mamluk commander [[Aybak]]; he was later killed in his bath, and in the power struggle that ensued vice-regent [[Qutuz]] took over. He formally founded the first Mamluk sultanate and the Bahri dynasty.
The first Mamluk dynasty was named Bahri after the name of one of the regiments, the ''Bahriya'' or River Island regiment. The name [[Bahri dynasty|Bahri]] (بحري meaning "of the sea or river") referred to their center in [[al-Rodah Island]] in the [[Nile]]. The regiment consisted mainly of [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] Turks.
===Mamluks and the Mongols===
[[Image:Mamluk glassware vessels.jpg|thumb|right|Mamluk-Syrian glassware vessels from the 14th century; in the course of trade, the middle vase shown ended up in [[Yemen]] and then [[China]].]]
When the [[Mongol]] troops of [[Hulagu Khan]] sacked Baghdad in 1258 and advanced towards Syria , Mamluk Emir [[Baibars]] left Damascus to Cairo where he was welcomed by Sultan [[Qutuz]] <ref> [[Al-Maqrizi]] , p. 509/vol.1 , Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997. </ref> . After taking Damascus, Hulagu demanded that Qutuz surrender Egypt but Qutuz had Hulegu's envoys killed and, with Baibars' help, mobilized his troops. Although Hulegu had to leave for the East when great Khan [[Möngke Khan|Möngke]] died in action against the [[Southern Song]], he left his lieutenant, the Christian [[Kitbuqa]], in charge. Qutuz drew the Mongol army into an ambush near the [[Orontes River]], routed them at the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] and captured and executed Kitbuqa. ( see [[Qutuz]] ).
After this great triumph, Qutuz was assassinated by conspiring Mamluks. It was said that Baibars, who seized power, was involved in the assassination. In the following centuries power was often transferred this way: the average reign of a mamluk ruler was seven years.
The mamluks defeated the Mongols a second time in [[Homs]] in 1260 and began to drive them back east. In the process they consolidated their power over Syria, fortified the area, formed mail routes, and formed diplomatic connections between the local princes. Baibars's troops attacked [[Acre%2C_Israel#Arab_rule_and_the_Crusades|Acre]] in 1263, captured [[Caesaria]] in 1265, and massacred the inhabitants of [[Antioch]] in 1268.
[[Image:Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_(1289).jpg|thumb|Mamluks attaquants at the [[Fall of Tripoli]] in 1289.]]
Mamluks also defeated new Mongol attacks in Syria in 1271, 1281 ([[2nd Battle of Homs]]), 1303/1304 and 1312. They were defeated by the Mongols and their Christian allies at the [[Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar]] in 1299.
===Burji dynasty===
In 1382, the Bukri or [[Burji dynasty]] took over. Burji (برجي meaning "of the tower") referred to their center in the [[citadel]] of [[Cairo]]. The dynasty consisted mainly of [[Circassians]].
===Ottomans===
The Mamluk Sultanate survived until 1517, when it was conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The institution of the mamluks continued under the Ottomans, although not in the same form as under the Sultanate.
===Mamluks independence from the Ottomans===
In 1768 Sultan [[Ali Bey Al-Kabir]] declared independence from the Ottomans, but the Ottomans crushed the movement and retained their position after his defeat. By this time new slave recruits were introduced from [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] in the Caucasus.
[[Napoleon]] defeated Mamluk troops when he attacked Egypt in 1798 and drove them to [[Upper Egypt]]. The Mamluks still used their cavalry charge tactics, changed only by the addition of [[musket]]s.
After the departure of French troops in 1801 Mamluks continued their struggle for independence, this time against the Ottoman Empire and [[Great Britain]]. In 1803 Mamluk leaders [[Ibrahim Beg]] and [[Usman Beg]] wrote a letter to the [[Russia]]n consul-general and asked him to act as a mediator with the Sultan as they wanted a cease-fire, and to return to their homeland Georgia. The Russian ambassador in [[Istanbul]] categorically refused to mediate because the Russian government was afraid of allowing Mamluks to return to Georgia, where a strong national liberation movement was on the rise which might have been encouraged by a Mamluk return.
In 1805 the population of Cairo rebelled. There was an excellent opportunity for the Mamluks to seize power, but their internal tension and betrayal by some Mamluks did not allow them to exploit this opportunity. In 1806 the Mamluks defeated the Turkish forces several times, and in June the rival parties concluded a peace treaty by which [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]], who had been appointed as governor of Egypt on [[26 March]] [[1806]], was to be removed and the state authority in Egypt returned to the Mamluks. But again, internal tension and conflicts between the clans did not allow the Mamluks to use this opportunity; Muhammad Ali kept his authority.
[[Image:Mamluk.jpg|thumb|Painting of a Mamluk, 1779.]]
===End of Mamluk power in Egypt===
Muhammed Ali knew that eventually he would have to deal with the Mamluks if he ever wanted to control Egypt. They were still the feudal owners of Egypt and their land was still the source of wealth and power.
On March 1, 1811, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammed Ali]] invited all Mamluks to his palace to celebrate the declaration of war against the Wahhabis in Arabia. Between 600 and 700 Mamluks paraded in [[Cairo]]. Near the Al-Azab gates, in a narrow road down from Mukatam Hill, Muhammad Ali's forces ambushed and killed almost all in what came to be known as the [[Massacre of the Citadel]]. According to the tradition, only one Mamluk, named Hasan, survived when he cut his way through the Turks and jumped his horse over a precipice to freedom.
During the following week, hundreds of Mamluks were killed throughout Egypt; in the citadel of Cairo alone more than 1,000 were killed. Throughout Egypt an estimated 3,000 Mamluks and their relatives were killed.
Despite these attempts by Muhammad Ali to defeat the Mamluks in Egypt, a party of them escaped and fled south into what is now [[Sudan]]. In 1811, these Mamluks established a state at [[Dunqulah]] in the [[Kingdom of Sennar|Sennar]] as a base for their slave trading. In 1820, the sultan of Sennar informed Muhammad Ali that he was unable to comply with a demand to expel the Mamluks. In response, the pasha sent 4,000 troops to invade Sudan, clear it of Mamluks, and reclaim it for Egypt. The [[pasha]]'s forces received the submission of the kashif, dispersed the Dunqulah Mamluks, conquered [[Kordofan]], and accepted Sennar's surrender from the last [[Funj]] sultan, [[Badi VII]].
==Offshoots==
There were various offshoots of the Mamluks.
===India===
{{Main|Slave dynasty}}
In 1206 the mamluk commander of the Muslim forces in [[India]], [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]], proclaimed himself sultan, becoming in effect the first independent [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan-e-Hind]]. This [[Slave dynasty|Mamluk dynasty]] lasted until 1290.
{{See|Delhi Sultanate}}
===Iraq===
{{main|Mamluk rule in Iraq}}
The Mamluk corps were first introduced in the part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] that is now [[Iraq]] by [[pasha]] Hasan of [[Baghdad]] in 1702. From 1747 to 1831 Iraq was ruled, with short intermissions, by the Mamluk officers of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] origin who succeeded in asserting autonomy from the [[Sublime Porte]], suppressed tribal revolts, curbed the power of the Janissaries, restored order, and introduced a program of modernization of the economy and the military. In 1831 the Ottomans managed to overthrow Daud Pasha, the last Mamluk ruler, and imposed direct control over Iraq.<ref>Iraq. (2007). In [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. Retrieved [[October 15]], [[2007]], from [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22897 Encyclopædia Britannica Online].</ref>
===Under Napoleon===
[[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] formed his own Mamluk corps, the last known Mamluk force, in the early years of the 19th century, and used Mamluks in a number of his campaigns. Even his [[Imperial Guard]] had Mamluk soldiers during the [[Belgium|Belgian]] campaign, including one of his personal servants. Napoleon's famous bodyguard [[Roustan]] was a Mamluk from Egypt.
[[Image:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes 026.jpg|thumb|300 px|right|''[[The Second of May 1808|The Second of May 1808: The Charge of the Mamluks]]'' by [[Francisco de Goya]] (1814)]]
One of the pictures by [[Francisco de Goya]] shows a charge of Mamluks against the [[Madrid, Spain|Madrilene]] on [[2 May]] [[1808]].
Throughout the Napoleonic era there was a special Mamluk corps in the French army. In his history of the 13th Chasseurs Colonel Descaves recounts how Napoleon used the Mamluks in Egypt. In the so-called "Instructions" that Bonaparte gave to Kleber after departure, Napoleon wrote that he had already bought from Syrian merchants about 2,000 Mamluks with whom he intended to form a special detachment. On 14 September 1799 [[General Kleber]] established a mounted company of Mamluk [[auxiliaries]] and Syrian [[Janissary|janissaries]] from Turks captured at the [[Siege of Acre (1799)|siege of Acre]].
On 7 July 1800 General Menou reorganized the company, forming 3 companies of 100 men each and renaming it the "Mamluks de la République". In 1801 [[General Rapp]] was sent to Marseille to organize a squadron of 250 Mamluks under his command. On 7 January 1802 the previous order was canceled and the squadron reduced to 150 men. The list of effectives on 21 April 1802 reveals 3 officers and 155 other ranks. By decree of 25 December 1803 the Mamluks were organized into a company attached to the Chasseurs-à-Cheval of the Imperial Guard.
Mamluks fought well at the [[Battle of Austerlitz]] on [[2 December]], [[1805]], and the regiment was granted a standard and its roster increased to accommodate a standard-bearer and a trumpet. A decree of 15 April 1806 defined the strength of the squadron as 13 officers and 147 privates. <!--incomprehensible: In 1813, its Chasseurs-à-Cheval of the Imperial Guard a decree of 17 March established another company attached to the Young Guard.--> Despite the decree of 21 March 1815 that stated that no foreigner could be admitted into the Imperial Guard, Napoleon’s decree of 24 April prescribed amongst other things that the Chasseurs-à-Cheval of the Imperial Guard included a squadron of two companies of Mamluks for the Belgian Campaign.
With the First Restoration, the company of the Mamluks of the Old Guard was incorporated in the Corps Royal des Chasseurs de France. The Mamluks of the Young Guard were incorporated into the 7th Chasseurs-à-Cheval.
====Mamluk uniform====
During their service in Napoleon’s army, the Mamluk squadron wore the following uniform:
Before [[1804]]: The only "uniform" part was the green cahouk (hat), white turban, and red saroual (trousers), all to be worn with a loose shirt and a vest. Boots were of yellow, red, or tan soft leather. Weapons consisted of an "Oriental" [[scimitar]], a brace of pistols in a holder decorated with a [[brass]] crescent and star, and a dagger.
After 1804: The cahouk became red with a brass crescent and star, and the shirt was closed and had a collar. The main change was the addition of a "regulation" chasseur-style saddle cloth and roll, imperial green in color, piped red, with a red and white fringe. The saddle and harness remained Arabic in style. The undress uniform was as for the [[Chasseur]]s-à-Cheval of the Guard, but of a dark blue cloth.
== Mamluk rulers ==
====In Egypt====
=====[[Bahri_dynasty|Bahri Dynasty]]=====
*1250 [[Shajar al-Durr]] ([[al-Salih Ayyub]]'s Widow de facto ruler of Egypt)
*1250 [[al-Muizz Izz-ad-Din Aybak]]
*1257 [[Al-Mansur_Ali|al-Mansur Nur-ad-Din Ali]]
*1259 [[Qutuz|al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz]]
*1260 [[Baibars|al-Zahir Rukn-ad-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari]]
*1277 [[Al-Said Barakah|al-Said Nasir-ad-Din Barakah Khan]]
*1280 [[Solamish|al-Adil Badr al-Din Solamish]]
*1280 [[Qalawun|al-Mansur Saif-ad-Din Qalawun al-Alfi]]
*1290 [[al-Ashraf Salah-ad-Din Khalil]]
*1294 [[al-Nasir Muhammad|al-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad]] ibn Qalawun ''first reign''
*1295 [[al-Adil Kitbugha|al-Adil Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha]]
*1297 [[Lajin|al-Mansur Husam-ad-Din Lajin]]
*1299 [[al-Nasir Muhammad|al-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad]] ibn Qalawun ''second reign''
*1309 [[al-Muzaffar Rukn-ad-Din Baybars II al-Jashankir]]
*1310 [[al-Nasir Muhammad|al-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad]] ibn Qalawun ''third reign''
*1340 [[Saif ad-Din Abu-Bakr|al-Mansur Saif-ad-Din Abu-Bakr]]
*1341 [[Kujuk|al-Ashraf Ala'a-ad-Din Kujuk]]
*1342 [[Shihab ad-Din Ahmad|al-Nasir Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad]]
*1342 [[al-Salih Imad-ad-Din Ismail]]
*1345 [[al-Kamil Saif ad-Din Shaban]]
*1346 [[al-Muzaffar Zein-ad-Din Hajji]]
*1347 [[al-Nasir Badr-ad-Din Abu al-Ma'aly al-Hassan]] ''first reign''
*1351 [[al-Salih Salah-ad-Din Ibn Muhammad]]
*1354 [[al-Nasir Badr-ad-Din Abu al-Ma'aly al-Hassan]] ''second reign''
*1361 [[al-Mansur Salah-ad-Din Mohamed Ibn Hajji]]
*1363 [[al-Ashraf Zein al-Din Abu al-Ma'ali ibn Shaban]]
*1376 [[al-Mansur Ala-ad-Din Ali Ibn al-Ashraf Shaban]]
*1382 al-Salih Salah Zein al-Din Hajji II ''first reign''
=====[[Burji_dynasty|Burji Dynasty]]=====
*1382 [[Barquq|az-Zahir Saif ad-Din Barquq]] , ''first reign''
*1389 Hajji II ''second reign'' (with honorific title al-Muzaffar or al-Mansur) - Temporary Bahri rule
*1390 [[Barquq|az-Zahir Saif ad-Din Barquq]], ''Second reign'' - Burji rule re-established
*1399 An-Nasir Nasir Addin Faradj
*1405 Al-Mansour Azzaddin Abdal Aziz
*1405 An-Nasir Nasir Addin Faradj (second time)
*1412 Al-Adel Al-Mustayn (Abbasi Khalef, proclaimed as Sultan)
*1412 Al-Muayad Saif Addin Shayh
*1421 Al-Muzaffar Ahmad
*1421 Az-Zahir Saif Addin Tatar
*1421 As-Salih Nasir Addin Muhammad
*1422 Al-Ashraf Saif Addin Barsbay
*1438 Al-Aziz Djamal Addin Yusuf
*1438 Az-Zahir Saif Addin Djakhmak
*1453 Al-Mansour Fahr Addin Osman
*1453 Al-Ashraf Saif Addin Enal
*1461 Al-Muayad Shihab Addin Ahmad
*1461 Az-Zahir Saif Addin Khushkadam
*1467 Az-Zahir Saif Addin Belbay
*1468 Az-Zahir Temurbougha
*1468 Al-Ashraf Saif Addin [[Qaitbay]]
*1496 An-Nasir Muhammad
*1498 Az-Zahir Qanshaw
*1500 Al-Ashraf Djanbulat
*1501 Al-Adel Saif Addin [[Tumanbay I]]
*1501 [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri]]
*1517 Al-Ashraf [[Tumanbay II]]
====In India====
*[[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]] (1206–1210)
*[[Aram Shah]] (1210–1211)
*[[Shams ud din Iltutmish]] (1211–1236). Son-in-law of Qutb-ud-din Aybak.
*[[Rukn ud din Firuz]] (1236). Son of Iltutmish.
*[[Razia Sultana]] (1236–1240). Daughter of Iltutmish.
*[[Muiz ud din Bahram]] (1240–1242). Son of Iltutmish.
*[[Ala ud din Masud]] (1242–1246). Son of Rukn ud din.
*[[Nasir ud din Mahmud]] (1246–1266). Son of Iltutmish.
*[[Ghiyas ud din Balban]] (1266–1286). Ex-slave, son-in-law of Iltutmish.
*[[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]](1286–1290). Grandson of Balban and Nasir ud din.
*[[Kayumars of Delhi|Kayumars]] (1290). Son of Muiz ud din.
==Similar terms==
''[[Mameluco]]'' is a Portuguese word derived from "mamluk" (also named [[Mameluco]] in Spanish), used to identify people of mixed [[Europe]]an and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] descent in [[South America]]. In the 17th and 18th centuries, ''Mameluco'' also referred to organized bands of Portuguese slave-hunters based at [[São Paulo]], known primarily as ''[[bandeirante]]s''.
''Mameluk'' was used in Hungary in the last decades of the 19th century as a nickname for Members of Parliament belonging to the governing "Liberal" party. This party governed Hungary for 30 years (1875-1905) and its members in Parliament fulfilled all wishes of party leader and prime minister [[Kálmán Tisza]] in order to preserve their parliamentary seats and accompanying privileges.
Officers of the United States Marine Corps carry a ceremonial [[Mameluke Sword]], and Mamluke swords are used by [[US army]] in festivals.
==Mamluk office titles and terminology==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%"
|-
! English
! Arabic
! Notes
|-
| ''Alama Sultaniya''
| علامة سلطانية
| The mark or signature of the Sultan put on his decrees, letters and documents.
|-
| ''Al-Nafir al-Am''
| النفير العام
| General emergency declared during war
|-
| ''Amir''
| أمير
| Prince
|-
| ''Amir Akhur''
| أمير آخور
| supervisor of the royal stable
|-
| ''Amir Majlis''
| أمير مجلس
| Guard of Sultan's seat and bed
|-
| ''Atabek''
|أتابك
| Commander in chief
|-
|-
| ''Astadar''
| أستادار
| Chief of the royal servants
|-
| ''Barid Jawi''
| بريد جوى
| Airmail (mail sent by carrier-pigeons, amplified by Sultan [[Baibars]])
|-
| ''Bayt al-Mal''
| بيت المال
| treasury
|-
| ''Dwadar''
| دوادار
| Holder of Sultan's ink bottle
|-
| ''Fondok''
| فندق
| Hotel (some famous hotels in Cairo during the Mamluk era were ''Dar al-Tofah, Fondok Bilal'' and ''Fondok al-Salih'')
|-
| ''Hajib''
| حاجب
| Doorkeeper of sultan's court
|-
| ''Iqta''
| إقطاع
| Revenue from land allotment
|-
| ''Jamkiya''
| جامكية
| Salary paid to a Mamluk
|-
| ''Jashnakir''
| جاشنكير
| Food taster of the sultan (to assure food was not poisoned)
|-
| ''Jomdar''
| جمدار
| An official at the department of the Sultan's clothing
|-
| ''Kafel al-mamalek al-sharifah al-islamiya al-amir al-amri''
| كافل الممالك الشريفة الاسلاميةالاميرالأمرى
| Title of the Vice-sultan (The guardian of the dignified Islamic kingdoms the commanding prince)
|-
| ''Khan''
| خان
| A store that specialized in selling a certain commodity
|-
| ''Khaskiya''
| خاصكية
| Courtiers of the sultan and most trusted royal mamluks who functioned as the Sultan's bodyguards/ A privileged group around a prominent Amir
|-
| ''Khond''
| خند
| Wife of the sultan
|-
| ''Khushdashiya''
| خشداشية
| Mamluks belonging to the same Amir or Sultan.
|-
| ''Mahkamat al-Mazalim''
| محكمة المظالم
| Court of complaint. A court that heard cases of complaints of people against state officials. This court was headed by the sultan himself.
|-
| ''Mamalik Kitabeya''
| مماليك كتابية
| Mamluks still attending training classes and who still live at the Tebaq (campus)
|-
| ''Mamalik Sultaneya''
| مماليك سلطانيه
| Mamluks of the sultan;to distinguish from the Mamluks of the Amirs (princes)
|-
| ''Modwarat al-Sultan''
| مدورة السلطان
| Sultan's tent which he used during travel.
|-
| ''Mohtaseb''
| محتسب
| Controller of markets, public works and local affairs.
|-
| ''Morqadar''
| مرقدار
| Works in the Royal Kitchen
|-
| ''Mushrif''
| مشرف
| Supervisor of the Royal Kitchen
|-
| ''Na'ib Al-Sultan''
| نائب السلطان
| Vice-sultan
|-
|''Qa'at al-insha'a''
| قاعة الإنشاء
| Chancery hall
|-
| ''Qadi al-Qoda''
| قاضى القضاة
| Chief justice
|-
|''Qalat al-Jabal''
| قلعة الجبل
| Citadel of the Mountain (the abode and court of the sultan in Cairo)
|-
| ''Qaranisa''
| قرانصة
| Mamluks who moved to the service of a new Sultan or from the service of an Amir to a sultan.
|-
| ''Qussad''
|
| Secret couriers and agents who kept the sultan informed
|-
|''Ostaz''
| أستاذ
| Benefactor of Mamluks (the Sultan or the Emir)
|-
| ''Rank''
| رنك
| An emblem that distinguished the rank and position of a Mamluk
|-
| ''Sanjaqi''
| سنجاقى
| A standard-bearer of the Sultan.
|-
| ''Sharabkhana''
| شرابخانة
| Storehouse for drinks, medicines and glass-wares of the sultan.
|-
| ''Silihdar''
| سلحدار
| Arm-Bearer
|-
| ''Tashrif''
| تشريف
| Head-covering worn by a Mamluk during the ceremony of inauguration to the position of Amir.
|-
| ''Tawashi''
| طواشى
| A [[Eunuch]] responsible for serving the wives of the sultan and supervising new Mamluks.
|-
| ''Tebaq''
| طباق
| Campus of the Mamluks at the citadel of the mountain
|-
| ''Tishtkhana''
| طشتخانة
|Storehouse used for the laundry of the sultan
|-
|''Wali''
| والى
| viceroy
|-
| ''Yook''
|
| A large linen closet used in every mamluk home
|}
==See also==
*[[Bahri dynasty]]
*[[Burji dynasty]]
*[[Black Guard]]
*[[Feudalism]]
*[[Ghilman|Ghulam]]
*[[Georgians in Iran]]
*[[Janissary]]
*[[Saqaliba]]
*[[Seventh Crusade]]
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198106/art.of.the.mamluks.htm Arts of the Mamluks]
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/dynasties/mamluks.html Mamluks - Military slave dynasty]
* [http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/islam/history/mamluks.htm Mamluks - History for Kids]
* [http://mamluk.uchicago.edu The Chicago Online Bibliography of Mamluk Studies and The Chicago Online Encyclopedia of, Mamluk Studies Review, and other Mamluk Studies Resources]
==Further reading==
* A. Allouche: ''Mamluk Economics : A Study and Translation of Al-Maqrizi's Ighathat.'' Salt Lake City, 1994
* R. Amitai-Preiss: ''Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War 1260-1281''. Cambridge, 1995
* D. Ayalon: ''The Mamluk Military Society''. London, 1979
* Ulrich Haarmann: ''Das Herrschaftssystem der Mamluken'', in: Halm / Haarmann (Hrsg.): ''Geschichte der arabischen Welt''. C.H.Beck (2004), ISBN 3-406-47486-1
* E. de la Vaissière, ''Samarcande et Samarra. Elites d'Asie centrale dans l'empire abbasside'', Peeters, 2007 [[http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=8356 ]]
* James Waterson - ''The Mamluks'' (''History Today'' March 2006)
[[Category:Kipchaks]]
[[Category:Muslim empires]]
[[Category:Ottoman political people]]
[[Category:Slavery]]
[[Category:Muslim dynasties]]
[[Category:Islamic history]]
[[Category:Islam and slavery]]
[[Category:Slaves of the Muslim world]]
{{Link FA|ur}}
[[ar:مماليك]]
[[bg:Мамелюци]]
[[ca:Mameluc]]
[[cs:Mamlúci]]
[[da:Mameluk]]
[[de:Mamluken]]
[[el:Μαμελούκοι]]
[[es:Mameluco]]
[[eo:Mamelukoj]]
[[fr:Mamelouk]]
[[gl:Mameluco]]
[[ko:맘루크]]
[[it:Mamelucchi]]
[[he:ממלוכים]]
[[ka:მამლუქები]]
[[lv:Mameluks]]
[[ml:മംലൂക്ക് വംശം]]
[[ms:Mamluk]]
[[nl:Mamelukken]]
[[ja:マムルーク]]
[[no:Mamelukk]]
[[nn:Mamelukk]]
[[pl:Mamelucy]]
[[pt:Mameluco]]
[[ro:Mameluc]]
[[ru:Мамлюки]]
[[scn:Mammaluccu]]
[[simple:Mamluk]]
[[sr:Мамелуци]]
[[fi:Mamelukit]]
[[sv:Mamluker]]
[[tr:Memlûk Devleti]]
[[uk:Мамелюк]]
[[ur:مملوک]]
[[zh:马木留克]]