Manchester 20206 225124353 2008-07-12T00:21:31Z Rjwilmsi 203434 gen fixes + link/fix date fields in cite templates (explanation [[User:Rjwilmsi#My_correction_of_dates_in_templates|here]]) using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{pp-semi|small=yes}} <!-- WHILST THIS ARTICLE NEEDS WORK AS OUTLINED ON THE TALK PAGE, PLEASE CONSIDER MAKING YOUR ADDITIONS TO THE MANCHESTER-DAUGHTER PAGES, AS THESE ARE MORE NEEDY. THIS ARTICLE IS MATURE. --> {{coor title dm|53|28|N|2|14|W}} {{three other uses|the City of Manchester in England|the wider metropolitan county|Greater Manchester|the larger conurbation|Greater Manchester Urban Area|other uses|Manchester (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |official_name = City of Manchester |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = "Capital of the North", "[[Cottonopolis]]", "[[Second city of the United Kingdom|Second city]]", "Warehouse City" |settlement_type = [[Metropolitan borough|Borough]] & [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]]<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = "Concilio Et Labore" <small>''"Wisdom and effort"''</small> <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Manchester Skyline Image.jpg |imagesize = 280px |image_caption = Manchester skyline from the [[River Irwell]] |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_link = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = Manchester city coa.png |blank_emblem_type = Coat of Arms of the City Council |blank_emblem_size = 150px |blank_emblem_link = Manchester City Council |image_map = EnglandManchester.png |mapsize = 200 * 247 |map_caption = Manchester shown within England |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]] |subdivision_name = [[United Kingdom]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Constituent country]] |subdivision_name1 = [[England]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]] |subdivision_name2 = [[North West England]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Greater Manchester]] |subdivision_type4 = Admin HQ |subdivision_name4 = [[Manchester City Centre]] <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = [[Metropolitan borough]], [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] |leader_title = Governing&nbsp;body |leader_name = [[Manchester City Council]] |leader_title1 = [[List of Lord Mayors of Manchester|Lord Mayor]] |leader_name1 = Glynn Evans |leader_title2 = [[MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005|MPs]]: |leader_name2 = [[Paul Goggins]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]<br />[[Gerald Kaufman|Sir Gerald Kaufman]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]<br />[[John Leech (politician)|John Leech]] [[Liberal Democrats|(LD)]]<br />[[Tony Lloyd]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]<br />[[Graham Stringer]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]] |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1st century |established_title2 = Town charter |established_date2 = 1301 |established_title3 = City status |established_date3 = 1853 <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 115.65<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = {{English statistics year‎}} |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = {{EnglishDistrictPopulation|ONS = 00BN}} ([[List of English districts by population|Ranked {{EnglishDistrictRank|ONS = 00BN}}]]) |population_density_km2 = 3815 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = 4209132 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = 2240230 <br /><small>([[Greater Manchester Urban Area]])</small> |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = [[Ceremonial counties of England|County]] |population_blank1 = 2547700 |population_density_blank1_title = Density |population_density_blank1_km2 = 1997 |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = 5172.2 |population_blank2_title = Ethnicity<br><small>([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2005 Estimates]]<ref>[http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276778&c=Manchester&d=13&e=13&g=351271&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1198673035015&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812 Neighbourhood Statistics<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>) </small> |population_blank2 = '''77.6% [[White people|White]]'''<br>71.0% [[White British]]<br>3.0% [[Irish Briton|White Irish]]<br>3.6% [[White Other (United Kingdom Census)|Other White]]<br>'''3.2% [[British Mixed|Mixed]]'''<br>1.3% [[British Mixed|White & Black Caribbean]]<br>0.6% [[British Mixed|White & Black African]]<br>0.7% [[British Mixed|White & South Asian]]<br>0.7% [[British Mixed|White & Other]]<br>'''10.3% [[British Asian|South Asian]]'''<br>2.3% [[Indian British|Indian]]<br>5.8% [[Pakistani British|Pakistani]]<br>1.0% [[British Asian|Bangladeshi]]<br>1.2% [[British Asian|Other South Asian]]<br>'''5.2% [[Black British|Black]]'''<br>2.0% [[British African-Caribbean community|Black Carribean]]<br>2.7% [[African British|Black African]]<br>0.5% [[Black British|Other Black]]<br>'''3.7% [[Oriental British|East Asian]] [[Other ethnic group (United Kingdom Census)|and Other]]'''<br>2.3% [[British Chinese|Chinese]]<br>1.4% [[Other ethnic group (United Kingdom Census)|Other]] | |population_density_blank2_km2 = |population_density_blank2_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd = 53 |latm = 28 |lats = |latNS = N |longd = 2 |longm = 14 |longs = |longEW = W |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = 78 |elevation_ft = 256 <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = Postcode |postal_code = [[M postcode area|M]] |area_code = 0161 |blank_name = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]] |blank_info = GB-MAN |blank1_name = [[ONS coding system|ONS code]] |blank1_info = 00BN |blank2_name = [[British national grid reference system|OS grid reference]] |blank2_info = {{gbmappingsmall|SJ838980}} |blank3_name = [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] 3 |blank3_info = UKD31 |blank4_name = |blank4_info = |website = [http://www.manchester.gov.uk/ www.manchester.gov.uk] |footnotes = }} <!-- INFOBOX END --> '''Manchester''' ({{Audio|en-uk-Manchester.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{pronEng|ˈmæntʃɛstə}}) is a [[city]] and [[metropolitan borough]] of [[Greater Manchester]], [[England]]. Manchester was granted [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] in 1853. It has a population of 452,000,<ref name="Manchester population">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D9664.xls|title=Mid-2006 population estimates for the United Kingdom|accessdate=2007-06-29|publisher=Office for National Statistics|year=2007|format=XLS}}</ref> and lies at the centre of the wider [[Greater Manchester Urban Area]], which has a population of 2,240,230,<ref name="Urban population">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/corrections_ks_urban.asp|title=Key Statistics for urban areas in England and Wales|accessdate=2007-06-29|publisher=statistics.gov.uk|year=2001|author=[[United Kingdom Census 2001]]}}</ref><!--This is the population for the Urban Area, ''not'' the Metropolitan County of the same name--> the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[List of conurbations in the United Kingdom|third largest conurbation]]. Manchester has the second [[Larger Urban Zones (LUZ) in the European Union|largest urban zone]] in the UK and the fourteenth most populated in Europe. Forming part of the [[English Core Cities Group]], often described as the [[Second city of the United Kingdom|second city of the UK]],<ref name="Second city">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2253035.stm|title=Manchester 'England's second city'|accessdate=2007-05-02|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2002}} <br />• {{Cite web|url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/polls/2002/manchester.shtml|title=Manchester 'England's Second City'|accessdate=2007-07-12|publisher=Ipsos MORI|year=2002}} <br />• {{Cite web|url=http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/article541043.ece|title=Can Birmingham halt its decline?|accessdate=2007-08-01|publisher=[[The Times]]|year=2005|author=Riley, Catherine}} <br />• {{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/4293814.stm|title=Manchester 'close to second city'|accessdate=2006-05-02|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2005}} <br />• {{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6349501.stm|title=Manchester tops second city poll|accessdate=2007-06-18|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2007}} <br />• {{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/02_february/09/birmingham.shtml|title=Birmingham loses out to Manchester in second city face off|accessdate=2007-06-18|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2007}}</ref> and the "[[Capital]] of the [[Northern England|North]]",<ref name="Capital of North">{{Cite web|url=http://www.englandsnorthwest.com/invest/news/archive/1417/manchester-the-north-s--dynamite-capital-.html|title=Manchester "the north's dynamite capital"|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=England's North West|year=2007}} <br />• {{Cite web|url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/manchester/|title=About Manchester|accessdate=2006-10-24|publisher=The University of Manchester|year=2003}} <br />• {{Cite web|url=http://www.educationuk.org/clubuk/1/northern_soul_man.html|title=Northern Soul Club UK Life Guide|accessdate=2006-10-24|publisher=British Council|year=2003}}</ref> Manchester today is a centre of the [[arts]], the [[News media|media]], [[higher education]] and [[commerce]]. In a poll of British business leaders published in 2006, Manchester was regarded as the best place in the UK to locate a business.<ref name="Best for business">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omis.co.uk/Downloads/BBC06.pdf|title=Britain's Best Cities 2005–2006 Executive Summary|accessdate=2007-09-08|publisher=OMIS Research|year=2006|format=PDF}}</ref> A report commissioned by Manchester Partnership, published in 2007, showed Manchester to be the "fastest-growing city" economically.<ref name="Fastest Growing City">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/news_article.php?newsID=2915|title=Manchester – The State of the City|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=Manchester City Council|year=2007}}</ref> It is the third most visited city in the United Kingdom by foreign visitors.<ref>{{cite press release | title = International Visitors To Friendly Manchester Up 10% | publisher = Marketing Manchester | date = [[17 September]] [[2007]] | url = http://www.marketingmanchester.com/news/newsdetails.xsql?id=258 | accessdate = 2007-09-17 }}</ref> Manchester was the host of the [[2002 Commonwealth Games]], and among its other sporting connections are its two [[Premier League]] football teams, [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] and [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]].<ref>Note: Manchester United's ground is in Greater Manchester but outside Manchester [[city limits]]; it is in the borough of [[Trafford]]</ref> [[Historic counties of England|Historically]], most of the city was a part of [[Lancashire]], with areas south of the [[River Mersey]] being in [[Cheshire]]. Manchester was the world's first [[Industrialisation|industrialised]] city<ref name="Industrial city">{{cite book|title='Manchester: A History'| url=http://www.carnegiepublishing.com/product/view/46|last=Kidd|first=Alan|date=2006|publisher=Carnegie Publishing Ltd| location=Lancaster, Lancashire|isbn=1859361285}}<br />• {{cite book|title=Tradition in Action. The historical evolution of the Greater Manchester County|last=Frangopulo|first=Nicholas|date=1977|publisher=EP Publishing|location=Wakefield|isbn=0715812033}}<br />• {{Cite web|url=http://www.eurofundingnw.org.uk/current_affairs.asp?section=affairs&id=34|title=Manchester United in Celebration of City|accessdate=2006-12-18|publisher=European Structural Funding|year=2002}}</ref> and played a central role during the [[Industrial Revolution]]. It was the dominant international centre of [[Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution|textile manufacture]] and [[Spinning (textiles)|cotton spinning]].<ref name="Cottonopolis">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spinningtheweb.org.uk/places/cottonopolis.php|title=Manchester Cottonopolis|accessdate=2006-10-24|publisher=Spinningtheweb.org.uk – Manchester City Council|year=2005}}</ref> During the 19th century it acquired the nickname [[Cottonopolis]],<ref name="Cottonopolis"/> suggesting it was a [[metropolis]] of [[cotton mill]]s. [[Manchester City Centre]] is now on a tentative list of [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s, mainly due to the network of canals and mills constructed during its 19th-century development.<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1316/|title=Manchester and Salford (Ancoats, Castlefield and Worsley)|accessdate=2006-10-24|publisher=UNESCO|year=1999}}</ref><!---please use the talk page to discuss changes made to this sentence---> ==History== {{main|History of Manchester}} ===Toponymy=== The name Manchester originates from the [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Roman]] name ''Mamucium'', thought to be a [[Latin]]isation of an original [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] name (possibly meaning "breast-like hill" from ''mamm-'' = "breast"), plus [[Old English language|Anglo-Saxon]] ''ceaster'' = "town", which is derived from [[Latin]] ''[[castra]]'' = "camp".<ref name="Place names">{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of British Place-Names|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/pages/Subjects_and_Titles__2B_05|last=Mills|first=A.D.|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0198527586}}</ref> Manchester is also the [[List of the most common U.S. place names|10th most common place name in the United States]]. ===Early history=== The [[Brigantes]] were the major [[Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland|Celtic tribe]] of what is now [[Northern England]] whom had a stronghold in the locality at a sandstone outcrop on which [[Manchester Cathedral]] now stands, opposite the banks of the [[River Irwell]].<ref name="Cooper">{{cite book |first=Glynis |last=Cooper |title=Salford: An Illustrated History |publisher=The Breedon Books Publishing Company |year=2005 |isbn=1859834558|page=19}}</ref> Their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now [[Salford]] and [[Stretford]]. Following the [[Roman conquest of Britain]] in the 1st century, [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola|General Agricola]] ordered the construction of a [[Castra|Roman fort]] in the year 79 named [[Mamucium]] to ensure Roman interests with [[Deva Victrix]] ([[Chester]]) and [[Eboracum]] ([[York]]) were protected from the Brigantes.<ref name="Cooper"/> Central Manchester has been permanently settled since this time.<ref name="Roman">{{cite book | title=Halloween: from Pagan Ritual to Party Night| url=http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780195168969| last=Rogers| first=Nicholas| date=2003| pages=18| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]| isbn=0195168968}}</ref> A stabilised fragment of foundations of the final version of the Roman fort is visible in [[Castlefield]]. The Romans withdrew in the early 5th century, and by the time of the [[Norman Conquest]] in 1066 the focus of settlement had shifted to the confluence of the rivers Irwell and [[River Irk|Irk]].<ref name="Kidd">{{cite book|title=Manchester: A History|url=http://www.carnegiepublishing.com/product/view/46|last=Kidd|first=Alan|date=2006|pages= 12, 15–24, 224|publisher=Carnegie Publishing Ltd|location=Lancaster, Lancashire|isbn=1859361285}}</ref> Much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent [[Harrying of the North]].<ref name="Hylton">{{cite book|title=A History of Manchester|url=http://www.phillimore.co.uk/acatalog/info_1860772404.html|last=Hylton|first=Stuart|date=2003|pages=Pg. 1–10, 22, 25, 42, 63–67, 69|publisher=Phillimore & Co Ltd|isbn=1860772404}}</ref><ref name="Arrowsmith">{{cite book|title=Stockport: a History|last=Arrowsmith|first=Peter|date=1997|pages=Pg. 30|publisher=Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council|isbn=0-905164-99-7}}</ref> [[Image:Map of Manchester 1801.PNG|thumb|left|A map of Manchester and [[Salford]] from 1801. Note the absence of any railway infrastructure.]] Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a collegiate church for the [[Manchester (ancient parish)|parish]] in 1421. The church is now [[Manchester Cathedral]]; the domestic premises of the college now house [[Chetham's School of Music]] and [[Chetham's Library]].<ref name="Hartwell">{{cite book|title=Pevsner Architectural Guides: Manchester|last=Hartwell|first=Clare|date=2001|pages= 11–17, 155, 256, 267–268|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London, England|isbn=0140711317}}</ref><ref name="Kidd"/> Around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of [[Flemish people|Flemish]] weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the region's textile industry.<ref name="Flemish">{{cite book | title=Lancashire, The Industrial and Commercial South| last=Pevsner| first=Nikolaus| date=1969| pages=Pg. 265| publisher=Penguin Books Ltd| location=London, England| isbn=0-14-071036-1}}</ref> Manchester became an important centre for the manufacture and trade of [[wool]]lens and [[linen]], and by about 1540, had expanded to become, in [[John Leland]]'s words, "The fairest, best builded, quickest, and most populous town of all Lancashire."<ref name="Kidd"/> The cathedral and Chetham's buildings are the only significant survivors of Leland's Manchester.<ref name="Hylton"/> During the [[English Civil War]], Manchester strongly favoured the Parliamentary interest. Although not long lasting, [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]] granted it the right to elect its own MP. [[Charles Worsley]], who sat for the city for only a year, was later appointed Major General for Lancashire, Cheshire and Staffordshire during the [[Rule of the Major Generals]]. He was a diligent [[puritan]], turning out ale houses and banning the celebration of [[Christmas]]; he died in 1656.<ref>{{cite book | title= Cromwell's major generals: godly government during the English Revolution | series= Politics, culture, and society in early modern Britain | author= Durston, Christopher | year= 2001 | publisher= Manchester University Press | location= Manchester | isbn= 0-7190-6065-6 | url= http://books.google.com/books?id=Hw622QZHTcYC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=%22charles+worsley%22&source=web&ots=8WMX5JLZMr&sig=jETxrMz9PN_X_ODRafgco276NBg | accessdate= 2008-01-17}}</ref> Significant quantities of [[cotton]] began to be used after about 1600, firstly in linen/cotton [[fustian]]s, but by around 1750 pure cotton fabrics were being produced and cotton had overtaken wool in importance.<ref name="Kidd"/> The Irwell and Mersey were made navigable by 1736, opening a route from Manchester to the sea docks on the Mersey. The [[Bridgewater Canal]], Britain's first wholly artificial waterway, was opened in 1761, bringing coal from mines at [[Worsley]] to central Manchester. The canal was extended to the Mersey at Runcorn by 1776. The combination of competition and improved efficiency halved the cost of coal and halved the transport cost of raw cotton.<ref name="Kidd"/><ref name="Hartwell"/> Manchester became the dominant marketplace for textiles produced in the surrounding towns.<ref name="Kidd"/> A [[commodities exchange]], opened in 1729,<ref name="Hylton"/> and numerous large warehouses, aided commerce. In 1780, [[Richard Arkwright]] began construction of Manchester's first cotton mill.<ref name="Hartwell"/><ref name="Hylton"/> ===Industrial Revolution=== [[Image:McConnel & Company mills, about 1820.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cotton mill]]s in [[Ancoats]] about 1820.]][[Image:Cottonopolis1.jpg|thumb|right|Manchester (or [[Cottonopolis]] as it was sometimes referred) during the early 19th century]] Much of Manchester's history is concerned with [[textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution]]. The great majority of [[Spinning (textiles)|cotton spinning]] took place in the towns of [[Greater Manchester|south Lancashire and north Cheshire]], and Manchester was for a time the most productive centre of cotton processing,<ref name="GM Arch">{{cite book|author=McNeil, R. & Nevell, M|title=A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester|publisher=Association for Industrial Archaeology|date=2000|isbn=0-9528930-3-7}}</ref> and later the world's largest marketplace for cotton goods.<ref name="Kidd"/><ref name=Hall>{{cite book | last = Hall | first = Peter | title = Cities in Civilization | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson | location = London | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-297-84219-6 | chapter = The first industrial city: Manchester 1760-1830}}</ref> Manchester was dubbed "[[Cottonopolis]]" and "Warehouse City" during the [[Victorian era]].<ref name="GM Arch"/> Manchester began expanding "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century as part of a process of unplanned [[urbanisation]] brought on by the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="Cotton">{{cite book|title=The Cotton Industry|last=Aspin|first=Chris|publisher=Shire Publications Ltd|date=1981|isbn=0-85263-545-1|page=3}}</ref> It developed a wide range of industries, so that by 1835 "Manchester was without challenge the first and greatest industrial city in the world."<ref name=Hall/> Engineering firms initially made machines for the cotton trade, but diversified into general manufacture. Similarly, the chemical industry started by producing bleaches and dyes, but expanded into other areas. Commerce was supported by financial service industries such as banking and insurance. Trade, and feeding the growing population, required a large transport and distribution infrastructure: the canal system was extended, and Manchester became one end of the world's first intercity passenger railway—the [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway]]. Competition between the various forms of transport kept costs down.<ref name="Kidd"/> In 1878 the [[Post Office (United Kingdom)|GPO]] (the forerunner of [[BT Group|British Telecom]]) provided its first telephones to a firm in Manchester.<ref name="GPO">{{Cite web|url=http://www.btplc.com/Thegroup/BTsHistory/1851to1880/1878.htm|title=Events in Telecommunications History|accessdate=2007-07-30|publisher=BT Archives|year=1878}}</ref> The [[Manchester Ship Canal]] was created by canalisation of the Rivers Irwell and Mersey for {{convert|36|mi|km|0}} from [[Salford]] to the Mersey estuary. This enabled ocean going ships to sail right into the Port of Manchester. On the canal's banks, just outside the borough, the world's first industrial estate was created at [[Trafford Park]].<ref name="Kidd"/><!--1993, p103 --> Large quantities of machinery, including cotton processing plant, were exported around the world. [[Image:Peterloo Massacre.png|thumb|left|The [[Peterloo Massacre]] of 1819 saw 15 deaths and several hundred injured.]] A centre of capitalism, Manchester was frequented by bread and labour riots, as well as calls for greater political recognition by the city's working and non-titled classes, most famously on St Peter's Field on [[16 August]] [[1819]], known as [[Peterloo]]. Manchester was the subject of [[Friedrich Engels]]' ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844]]''; Engels himself spent much of his life in and around Manchester.<ref name="Engles">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/engels/en-1893.htm|title=Marx-Engels Internet Archive – Biography of Engels|accessdate=2007-07-30|publisher=Marx/Engels Biography Archive|year=1893}}</ref> The first [[Trades Union Congress]] was held in Manchester (at the Mechanics' Institute, David Street), from 2 to [[6 June]] [[1868]]. Manchester was also an important cradle of the [[Labour Party (UK)| Labour Party]] and the [[Suffragette]] Movement.<ref name="">{{cite book|title=Manchester: A history|url=http://www.carnegiepublishing.com/product/view/46|last=Kidd|first=Alan|date=2006|chapter=Chapter 9 England Arise! The Politics of Labour and Womens's Suffrage|publisher=Carnegie Publishing Ltd|location=Lancaster, Lancashire|isbn=1859361285}}</ref> At that time, it seemed a place in which anything could happen—new industrial processes, new ways of thinking (the [[Manchester School]], promoting [[free trade]] and ''[[laissez-faire]]''), new classes or groups in society, new religious sects, and new forms of labour organisation. It attracted educated visitors from all parts of Britain and Europe. A saying capturing this sense of innovation survives today: "What Manchester does today, the rest of the world does tomorrow."<ref name="manchester innovation">{{cite book|editor=Speake, Jennifer|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t90.e1326|accessdate=2007-07-06|year=2003|edition=4th Edition|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0198605242|quote=What Manchester says today, the rest of England says tomorrow}}<br />• {{Cite web|url=http://www.conservatives.com/tile.do?def=news.story.page&obj_id=135381 |title=Our vision to make Manchester the creative capital of Europe|accessdate=2007-07-06|publisher=[[Conservative Party (UK)]]|year=2007}}<br />• {{Cite web|url=http://www.mmu.ac.uk/studyatmmu/manchesterlife/|title=Manchester Life|accessdate=2007-07-06|publisher=[[Manchester Metropolitan University]]|year=2007}}</ref> Manchester's golden age was perhaps the last quarter of the 19th century. Many of the great public buildings (including the Town Hall) date from then. The city's cosmopolitan atmosphere contributed to a vibrant culture, which included the [[Hallé Orchestra]]. In 1889, when county councils were created in [[England]], the municipal borough became a [[county borough]] with even greater autonomy. Although the Industrial Revolution brought wealth to the city, it also brought poverty and squalor to a large part of the population. Historian [[Simon Schama]] noted that "Manchester was the very best and the very worst taken to terrifying extremes, a new kind of city in the world; the chimneys of industrial suburbs greeting you with columns of smoke". An American visitor taken to Manchester’s blackspots saw “wretched, defrauded, oppressed, crushed human nature, lying and bleeding fragments”.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Victoria and Her Sisters |series= A History of Britain |serieslink= Simon Schama's A History of Britain |credits= [[Simon Schama]] (presenter) |network= [[BBC One]] |airdate= 2002-06-04 |number=13 }}</ref> The number of [[cotton mill]]s in Manchester itself reached a peak of 108 in 1853.<ref name="GM Arch"/> Thereafter the number began to decline and Manchester was surpassed as the largest centre of cotton spinning by [[Bolton]] in the 1850s and [[Oldham]] in the 1860s.<ref name="GM Arch"/> However, this period of decline coincided with the rise of city as the financial centre of the region.<ref name="GM Arch"/> Manchester continued to process cotton, and in 1913, 65% of the world's cotton was processed in the area.<ref name="Kidd"/> The [[First World War]] interrupted access to the export markets. Cotton processing in other parts of the world increased, often on machines produced in Manchester. Manchester suffered greatly from the [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]] and the underlying structural changes that began to supplant the old industries, including textile manufacture. ===World War II=== Like most of the UK, the Manchester area mobilised extensively during [[World War II]]. For example, casting and machining expertise at [[Beyer, Peacock and Company]]'s locomotive works in [[Gorton]] was switched to bomb making; [[Dunlop Rubber|Dunlop]]'s rubber works in [[Chorlton-on-Medlock]] made [[barrage balloon]]s; and just outside the city in [[Trafford Park]], engineers [[Metropolitan-Vickers]] made [[Avro Manchester]] and [[Avro Lancaster]] bombers and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] built the [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] engines to power them. Manchester was thus the target of bombing by the [[Luftwaffe]], and by late 1940 air raids were taking place against non-military targets. The biggest took place during the "[[Manchester Blitz|Christmas Blitz]]" on the nights of 22/23 and 23/24 December 1940, when an estimated 467 [[long ton|ton]]s (475 tonnes) of high explosives plus over 37,000 incendiary bombs were dropped. A large part of the historic city centre was destroyed, including 165 warehouses, 200 business premises, and 150 offices. 376 were killed and 30,000 houses were damaged.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hardy | first = Clive | title = Manchester at War | edition = (2nd edition) | date= 2005 | publisher = First Edition <!-- sic --> | location = | isbn = 1-84547-096-6 | pages = pg.&nbsp;75–99 | chapter = The blitz }}</ref> [[Manchester Cathedral]] was among the buildings seriously damaged; its restoration took 20 years.<ref name="WWII">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchestercathedralonline.co.uk/timeline2.html|title=Manchester Cathedral – Historical Timeline|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=Manchester Cathedral Online|year=2004}}</ref> Cotton processing and trading continued to fall in peacetime, and the exchange closed in 1968.<ref name="Kidd"/> By 1963 the port of Manchester was the UK's third largest,<ref name="UK's 3rd largest">{{cite book|title=Manchester: an Architectural History|url=http://www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/catalogue/book.asp?id=1423|last=Parkinson-Bailey|first=John J|date=2000|pages=Pg. 127|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|isbn=0719056063}}<br />• {{cite book|title=Lancashire, The Industrial and Commercial South|last=Pevsner| first=Nikolaus|date=1969|pages=Pg. 267|publisher=Penguin Books Ltd|location=London, England|isbn=0140710361}}</ref> and employed over 3,000 men, but the canal was unable to handle the increasingly large [[Containerization|container]] ships. Traffic declined, and the port closed in 1982.<ref name="ship close">{{Cite web|url=http://www.salford.gov.uk/living/regeneration/geographicareas/quays-regen/salford-quays/manchesterdocks.htm|title=Manchester Ship Canal and The Docks|accessdate=2007-07-06|publisher=Salford City Council|year=2005}}</ref> Heavy industry suffered a downturn from the 1960s and was greatly reduced during the economic reforms associated with [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s government (i.e. 1979 onwards). Manchester lost 150,000 jobs in manufacturing between 1961 and 1983.<ref name="Kidd"/> Regeneration began in the late 1980s, with initiatives such as the Metrolink, the Bridgewater Concert Hall, the Manchester Evening News Arena, and (in Salford) the rebranding of the port as Salford Quays. Two bids to host the [[Olympic Games]] were part of a process to raise the international profile of the city.<ref name="Regeneration"/> ===1996 bomb=== {{main|1996 Manchester bombing}} Manchester has a history of attacks attributed to Irish Republicans, including the [[Manchester Martyrs]] of 1867, arson in 1920, a series of explosions in 1939, and two bombs in 1992. On Saturday [[15 June]] [[1996]], the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) detonated a large bomb next to a department store in the city centre. The largest to be detonated on British soil, the bomb injured over 200 people, heavily damaged nearby buildings, and broke windows half a mile away. The cost of the immediate damage was initially estimated at £50&nbsp;million, but this was quickly revised upwards.<ref name="1996 IRA costs">{{cite book | title=A History of Manchester| url=http://www.phillimore.co.uk/acatalog/info_1860772404.html| first=Stuart last=Hylton| date=2003| pages=pg. 227–230| publisher=Phillimore & Co Ltd|isbn=1860772404}}</ref> The final insurance payout was over £400&nbsp;million; many affected businesses never recovered from the loss of trade.<ref name="IRA business">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/3704943.stm|title=Panorama – The cost of terrorism|accessdate=2007-07-09|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2004}}</ref> ===Redevelopment=== [[Image:Manchester big screen.jpg|thumb|right|[[Exchange Square (Manchester)|Exchange Square]] during a [[BBC Big Screen]] showing of a FIFA world cup [[soccer|football]] game.]] Spurred by the investment after the 1996 bomb, and aided by the [[2002 Commonwealth Games|XVII Commonwealth Games]], Manchester's city centre has undergone extensive regeneration.<ref name="Regeneration">{{cite book|title=Pevsner Architectural Guides: Manchester|last=Hartwell|first=Clare|date=2001|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London, England|isbn=0140711317}}<br />• {{cite book|title=Manchester: an Architectural History|url=http://www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/catalogue/book.asp?id=1423|last=Parkinson-Bailey|first=John J|date=2000|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|isbn=0719056063}}<br />• {{cite book|title=Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East|url=http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300105834|last=Hartwell|first=Clare|coauthors=Matthew Hyde, Nikolaus Pevsner|date=2004|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT & London, England|isbn=0300105835}}</ref> New and renovated complexes such as [[The Printworks]] and the Triangle have become popular shopping and entertainment destinations. The [[Manchester Arndale]] is the UK's largest city centre shopping mall.<ref name="Arndale">{{Cite web|url=http://www.prupim.com/about/properties/showProperty?contentId=3709|title=Manchester Arndale – UK's largest in-town shopping centre|accessdate=2007-09-06|publisher=Prudential plc|year=2007}}</ref> Large sections of the city dating from the 1960s have been either demolished and re-developed or modernised with the use of glass and steel. Old mills have been converted into modern apartments, [[Hulme]] has undergone extensive regeneration programmes, and million-pound lofthouse apartments have since been developed. The 169-metre tall, 47-storey [[Beetham Tower, Manchester|Beetham Tower]], completed in 2006, is the tallest building in the UK outside London and the highest residential accommodation in western Europe. The lower 23 floors form the Hilton Hotel, featuring a "sky bar" on the 23rd floor. Its upper 24 floors are apartments.<ref name="Beetham Tower">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/4944590.stm|title=City building reaches full height|accessdate=2006-05-02|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2006}}</ref> In January 2007, the independent Casino Advisory Panel awarded Manchester a licence to build the only [[supercasino]] in the UK to regenerate the Eastlands area of the city,<ref name="Supercasino">{{Cite web|url=http://www.culture.gov.uk/cap/pressnotices/press_finalpanelreport300107.htm|title=Casino Advisory Panel Recommendations|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=Department for Culture, Media and Sport|year=2007}}<br />• {{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/01/30/dome_feature.shtml|title=Greenwich loses Casino Bet|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2007}}</ref> but in March the [[House of Lords]] rejected the decision by three votes rendering previous [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] acceptance meaningless. This left the supercasino, and 14 other smaller concessions, in parliamentary limbo until a final decision was made.<ref name="Supercasino rejected">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6500859.stm|title=Lords scupper super-casino plan|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2007}}</ref> On [[11 July]] [[2007]], a source close to the government declared the entire supercasino project "dead in the water".<ref name="Supercasino dead">{{Cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUKL1156722520070711|title=Britain cools on supercasino plan|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=[[Reuters]]|year=2007}}</ref> A member of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce professed himself "amazed and a bit shocked" and that "there has been an awful lot of time and money wasted".<ref name="Supercasino anger">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/6292630.stm|title=Anger at super-casino plan review|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2007}}</ref> After a meeting with the Prime Minister, Manchester City Council issued a press release on [[24 July]] [[2007]] stating that "contrary to some reports the door is not closed to a regional casino".<ref name="Supercasino not dead">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/news_article.php?newsID=2812|title=Manchester reaffirms casino commitment|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=[[Manchester City Council]]|year=2007}}</ref> The supercasino was officially declared dead in February 2008 with a compensation package described by the media as "rehashed plans, spin and empty promises."<ref name="SupercasinoDead">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1038288_empty_promises_and_spin|title=Empty promises and spin|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=[[Manchester Evening News]]|date= 2008-02-26|author=David Ottewell}}</ref> ===Second City=== {{main|Second city of the United Kingdom}} Manchester has recently been regarded by the international press,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calendarlive.com/music/cl-et-manchester3jul03,0,6491516.story?coll=cl-music-features|title=Manchester second city|accessdate=2007-07-19|publisher=LA Times|year=2007}}</ref> British public,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/polls/2002/manchester.shtml|title= Manchester poll 'England's second city'|accessdate=2007-02-09|publisher=Ipsos MORI North|year=2002}}</ref> and government ministers<ref name=Prescott>{{cite news|title= Prescott ranks Manchester as second city|url= http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/144/144945_prescott_ranks_manchester_as_second_city.html|work=[[Manchester Evening News]]|publisher=M.E.N media|date=[[3 February]][[2005]]|accessdate=2007-08-20|quote=We have had fantastic co-operation here in Manchester—our second city, I am prepared to concede.}}</ref> as being the [[second city of the United Kingdom]]. A 2007 poll by the [[BBC]] placed it ahead of Birmingham and [[Liverpool]] in the category of second city of England, but also ahead in the category of ''third'' city. Neither categories are officially sanctioned, and criteria for determining what 'second city' means are ill-defined. Manchester is not the second ''largest'' city in size or [[population]], but it is argued that cultural and [[History of Manchester|historical]] criteria are more important.<ref name="BBC2005">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/4293814.stm|title=Manchester pushing Birmingham for second city place|accessdate = 2007-09-06|publisher=BBC|year=2005}}</ref> The BBC reports that redevelopment of recent years has heightened claims that Manchester is the second city of the UK.<ref name="2nd city">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2253035.stm|title=Manchester 'England's second city'|accessdate=2006-05-02|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2002}}<br />•{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/4293814.stm|title=Manchester 'close to second city' |accessdate=2007-05-02|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2005}}<br />•{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6349501.stm|title=Manchester tops second city poll|accessdate=2007-02-11|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2007}}<br />•{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/02_february/09/birmingham.shtml|title=Birmingham loses out to Manchester in second city face off|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2007}}</ref> This title however, which is unofficial in the UK, has traditionally been held by [[Birmingham]] since the early 20th century.<ref name="2nd city contested">{{Cite web|url=http://travel.guardian.co.uk/article/2003/sep/06/unitedkingdom.birmingham.guardiansaturdaytravelsection |title=Second coming|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|year=2003}}</ref> ==Governance== {{main|Politics in Manchester|Manchester City Council}} {{seealso|List of Lord Mayors of Manchester}} [[Image:ManchesterTownHall OwlofDoom.jpg|thumb|[[Manchester Town Hall]], used for the local governance of Manchester, is an example of [[Victorian era]] [[Gothic revival]] architecture.]] Manchester is represented by three tiers of government, [[Manchester City Council]] ("local"), UK Parliament ("national"), and European Parliament ("Europe"). [[Greater Manchester County Council]] administration was abolished in 1986, and so the [[city council]] is effectively a [[unitary authority]]. Since its inception in 1995, Manchester has been a member of the [[English Core Cities Group]],<ref name="Core city">{{Cite web|url=http://www.corecities.com/dev07/Introduction/about.html|title=About the Core Cities Group|accessdate=2007-07-09|publisher=[[English Core Cities Group]]|year=2004}}</ref> which, amongst other things, serves to promote the social, cultural and economic status of the city at an international level. The town of Manchester was granted a charter by Thomas Grelley in 1301 but lost its [[borough status in the United Kingdom|borough status]] in a court case of 1359. Until the 19th century, local government was largely provided by manorial courts, the last of which ended in 1846.<ref name="GM Gazetteer">{{cite web|url=http://www.gmcro.co.uk/guides/gazette/gazframe.htm|date=[[2003-07-31]]|title=A select gazetteer of local government areas, Greater Manchester County|publisher=[[Greater Manchester County Records Office]]|accessdate=2007-07-09}}</ref> From [[History of Lancashire|a very early time]], the township of Manchester lay within the [[historic counties of England|historic county boundaries]] of [[Lancashire]].<ref name="GM Gazetteer"/> [[Nikolaus Pevsner|Pevsner]] wrote "That [neighbouring] [[Stretford]] and [[Salford]] are not administratively one with Manchester is one of the most curious anomalies of England".<ref name="Flemish"/> A stroke of a [[Normans|Norman]] [[baron]]'s pen is said to have divorced Manchester and Salford, though it was not Salford that became separated from Manchester, it was Manchester, with its humbler line of [[lord]]s, that was separated from Salford.<ref name="GM Evolution">{{cite book|title=Tradition in Action. The historical evolution of the Greater Manchester County|last=Frangopulo|first=Nicholas|date=1977|publisher=EP Publishing|location=Wakefield|isbn=0715812033}}</ref> It was this separation that resulted in Salford becoming the judicial seat of [[Salfordshire]], which included the [[Manchester (ancient parish)|ancient parish of Manchester]]. Manchester later formed its own [[Poor Law Union]] by the name of Manchester.<ref name="GM Gazetteer"/> In 1792, commissioners&mdash;usually known as police commissioners&mdash;were established for the social improvement of Manchester. In 1838, Manchester regained its borough status, and comprised the townships of [[Beswick, Greater Manchester|Beswick]], [[Cheetham Hill]], [[Chorlton upon Medlock]] and [[Hulme]].<ref name="GM Gazetteer"/> By 1846 the borough council had taken over the powers of the police commissioners. In 1853 Manchester was granted [[city status in the United Kingdom]].<ref name="GM Gazetteer"/> In 1885, [[Bradford, Greater Manchester|Bradford]], [[Harpurhey]], [[Rusholme]] and parts of [[Moss Side]] and [[Withington]] townships became part of the City of Manchester. In 1889, the city became the [[county borough]] of Manchester, separate from the [[administrative counties of England|administrative county]] of Lancashire, and thus not governed by [[Lancashire County Council]].<ref name="GM Gazetteer"/> Between 1890 and 1933, more areas were added to the city from Lancashire, including former villages such as [[Burnage]], [[Chorlton-cum-Hardy]], [[Didsbury]], [[Fallowfield]], [[Levenshulme]], [[Longsight]], and [[Withington]]. In 1931 the [[Cheshire]] [[civil parish]]es of [[Baguley]], [[Northenden]] and Northern Etchells from the south of the [[River Mersey]] were added.<ref name="GM Gazetteer"/> In 1974, by way of the [[Local Government Act 1972]], the City of Manchester became a [[metropolitan district]] of the [[metropolitan county]] of [[Greater Manchester]].<ref name="GM Gazetteer"/> That year, [[Ringway]], the town where Manchester Airport is located, was added to the city. ==Geography== {{see also|Geography of Greater Manchester}} {{climate chart |Manchester |1|6|69 |1|7|50 |3|9|61 |4|12|51 |7|15|61 |10|18|67 |12|20|65 |12|20|79 |10|17|74 |8|14|77 |4|9|78 |2|7|78 |source=[http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/u/UK03334.html Climate-Charts.com] |float=right }} At {{coor dms|53|28|0|N|2|14|0|W|city}} (53.466, -2.233), {{convert|160|mi|km|0}} northwest of [[London]], Manchester lies in a bowl-shaped land area bordered to the north and east by the [[Pennines|Pennine hills]], a mountain chain that runs the length of [[Northern England]] and to the south by the [[Cheshire Plain]]. The [[Manchester City Centre|city centre]] is on the east bank of the [[River Irwell]], near its confluences with the Rivers [[River Medlock|Medlock]] and [[River Irk|Irk]], and is relatively low-lying, being between 115 to 138&nbsp;feet (35 and 42&nbsp;m) above [[sea level]].<ref name="Topography">{{cite book|title=Manchester: A History|url=http://www.carnegiepublishing.com/product/view/46|last=Kidd|first=Alan|date=2006|pages=Pg.11|publisher=Carnegie Publishing Ltd|location=Lancaster, Lancashire|isbn=1859361285}}</ref> The [[River Mersey]] flows through the south of Manchester. Much of the inner city, especially in the south, is flat, offering extensive views from many highrise buildings in the city of the foothills and moors of the Pennines, which can often be capped with snow in the winter months. Manchester's geographic features were highly influential in its early development as the world's first industrial city. These features are its climate, its proximity to a [[port|seaport]] at [[Liverpool]], the availability of water power from its rivers, and its nearby [[coal]] reserves.<ref name="Coalfields">{{Cite web|url=http://www.msim.org.uk/media/159631/the%20manchester%20coalfields.pdf|title=The Manchester Coalfields|accessdate=2007-07-15|publisher=[[Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester]]|year=2001|format=PDF}}</ref> [[Image:Map of Manchester.png|thumb|left|The City of Manchester, the [[land use]] is overwhelmingly urban]] The name Manchester, though officially applied only to the metropolitan district of Greater Manchester, has been applied to other, wider divisions of land, particularly across much of the Greater Manchester county and urban area. The "Manchester City Zone", "[[M postcode area|Manchester post town]]" and the "[[Manchester Congestion Charge]]" are all examples of this. The economic geography of the [[Manchester City Region]] is used to define housing markets, business linkages, travel to work patterns, administrative areas etc.<ref name="Northern Way">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenorthernway.co.uk/page.asp?id=54|title=Manchester - Accelerating the growth of the North|accessdate=2007-10-19|publisher=The Northern Way|year=2007}}</ref> As defined by [[The Northern Way]] economic development agency the City Region territory encompasses most of the natural economy’s [[Travel to Work Area]] and includes the cities of Manchester and [[City of Salford|Salford]], plus the adjoining metropolitan boroughs of [[Metropolitan Borough of Stockport]], [[Tameside]], [[Trafford]], [[Metropolitan Borough of Bolton|Bolton]], [[Metropolitan Borough of Bury|Bury]], [[Metropolitan Borough of Oldham|Oldham]], [[Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale|Rochdale]] and [[Metropolitan Borough of Wigan|Wigan]], together with [[High Peak]] (which lies outside the [[North West England]] region), [[Congleton]], [[Macclesfield]], [[Vale Royal]] and [[Warrington]].<ref name="City Zone">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenorthernway.co.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id=276|title=The Manchester City Region Development Programme - Page 7 of 64|accessdate=2007-10-19|publisher=[[The Northern Way]]|year=2006|format=PDF}}</ref> For purposes of the [[Office for National Statistics]], Manchester forms the most populous settlement within the [[Greater Manchester Urban Area]], the United Kingdom's third largest conurbation. There is a mixture of high-density urban and suburban locations in Manchester. The largest open space in the city, at around {{convert|618|acre|km2|0}}, is [[Heaton Park]]. Manchester is contiguous on all sides with several large settlements, except for a small section along its southern boundary with [[Cheshire]]. The [[M60 motorway|M60]] and [[M56 motorway]]s pass through the south of Manchester, through [[Northenden]] and [[Wythenshawe]] respectively. Heavy rail lines enter the city from all directions, the principal destination being [[Manchester Piccadilly station]]. Manchester experiences a [[temperate]] [[Oceanic climate|maritime climate]], like much of the [[British Isles]], with relatively cool summers and mild winters. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year. The city's average annual rainfall is {{convert|806.6|mm|in|2}}<ref name="Manchester weather">{{Cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/manchester_airport.html|title=Manchester Airport 1971–2000 weather averages |accessdate=2007-07-15|publisher=[[Met Office]]|year=2001}}</ref> compared to the UK average of {{convert|1125.0|mm|in|2}},<ref name="UK weather">{{Cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html|title=UK 1971–2000 averages|accessdate=2007-07-15|publisher=[[Met Office]]|year=2001}}</ref> and its mean rain days are 140.4 per annum,<ref name="Manchester weather"/> compared to the UK average of 154.4.<ref name="UK weather"/> Manchester also has a relatively high humidity level, which lent itself to the optimised and breakage-free textile manufacturing which took place there. Snowfall is not a common sight in the city, due to the [[Urban climate|urban warming]] effect. However, the [[Pennine]] and [[Rossendale Forest]] hills that surround the city to its east and north receive more snow and roads leading out of the city can be closed due to snow,<ref name="Snow">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/147/147321_roads_chaos_as_snow_sweeps_in.html|title=Roads chaos as snow sweeps in Manchester|accessdate=2007-07-15|publisher=[[Manchester Evening News]]|year=2005}}</ref> notably the [[A62 road]] via [[Oldham]] and [[Standedge]], the [[A57 road|A57]] ([[Snake Pass]]) towards [[Sheffield]],<ref name="Peaks">{{Cite web|url=http://www.highpeak.co.uk/hp/h_snakbd.htm|title=Peak District sightseer's guide – Snake Pass|accessdate=2007-07-06|publisher=High Peak|year=2002}}</ref> and the [[M62 motorway|M62]] over [[Saddleworth Moor]]. {{Manchester weatherbox}} ==Demography== {{see also|Demography of Greater Manchester}} {| class="wikitable" id="toc" style="float: right; margin-left: 2em; width: 40%; font-size: 85%;" cellspacing="3" !colspan="4"|'''Manchester compared'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060721151251/www.manchester.gov.uk/planning/studies/census/keyfacts/|title=2001 Census; Key facts sheets|publisher=manchester.gov.uk|author=United Kingdom Census 2001|date=[[2007-01-17]]|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=7&i=1001&m=0&enc=1&areaSearchText=manchester&areaSearchType=13&extendedList=false|title=Manchester (Local Authority)|publisher=neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk|author=United Kingdom Census 2001|date=2001|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> |- |'''[[United Kingdom Census 2001|UK Census 2001]]'''||'''Manchester'''||'''[[Greater Manchester]]'''||'''England''' |- |Total population||441,200||2,547,700||49,138,831 |- |Foreign born||15.0%||7.2%||9.2% |- |White||81.0%||91.0%||91.0% |- |Asian||9.1%||5.7%||4.6% |- |Black||4.5%||1.2%||2.3% |- |Over 75 years old||6.4%||7.0%||7.5% |- |[[Christianity|Christian]]||62.4%||74%||72% |- |[[Islam|Muslim]]||9.1%||5.0% ||3.1% |} [[Image:Greater Manchester Demography.png|thumb|right|The population of Manchester shown with other boroughs in the Greater Manchester county from 1801 to 2001.]] The [[United Kingdom Census 2001]] showed a total resident population for Manchester of 392,819, a 9.2% decline from the 1991 census.<ref name="2001 census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00BN-A.asp|title=Manchester profile of 2001 census|accessdate=2006-10-25|publisher=Office for National Statistics|year=2003}}</ref> Approximately 83,000 were aged under 16, 285,000 were aged 16–74, and 25,000 aged 75 and over.<ref name="2001 census"/> 75.9% of Manchester's population claim they have been born in the UK, according to the 2001 UK Census. Inhabitants of Manchester are known as ''Mancunians'' or Mancs for short. Manchester reported the second-lowest proportion of the population in employment of any area in the UK. A primary reason cited for Manchester's high unemployment figure is the high proportion of the population who are students.<ref name="2001 census"/> Mid-year estimates for 2006 indicate that the population of the metropolitan borough of Manchester stood at 452,000 making Manchester the most populous city in [[North West England]].<ref name="2006 Mid-year estimates">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D9664.xls|title=Mid-year estimates for 2006|accessdate=2007-09-13|publisher=Office of National Statistics|year=2007|format=XLS}}</ref> Historically the population of Manchester only began to rapidly increase during the Victorian era and peaked at 766,311 in 1931. After the peak the population began to decrease rapidly, reasons cited for this are [[Urban Renewal|slum clearance]] and the increased building of [[Public housing|social housing]] [[overspill estate]]s by Manchester City Council after [[World War II|WWII]] such as [[Hattersley]] and [[Langley, Greater Manchester|Langley]].<ref name="Slums">{{cite journal | last = Shapely | first = Peter | year = 2002–3 | title = The press and the system built developments of inner-city Manchester | journal = Manchester Region History Review | volume = 16 | pages = 30–39 | publisher = Manchester Centre for Regional History | location = Manchester | issn = 0952-4320 | url = http://www.mcrh.mmu.ac.uk/pubs/pdf/mrhr_16_shapely.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-11-22 }}</ref> The inhabitants of Manchester, like in many other large cities, are religiously diverse. The [[Jewish]] population is second only to London in the UK,<ref name="Jewish Population">{{Cite web|url=http://www.somethingjewish.co.uk/regional_jews/manchester/index.htm|title="Second largest"|accessdate=2007-09-14|publisher=Something Jewish}}</ref> and it also has one of the largest [[Muslim]] populations in [[Greater Manchester]]. Manchester's Palace Hotel hosted the 2007 Lloyds TSB's Northern Jewel Awards, where leaders of the Asian community in the north of the UK were recognised.<ref name="Asian awards">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theasiannews.co.uk/news/s/526/526490_nominees_unveiled_for_northern_asian_jewel_awards.html|title=Nominees unveiled for Northern Asian Jewel Awards|accessdate=2007-04-13|publisher=[[Manchester Evening News]]|year=2007}}</ref> The city is also home to one of the UK's largest gay populations with [[Canal Street (Manchester)|Canal Street]], a [[gay village]], located close to [[Manchester Piccadilly station|Piccadilly station]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rainbow Network travel guides.|url=http://www.rainbownetwork.com/Travel/detail.asp?iData=27185&iCat=122&iChannel=13&nChannel=Travel|work=Rainbow Network |publisher=Rainbow Network|date=[[15 February]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-05-26}}</ref> The percentage of the population in Manchester who reported themselves as being in a same-sex relationship was 0.44%, compared to the English national average of 0.20%.<ref name="GayPopulation">{{Cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276778&c=manchester&d=13&e=16&g=351271&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1195748081500&enc=1&dsFamilyId=201|title=Manchester Neighbourhood Statistics - Same-Sex couples|accessdate=2007-11-22|publisher=Office of National Statistics|year=2001}}</ref> In terms of [[List of English districts by ethnic diversity|districts by ethnic diversity]], the City of Manchester is ranked highest in Greater Manchester and 34th in England. 2005 estimates state 77.6% people as '[[White race|White]]' (71.0% of residents as [[White British]], 3.0% [[Irish Briton|White Irish]], 3.6% as [[Other White]] - although those of mixed white European and British ancestry is unknown, there are over 25,000 Mancunians of [[Italian Briton|Italian]] descent alone which represents 5.5% of the city's population<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/3223776.stm BBC NEWS | England | Manchester | Italians revolt over church closure<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>). 3.2% as [[British Mixed|Mixed race]] (1.3% Mixed White and Black Caribbean, 0.6% Mixed White and Black African, 0.7% Mixed White and Asian, 0.7% Other Mixed). 10.3% of the city's population are [[British Asian|South Asian]] (2.3% [[British Asian|Indian]], 5.8% [[British Pakistani|Pakistani]], 1.0% [[British Asian|Bangladeshi]], 1.2% [[British Asian|Other South Asian]]). 5.2% are [[Black British|Black]] (2.0% [[British African-Caribbean community|Black Caribbean]], 2.7% [[Black British|Black African]] and 0.5% [[Black British|Other Black]]). 2.3% of the city's population are [[British Chinese|Chinese]], and 1.4% are [[Other ethnic group (United Kingdom Census)|another ethnic group]].<ref name="Ethnic groups">{{Cite web|url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276778&c=Manchester&d=13&e=13&g=351271&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1198673035015&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812|title=Manchester ethnic grouping percentages|accessdate=2007-12-26|publisher=Office of National Statistics|year=2005}}</ref> Kidd identifies [[Moss Side]], [[Longsight]], [[Cheetham Hill]], [[Rusholme]], as centres of population for ethnic minorities.<ref name = "Kidd"/> Manchester's Irish Festival, including a [[St Patrick's Day]] parade, is one of Europe's largest.<ref name="Irish festival">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchesteririshfestival.co.uk|title=The Manchester Irish Festival: the largest in the UK|accessdate=2007-06-28|publisher=Manchester Irish Festival Website|year=2007}}</ref> There is also a well-established [[Chinatown, Manchester|Chinatown]] in the city with a substantial number of oriental restaurants and Chinese supermarkets. The area also attracts large numbers of Chinese students to the city, attending the two universities.<ref name="Chinatown">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/chinatown/2004/01/history.shtml|title=History of Manchester's Chinatown|accessdate=2007-11-22|publisher=[[bbc.co.uk]]|year=2004|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Based on the population estimates for 2005, crime levels in the city are considerably higher than the national average. Some parts of Manchester have been adversely affected by its recent rapid [[Urbanization|urbanisation]], resulting in high levels of crime in areas such as Moss Side and [[Wythenshawe]].<ref name="MossSideCrime">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/5334510.stm|title=Killing surprises few in Moss Side|accessdate=2007-11-22|publisher=[[bbc.co.uk]]|year=2006|author=Nick Ravenscroft|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> The number of theft from a vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 25.5 and 8.9 compared to the English national average of 7.6 and 2.9 respectively.<ref name="CrimeFigs">{{Cite web|url=http://www.upmystreet.com/local/police-crime/figures/l/Manchester.html|title=Local Area Crime Figures for Manchester|accessdate=2007-11-22|publisher=UpMyStreet,co.uk|year=2006/7}}</ref> The number of sexual offences was 1.9 compared to the average of 0.9.<ref name="CrimeFigs"/> The national average of violence against another person was 16.7 compared to the Manchester average of 32.7.<ref name="CrimeFigs"/> The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006/7 financial year.<ref name="CrimeFigsAbout">{{Cite web|url=http://www.upmystreet.com/local/police-crime/learn-more/l/Manchester.html|title=Local Area Crime Figures for Manchester - Learn More section|accessdate=2007-11-22|publisher=UpMyStreet,co.uk|year=2006/7}}</ref> ==Economy== {{main|Economy of Manchester}} {{see also|List of companies based in Greater Manchester}} [[Image:ManchesterCore.PNG|thumb|right|[[Manchester City Centre]] from the [[Beetham Tower, Manchester|Beetham Tower]] at night, the city is one of the largest financial centres in Europe.]] Manchester was at the forefront of the 19th-century Industrial Revolution, and was a leading centre for manufacturing. The city's economy is now largely service-based and, as of 2007, is the fastest growing in the UK, with inward investment second only to the capital.<ref name=SoTC/> ''Manchester’s State of the City Report'' identifies financial and professional services, life science industries, creative, cultural and media, manufacturing and communications as major activities.<ref name=SoTC>{{cite web | url = http://www.manchesterpartnership.org.uk/includes/uploads/File/State%20of%20the%20City%2017%20OCT%20FINAL.pdf | title = Manchester’s State of the City Report 2006/2007 | accessdate = 2007-10-21 | author = Manchester Partnership | coauthors = Manchester City Council; KPMG | year = 2007 | month = September | format = PDF | publisher = }}</ref> The city was ranked in 2007 as the best place<ref name="Best for business"/> or the second best place to do business in the UK,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cushwake.com/cwglobal/jsp/newsDetail.jsp?repId=c11800001p&LanId=EN&LocId=GLOBAL |title = London and Manchester lead UK business survey |accessdate = 2007-09-18 |date = [[18 September]] [[2007]] |publisher = [[Cushman & Wakefield]] |work = Cushman & Wakefield web pages}}</ref> and the eighteenth best in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.cushmanwakefield.com/cwglobal/jsp/newsDetail.jsp?Language=EN&repId=c12300059p&Country=GB|title=European Cities Monitor 2007|accessdate = 2007-10-15|date = [[15 October]] [[2007]] |publisher=[[Cushman & Wakefield]]}}</ref> Manchester has the largest UK office market outside London.<ref name="Manc CGF"/> Greater Manchester represents over £42 billion of the UK [[Gross value added|GVA]], the third largest of any English county and more than [[Wales]] or [[North East England]].<ref name="RegionalGVA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/Regional_GVA_December_2007.pdf|title=Regional GVA December 2007 (Page 7)|accessdate=2008-03-29|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|year=2007|format=PDF}}</ref> Manchester is a focus for businesses which serve local, regional and international markets.<ref name="Manc CGF"/> It is one of the largest financial centres in Europe with more than 15,000 people employed in banking and finance and more than 60 banking institutions.<ref name="Manc CGF"/> [[The Co-operative Group]], the world's largest consumer-owned business, is based in Manchester and is one of the city's biggest employers. Legal, accounting, management consultancy and other professional and technical services exist in Manchester.<ref name="Manc CGF"/> Manchester's [[Central Business District]] is in the [[Manchester City Centre|centre of the city]], adjacent to Piccadilly, focused on Mosley Street, Deansgate, King Street and Piccadilly. [[Spinningfields]] is a £1.5&nbsp;billion mixed-use development that is expanding the district west of Deansgate. The area is designed to hold office space, retail and catering facilities, and courts. Several high-profile tenants have moved in, and a [[Manchester Civil Justice Centre|Civil Justice Centre]] opened in October 2007.<ref>{{cite news | first = Tom | last = Calverley| title = Landmark court opens | url = http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1021575_landmark_court_opens | format = | work = [[Manchester Evening News]] | publisher = M.E.N media | date = [[25 October]] [[2007]] | accessdate = 2007-11-01 }}<br />• {{cite news | first = Chris | last = Barry | title = City's 5-star rebirth | url = http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1019502_citys_5star_rebirth| format = | work = [[Manchester Evening News]] | publisher = M.E.N media | date = [[12 October]] [[2007]] | accessdate = 2007-11-01 }}<br />• {{cite web | url = http://www.spinningfields-manchester.com/ | title = Spinningfields | accessdate = 2007-11-01 | year = 2005 | work = | publisher = Allied London }}</ref> Manchester is the commercial, educational and cultural focus for [[North West England]],<ref name="Manc CGF">{{cite web|url=http://m2002.thecgf.com/Manchester/|format=http|title=Manchester host city; All about Manchester|author=Anon|publisher=m2002.thecgf.com|date=2002|accessdate=2007-11-08}}</ref> and is ranked as the fourth biggest retail area in the UK by sales.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/lifeinmanchester/shopping.shtml | title = Life in Manchester - Shopping | accessdate = 2007-10-12 | date = [[15 December]] [[2004]] | work = bbc.co.uk | publisher = BBC }}<br />•{{cite news | first = Beverley | last = Fearis | title = Shopping: Spend, spend, spend <!-- and a lot more ... --> | url = | work = Guardian Magazine Supplement | publisher = The Guardian | date = [[29 September]] [[2007]] | accessdate = 2007-10-12 | quote = When it comes to shopping for fashion, Manchester is hard to beat. Rub shoulders with the Wags in the designer stores of Exchange Square and New Cathedral Street ...}}<br />•{{cite web | url = http://www.caci.co.uk/msd.asp?url=lsp-retailfootprint.htm | title = Retail Footprint 2005 | accessdate = 2007-10-18 | work = CACI web pages | publisher = CACI Limited}}<br />•{{cite press release | title = Experian publishes the definitive 2007 retail ranking | publisher = Experian | date = [[28 September]] [[2007]] | url = http://press.experian.com/documents/showdoc.cfm?doc=2822 | accessdate = 2007-10-12 }}</ref> The city centre retail area contains shops from chain stores up to high-end boutiques such as [[Vivienne Westwood]], [[Emporio Armani]], and [[DKNY]]. The city has several shopping malls including the [[Manchester Arndale]], the UK's largest inner city shopping mall.<ref name="Arndale"/> ==Landmarks== [[Image:Manchester Panoramic.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Manchester skyline, May 2007]] {{main|Architecture of Manchester}} {{seealso|List of tallest buildings and structures in Manchester|List of streets in Manchester}} [[Image:Beetham Tower Northern.jpg|thumb|right|[[Beetham Tower, Manchester|Beetham Tower]] on [[Deansgate]], currently [[List of tallest buildings in Manchester|Manchester's tallest building]].]] Manchester's buildings display a variety of architectural styles, ranging from [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] to [[contemporary architecture]]. The widespread use of [[red brick]] characterises the city. Much of the architecture in the city harks back to its days as a global centre for the cotton trade.<ref name="Hartwell"/> Just outside the immediate city centre is a large number of ex-[[cotton mill]]s, some of which have been left virtually untouched since their closure whilst many have been redeveloped into apartment buildings and office space. [[Manchester Town Hall]], in [[Albert Square, Manchester|Albert Square]], was built in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|gothic revival]] style and is considered to be one of the most important Victorian buildings in England.<ref>Robinson (1986), ''The Architecture of Northern England'', p.&nbsp;153</ref> It has been used in film as a replacement location for the [[Palace of Westminster]], where filming is not permitted.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://web.archive.org/web/20061210094514/www.manchester.gov.uk/townhall/documents/filmcharter.pdf|title = Film Location Charter|accessdate = 2007-11-12|date = [[8 September]] [[2003]]|format = PDF|publisher = [[Manchester City Council]]}}<br />•{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070424185615/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/townhall/venues/filming.htm|title = Filming at Manchester Town Hall|accessdate = 2007-11-12|date = [[17 October]] [[2006]]|work = Manchester City Council web pages|publisher = Manchester City Council}}</ref> Manchester also has a number of [[Tallest Buildings of Manchester|skyscrapers]] built during the 1960s and 1970s, the tallest of which is the [[CIS Tower]] located near [[Manchester Victoria station]]. The [[Beetham Tower, Manchester|Beetham Tower]], completed in 2006, is an example of the new surge in high-rise building and includes a [[Hilton Hotels|Hilton hotel]], a restaurant, and apartments. On its completion, it was the tallest building in the UK outside London, although an even taller building, the [[Piccadilly Tower]], began construction behind [[Manchester Piccadilly station]] in early 2008.<ref name="Inacity">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchesterconfidential.co.uk/property/index.asp?Sessionx=IpqiNw86JwfkNwB6IaqiNwA&realname=Too_hot_to_handle&frombounce=yes|title=Inacity step out as Ballymore stride in with plans for Eastgate Tower|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=Manchester Confidential|year=2007}}</ref> [[The Green Building]], opposite [[Manchester Oxford Road railway station|Oxford Road station]], is a pioneering eco-friendly housing project, almost unique in the UK. [[Image:The B of the Bang, Manchester.jpg|thumb|left|[[B of the Bang]] in Sportcity, built to mark the 2002 Commonwealth Games.]] In the north of the city borough is the award winning [[Heaton Park]] which is one of the largest municipal parks in Europe covering {{convert|610|acre|km2}} of parkland.<ref name="HeatonPark">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID=200073heaton/&documentID=1422|title=About Heaton Park|accessdate=2007-11-23|publisher=[[Manchester City Council]]|year=2005}}</ref> There are a total of 135 parks, gardens and open spaces within the city.<ref name="Parks">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents.php?categoryID=200073|title=Manchester's parks and open spaces|accessdate=2007-11-23|publisher=[[Manchester City Council]]|year=2005}}</ref> Two large squares hold many of Manchester's public monuments. Albert Square has monuments to [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Prince Albert]], [[James Fraser (bishop)|Bishop James Fraser]], [[Oliver Heywood]], [[William Ewart Gladstone]] and [[John Bright]]. [[Piccadilly Gardens]] has monuments dedicated to [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], [[Robert Peel]], [[James Watt]] and the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]]. The cenotaph in St Peter's Square, by [[Edwin Lutyens]], is Manchester's main memorial to its war dead. The [[Alan Turing Memorial]] in [[Sackville Park]] commemorates his role as the father of modern computing. A statue of [[Abraham Lincoln]] by George Gray Barnard in the eponymous Lincoln Square was presented to the city by Mr. and Mrs. Charles Phelps Taft of Cincinnati, Ohio, to mark the part that Lancashire played in the [[cotton famine]] and [[American Civil War]] of 1861–1865.<ref name=PSGM>{{cite book | author=Cocks, Harry | coauthors = Terry Wyke | title = Public Sculpture of Greater Manchester | series = Public Sculpture of Britain | publisher = Liverpool University Press | location = Liverpool |year = 2004 | pages = Pg.&nbsp;11–27, 88–92, 111–121, 123–5, 130–2 | isbn = 0-85323-567-8 }}</ref> The success of the [[2002 Commonwealth Games]] is commemorated by the ''[[B of the Bang]]'', located near the City of Manchester Stadium in the Eastlands area of the city. At {{convert|184|ft|m|0}} tall, the sculpture is the tallest in the UK.<ref>{{cite news | first = Sinéad | last = Keller | title = A whole lot of B for the Bang | url = http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1388442,00.html | work = [[The Guardian]] | publisher = Guardian News and Media Limited | date = [[January 12]] [[2005]] | accessdate = 2007-08-12}}</ref> A [[Concorde]] is on display near Manchester Airport. &nbsp;<!-- Clears space below image caption for next section title --> ==Transport== {{main|Transport in Manchester}} {{seealso|Manchester Airport|List of railway stations in Greater Manchester|Manchester Congestion Charge}} [[Image:Manchester Piccadilly station approach - April 11 2005.jpg|thumb|right|[[Manchester Piccadilly Station]], the principal railway and [[Manchester Metrolink|Metrolink]] station in Manchester.]] Manchester and North West England are served by [[Manchester Airport]]. The airport is the busiest in terms of passenger traffic in the UK outside London, serving 22&nbsp;million passengers in 2006. Airline service exists to many destinations in Europe, North America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East and Asia (with more destinations from Manchester than from [[London Heathrow]]).<ref>{{cite news | first = James | last = Wilson | title = A busy hub of connectivity | work = [[Financial Times]] – FT report – doing business in Manchester and the NorthWest | publisher = The Financial Times Limited | date = [[26 April]] [[2007]]}}</ref> A second runway was opened in 2001 and, in conjunction with continued terminal improvements, airport officials believe that will allow growth to 40.7&nbsp;million passengers by 2015.<ref name="2ndRunwayMAN">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1065881.stm|title=Manchester Airport takes on Gatwick|accessdate=2007-11-23|publisher=[[bbc.co.uk]]|date=2000-12-11|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Manchester is well served by train. In terms of passengers, [[Manchester Piccadilly Station|Manchester Piccadilly]] is the busiest train station in England, outside London.<ref>{{Citeweb|title=Passenger Numbers 2005-06|url=http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/upload/xls/station_usage_2005-06.xls|accessdate=2007-10-01}}</ref> Local operator [[Northern Rail]] operates all over the north of England, and other national operators include [[Virgin Trains]]. The [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway]] was the first passenger railway in the world. Greater Manchester has an extensive countywide railway network, and two mainline stations. Manchester city centre is also serviced by over a dozen rail-based park and ride sites.<ref name="Park & Ride">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmpte.com/content.cfm?category_id=3365350|title=GMPTE Park & Ride – Stations and Stops|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=[[GMPTE]]|year=2007}}</ref> Manchester became the first city in the UK to acquire a modern [[light rail]] system when the [[Manchester Metrolink]] opened in 1992. An expansion programme is underway.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gmpte.com/upload/library/met_brochure_0303.pdf | title = Metrolink: a network for the twenty-first century | accessdate = 2007-09-19 | year = 2002 | format = PDF | publisher = GMPTE}}</ref> In October 2007, the government announced that a feasibility study had been ordered into increasing the capacity at Piccadilly station and turning Manchester into the rail hub of [[Northern England|the north]].<ref name="Rail hub">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1018628_plans_for_rail_capital_of_north|title=Plans for rail capital of north|accessdate=2007-10-05|publisher=MEN Media|date=[[5 October]] [[2007]]|work=[[Manchester Evening News]]}}</ref> The city has one of the most extensive bus networks outside London with over 50 bus companies operating in the [[Greater Manchester]] region radiating from the city. Prior to the [[Bus deregulation|deregulation]] of 1986, SELNEC and later GMPTE operated all buses in Manchester.<ref name="SELNEC buses">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmbuses.co.uk/library/history/history.html|title=History of GM Buses and SELNEC PTE|accessdate=2007-09-20|publisher=Greater Manchester Buses Group|year=2000}}</ref> The bus system were then taken over by [[GM Buses]] which after privatisation was split into GM Buses North and GM Buses South and taken over by [[First Manchester]] and [[Stagecoach Manchester]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gmpte.com/upload/library/t&s01_02.pdf | title = GMPTE Trends and Statistics 2001/2002 | accessdate = 2007-09-19 |year = 2002 | format = PDF | publisher = GMPTE | pages = Pg.&nbsp;28–9}}</ref> First Manchester also operates a three route [[Zero-fare public transport|zero-fare]] bus service called [[Metroshuttle]] which carries commuters around Manchester's business districts.<ref>{{cite news | first = Clarissa | last = Satchell | title = Free buses on another city route | url = http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/175/175041_free_buses_on_another_city_route.html | work = [[Manchester Evening News]] | publisher = M.E.N media | date = [[22 September]] [[2005]] | accessdate = 2007-09-18 }}</ref> An extensive canal network remains from the Industrial Revolution, nowadays mainly used for leisure. The [[Manchester Ship Canal]] is open, but traffic to the upper reaches is light.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.waterscape.com/North_West_Cities | title = North West Cities | accessdate = 2007-09-19 | year = 2007 | work = Waterscape | publisher = British Waterways}}<br />•{{cite news | first = Nigel | last = Pivaro | title = Ship canal cruising is all the rage | url = http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/226/226106_ship_canal_cruising_is_all_the_rage.html | format = | work = [[Manchester Evening News]] | publisher = M.E.N media | date = [[20 October]] [[2006]] | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> ==Culture== {{main|Culture of Manchester}} {{Seealso|List of people from Manchester}} ===Arts=== {{main|Music of Manchester|List of bands from Manchester}} [[Image:Opera House, Manchester.jpg|thumb|right|[[Manchester Opera House]], one of Manchester's largest theatre venues]] Manchester has two [[symphony orchestra]]s, the [[Hallé Orchestra]] and the [[BBC Philharmonic Orchestra]]. There is also a [[chamber orchestra]], the Manchester Camerata. In the 1950s, the city was home to the so-called 'Manchester School' of classical composers, which comprised [[Harrison Birtwistle]], [[Peter Maxwell Davies]], [[David Ellis]] and [[Alexander Goehr]]. Manchester is a centre for musical education, with the [[Royal Northern College of Music]] and [[Chetham's School of Music|Chetham’s School of Music]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Redhead | first = Brian | title = Manchester: a Celebration | authorlink = Brian Redhead | publisher = Andre Deutsch Ltd | location = London | year = 1993 | pages = Pg.&nbsp;60–61 | isbn = 0-233-98816-5}}</ref> The main classical venue was the [[Free Trade Hall]] on Peter Street, until the opening in 1996 of the 2,500 seat [[Bridgewater Hall]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Good Venue Guide; 28 – Bridgewater Hall, Manchester. | work = [[Independent on Sunday]] | publisher = | date = [[12 April]] [[1998]]}}</ref> Manchester’s main pop music venue is the [[Manchester Evening News Arena]], situated next to [[Manchester Victoria railway station|Victoria station]]. It seats over 21,000, is the largest arena of its type in Europe, and has been voted ''International Venue of the Year''.<ref name="MEN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pollstaronline.com/PCIA-Static/2001winners.htm|title=Pollstar Concert Industry Awards Winners Archives|accessdate=2007-06-24|publisher=Pollstar Online|year=2001}}<br />•{{cite news|first=Rachel|last=Brown|title=M.E.N Arena's world's top venue|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/entertainment/s/1013/1013264_arenas_worlds_top_venue.html|work=[[Manchester Evening News]]|publisher = M.E.N Media|accessdate = 2007-08-12|quote=The M.E.N. Arena is the top-selling venue in the world.}}</ref> In terms of concert goers, it is the busiest indoor arena in the world ahead of [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York]] and the [[The O2 arena (London)|O2 Arena]] in [[London]], the second and third busiest respectively.<ref>{{Citeweb|title=M.E.N Named Most Popular Entertainment Venue on Planet|url=http://www.men-arena.com/about/?page_id=1412/|accessdate=2008-05-08}}</ref> Other major venues include the [[Manchester Apollo]] and the [[Manchester Academy]]. Smaller venues are the Bierkeller, the Roadhouse, and Night and Day Cafe. Bands that have emerged from the Manchester music scene include [[The Smiths]], the [[Buzzcocks]], [[The Fall (band)|The Fall]], [[Joy Division]] and its successor group [[New Order]], [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] and [[Doves]]. Manchester was credited as the main regional driving force behind [[Indie music|indie]] bands of the 1980s including [[Happy Mondays]], [[The Charlatans (UK band)|The Charlatans]], [[Inspiral Carpets]], [[James (band)|James]], and [[The Stone Roses]]. These groups came from what became known as the "[[Madchester]]" scene that also centred around the Fac 51 Haçienda (also known as simply [[The Haçienda]]) developed by founder of [[factory records]] [[Tony Wilson]]. Although from southern England, [[The Chemical Brothers]] subsequently formed in Manchester.<ref name="ChemBros">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/undergraduate/ourreputation/distinguishedalumni/thechemicalbrothers/|title=The Chemical Brothers - Alumni|accessdate=2007-11-12|publisher=[[University of Manchester]]|year=2005}}</ref> Ex-Stone Roses' frontman [[Ian Brown]] and ex-Smiths [[Morrissey]] continue successful solo careers. Other notable Manchester acts include [[Take That]] and [[Simply Red]]. Greater Manchester natives include [[A Guy Called Gerald]], [[Richard Ashcroft]] and [[Jay Kay]] of [[Jamiroquai]]. Older Manchester artists include the 1960s band's [[The Hollies]], [[Herman's Hermits]] and the [[Bee Gees]] who, whilst commonly associated with Australia, grew up in [[Chorlton-cum-Hardy|Chorlton]].<ref name="BeeGees">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/3705559.stm|title=Bee Gees go back to their roots|accessdate=2007-11-12|publisher=[[BBC Online]]|date=[[12 May]] [[2004]]|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Larger venues include the [[Manchester Opera House]], featuring large-scale touring shows and [[West End theatre|West End]] shows; the [[Palace Theatre, Manchester|Palace Theatre]]; the [[Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester|Royal Exchange Theatre]] in Manchester’s former cotton exchange; and the [[Lowry Centre]], a touring venue in Salford. Smaller sites include the [[Library Theatre]], a producing theatre in the basement of the central library; the [[Green Room (Manchester)|Green Room]]; the [[Contact Theatre]]; and Studio Salford. The [[Dancehouse]] is dedicated to dance productions.<ref>{{cite web | last = Moss | first = John | url = http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/entertain/theatres/theatres1.html | title = Manchester City Centre Theatres | accessdate = 2007-09-19 | date = [[22 April]] [[2007]] | work = Manchester UK <!-- ? --> | publisher = Papillon Graphics}}</ref> In the 19th century, Manchester featured in works highlighting the changes that industrialisation had brought to Britain. These included [[Elizabeth Gaskell]]'s novel ''Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life'' (1848),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/gaskell_elizabeth.shtml|title=Elizabeth Gaskell (1810 - 1865)|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2007-11-02}}</ref> and ''The Condition of the English Working Class in 1844'', written by [[Friedrich Engels]] while living and working in Manchester. [[Charles Dickens]] is reputed to have set his novel ''[[Hard Times]]'' in the city, and while it is partly modelled on [[Preston]], it shows the influence of his friend Elizabeth Gaskell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060927101031/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/pva/pva27.html|title=Charles Dickens's Hard Times for These Times as an Industrial Novel|accessdate=2007-11-02}}</ref> ===Nightlife=== [[Image:Canal Street, Manchester.jpg|thumb|right|[[Canal Street (Manchester)|Canal Street]], one of Manchester's liveliest nightspots, part of the city's gay village]] The night-time economy of Manchester has expanded significantly since about 1993, with investment from breweries in bars, public houses and clubs, along with active support from the local authorities.<ref name=Park/> The more than 500 licensed premises<ref name=Hobbs/> in the city centre have a capacity to deal with over {{formatnum:250000}} visitors,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.esrc.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/about/CI/CP/research_publications/seven_sins/gluttony/nighttime.aspx?ComponentId=10894&SourcePageId=11003 | title = The Night-time Economy | publisher = Economic and Social Research Council | work = esrc society today | accessdate = 2007-11-12}}</ref> with 110&ndash;{{formatnum:130000}} people visiting on a typical weekend night.<ref name=Hobbs/> The night-time economy has a value of about £100&nbsp;million&nbsp;pa<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/features/newsid_1993000/1993489.stm | title = Guide to Manchester | work = BBC Sport | publisher = BBC | accessdate = 2007-11-12 | date = 2002}}</ref> and supports {{formatnum:12000}} jobs.<ref name=Hobbs>{{cite journal | last = Hobbs |coauthors = Simon Winlow, Philip Hadfield, Stuart Lister | first = Dick | year = 2005 | title = Violent Hypocrisy: Governance and the Night-time Economy | journal = European Journal of Criminology | volume = 2 | pages = 161 | doi = 10.1177/1477370805050864 }}</ref> The [[Madchester]] scene of the 1980s, from which groups including [[The Stone Roses]], the [[Happy Mondays]], [[Inspiral Carpets]], [[808 State]], [[James (band)|James]] and [[The Charlatans UK|The Charlatans]] emerged, was based around clubs such as [[The Hacienda]].<ref name=Hasl>{{cite book | last = Haslam | first = Dave | title = Manchester, England | publisher = Fourth Estate | location = New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 1-84115-146-7}}</ref> The period was the subject of the movie ''[[24 Hour Party People]]''. Many of the big clubs suffered problems with organised crime at that time; Haslam describes one where staff were so completely intimidated that free admission and drinks were demanded (and given) and drugs were openly dealt.<ref name=Hasl/> Following a series of drug-related violent incidents, The Hacienda closed in 1997.<ref name=Park/> Public houses in the [[Canal Street (Manchester)|Canal Street]] area have had a gay clientele since at least 1940<ref name=Park/> and now form the centre of Manchester's gay community. Following the council's investment in infrastructure, the UK's first gay supermarket was opened; since the opening of new bars and clubs the area attracts 20,000 visitors each weekend<ref name=Park/> and has hosted a popular festival each August since 1991.<ref>{{cite news | title=Europe's biggest gay festival to be held in UK |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/51/51498_europes_biggest_gay_festival_to_be_held_in_uk.html |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |publisher=M.E.N media |date=[[11 February]] [[2003]] |accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref> The TV series ''[[Queer as Folk (UK TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'' is set in the area. ==Education== {{seealso|List of schools in Greater Manchester}} [[Image:Whitworthhall.jpg|thumb|right|The entrance to Whitworth Hall, part of the [[University of Manchester]] campus]] There are two [[University|universities]] in Manchester. The [[University of Manchester]] is the largest full-time non-collegiate university in the United Kingdom and was created in 2004 by the merger of [[Victoria University of Manchester]] and [[UMIST]].<ref name="Man Uni">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/archive/list/item/index.htm?year=2007&month=january&id=99915|title=Manchester still top of the popularity league|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=[[University of Manchester]]|date=[[18 January]] [[2007]]}}</ref> It includes the [[Manchester Business School]], which offered the first MBA course in the UK in 1965. [[Manchester Metropolitan University]] was formed as Manchester Polytechnic on the merger of three colleges in 1970. It gained university status in 1992, and in the same year absorbed Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education in South Cheshire.<ref>{{cite book | last = Fowler | first = Alan | title = Many Arts, Many Skills: Origins of Manchester Metropolitan University | year = 1994 | publisher = Manchester Metropolitan University | location = Manchester | isbn = 1-870355-05-9 | pages = Pg.&nbsp;115–20, 226–8 }}</ref> The University of Manchester, Manchester Metropolitan University and the [[Royal Northern College of Music]] are grouped around Oxford Road on the southern side of the city centre, which forms Europe's largest urban higher education precinct.<ref name="Higher edu">{{cite book|title=Pevsner Architectural Guides: Manchester|last=Hartwell|first=Clare|date=2001|pages=Pg.&nbsp;105|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London, England|isbn=0-14071-131-7}}</ref> Together they have a combined population of 73,160 students in [[higher education]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0607.xls|title=Table 0a - All students by institution, mode of study, level of study, gender and domicile 2006/07|accessdate=2008-03-21|year=2008|format=XLS|work=Students and Qualifiers Data Tables|publisher=[[Higher Education Statistics Agency]]}}</ref> though almost 6,000 of these were based at Manchester Metropolitan University's campuses at [[Crewe]] and [[Alsager]] in [[Cheshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheshire.mmu.ac.uk/home/aboutus/history/mmucheshire.php|title=History - About Us|accessdate=2008-03-23|year=2008|work=MMU Cheshire|publisher=Manchester Metropolitan University}}</ref> One of Manchester's most notable secondary schools is the [[Manchester Grammar School]]. Established in 1515,<ref name="Man GS">{{cite book|title=Manchester: A History|last=Kidd|first=Alan|date=2006|pages=Pg. 206|publisher=Carnegie Publishing Ltd|location=Lancaster, Lancashire|isbn=1-85936-128-5}}<br />•{{cite book|title=A History of Manchester|last=Hylton|first=Stuart|date=2003|pages=Pg. 25|publisher=Phillimore & Co Ltd|isbn=1-86077-240-4}}</ref> as a free [[grammar school]] next to what is now the Cathedral, it moved in 1931 to Old Hall Lane in Fallowfield, south Manchester, to accommodate the growing student body. In the post-war period, it was a [[Grammar schools in the United Kingdom|direct-grant grammar school]] (i.e. partially state funded), but it reverted to independent status in 1976 after abolition of the direct-grant system.<ref name="MGS">{{cite book|title=Dare to be wise: a history of the Manchester Grammar School|last=Bentley|first=James|date=1990|pages=Pg.&nbsp;108, 114, 119–121|publisher=James & James|location=London|isbn=0-90738-304-1}}</ref> Its previous premises are now used by [[Chetham's School of Music]]. There are two schools nearby: [[Withington Girls' School]] and [[Manchester High School for Girls]]. ==Sport== {{main|Sports in Manchester}} [[Image:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|right|thumb|The [[City of Manchester Stadium]], used for the [[2002 Commonwealth Games]]]] Manchester is well-known for being a city of sport. Two [[Premier League|Premiership]] [[football (soccer)|football]] clubs bear the city's name, [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] and [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]. Manchester City's ground is at the [[City of Manchester Stadium]] (48,000 capacity); Manchester United's [[Old Trafford (football ground)|Old Trafford]] ground, the largest club football ground in the United Kingdom, with a capacity of 76,000, and England's only UEFA-rated 5-star stadium, is just outside the city, in the borough of [[Trafford]]. [[Lancashire County Cricket Club]]'s ground is also in Trafford.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visitmanchester.com/Parts2.aspx?PartId=51&ExperienceId=11 | title = Football fever | accessdate = 2007-09-23 | work = Visit Manchester web pages | publisher = Visit Manchester}}<br />• {{cite web | url = http://www.visitmanchester.com/Parts2.aspx?ExperienceId=11&PartId=120 | title = Sporting heritage | accessdate = 2007-09-23 | work = Visit Manchester web pages | publisher = Visit Manchester}}</ref> The [[City of Manchester Stadium]] was built for the 2002 Commonwealth Games. After the games, one of the stands was replaced in preparation for [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City's]] arrival in 2003. The stadium holds 48,000 fans all-seated, and is one of the largest football stadiums in England. It has hosted the [[2008 UEFA Cup Final]]. Old Trafford is the only club football ground in England to have hosted the [[UEFA Champions League]] Final, in [[2003 UEFA Champions League Final|2003]]. It is also the venue of the [[Super League Grand Final]] in [[Rugby League]]. First class sporting facilities were built for the [[2002 Commonwealth Games]], including the [[City of Manchester Stadium]], the [[National Squash Centre]] and the [[Manchester Aquatics Centre]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gameslegacy.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi/34 |title = Sporting Legacy |accessdate = 2007-09-23 |year = 2003 |work = Commonwealth Games Legacy Manchester 2002 |publisher = Commonwealth Games Legacy}}</ref> Manchester has competed twice to host the [[Olympic Games]], beaten by [[Atlanta]] for 1996 and [[Sydney]] for 2000. The [[Manchester Velodrome]] was built as a part of the bid for the 2000 games.<ref name=Park>{{cite book | last = Parkinson-Bailey | first = John J | authorlink = | title = Manchester: an Architectural History | year = 2000 | publisher = Manchester University Press | location = Manchester | id = ISBN 0-7190-5606-3 | pages = Pg.&nbsp;249–250, 284–6}}</ref> It hosted the [[UCI Track Cycling World Championships]] for the third time in 2008. Various sporting arenas around the city will be used as training facilities by athletes preparing for the [[2012 Olympics]] in London. The [[Manchester Evening News Arena|MEN Arena]] hosted the [[FINA]] World Swimming Championships in 2008.<ref name="FINA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fina.org/events/SW/SWC(25m)/Manchester_2008/index.php|title=Fédération Internationale de Natation in Manchester|accessdate=2007-09-10|publisher=Fina.org|date=[[1 April]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Manchester will also host the World Squash Championships in 2008.<ref>{{Citeweb|title=World Sports Manchester 2008|url=http://www.manchesterworldsport08.com/|accessdate=2008-05-08}}</ref> ==Media== {{Seealso|List of television shows set in Manchester|Films set in Manchester}} [[Image:Granada TV.jpg|thumb|The headquarters of Granada Television]] [[Image:MEN Media Building.JPG|thumb|The headquarters of the ''[[Manchester Evening News]]'', located in the [[Spinningfields]] district.]] <!-- TV --> [[ITV]] franchisee [[Granada Television]] has its headquarters in Quay Street, in the Castlefield area of the city.<ref name="Skillset">{{cite web|url=http://www.skillset.org/uk/northwest/article_4334_1.asp|title=A Snapshot of the Audio Visual Industries in the North West | author=Anon| publisher=skillset.org|date=N.D.|accessdate=2007-11-08|format=http}}</ref> Granada produces the world's oldest and most watched television soap opera, ''[[Coronation Street]]'',<ref>{{cite book | last = Little | first = Daran | title = The Coronation Street Story | year = 1995 | publisher = Boxtree | location = London | isbn = 1-85283-464-1 | pages = Pg.&nbsp;6 | quote = Coronation Street is without doubt the most successful television programme in the world. ... what is today the world's longest running drama serial. }}</ref> which is screened five times a week on [[ITV1]]. Local news and programmes for the north-west region are produced in Manchester. Manchester is one of the three main [[BBC]] bases in England,<ref name="Skillset"/> alongside London and [[Bristol]]. Programmes including ''[[A Question of Sport]]'', ''[[Mastermind (television)|Mastermind]]'',<ref name="BBC programs">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/speeches/stories/bennett_manch.shtml|title=Championing sustainable TV production in the nations and regions|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2005}}</ref> and ''[[Real Story]]'',<ref name="BBC real story">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/11_november/15/real.shtml|title=BBC One's Real Story with Fiona Bruce series|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2006}}</ref> are made at New Broadcasting House on Oxford Road, just south of the city centre. The hit series ''Cutting It'' was set in the city's Northern Quarter and ran on [[BBC One|BBC1]] for five series. ''[[Life on Mars (TV series)|Life on Mars]]'' was set in 1973 Manchester. Also, ''[[The Street (BBC series)|The Street]]'', winner of a [[BAFTA]] and [[International Emmy Award]] in 2007 is set in Manchester.<ref>{{Citeweb|title=International Emmys Awards to honor Al Gore|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-11-18-al-gore_N.htm|accessdate=2007-11-23}}</ref> The first edition of [[Top of the Pops]] was broadcast from a converted church in [[Longsight]] on New Year's Day 1964.<ref name="TOTP">{{Cite web|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/omm/story/0,,1818023,00.html|title='Top of the Pops' shows|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|year=2006}}</ref> Manchester is also the regional base for the [[BBC One]] North West Region so programmes like ''North West Tonight'' are produced here.<ref name="NWT">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/media/tv-and-radio.html|title=Television & Radio Stations in Manchester|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=Manchester 2002 UK|year=2002}}</ref> The BBC intends to relocate large numbers of staff and facilities from London to Media City at [[Salford Quays]]. The Children's ([[CBBC]]), Comedy, Sport ([[BBC Sport]]) and New Media departments are all scheduled to move before 2010.<ref name="Media city">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dtg.org.uk/news/news.php?id=2464|title=BBC R&D to relocate to Salford Quays|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=Digital TV Group|year=2007}}<br />• {{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/05_may/31/salford.shtml|title=BBC move to Salford gets green light|accessdate=2007-09-11|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=2007}}</ref> Manchester has its own television channel, [[Channel M]], owned by the [[Guardian Media Group]] and operated since 2000.<ref name="Skillset"/> The station produces almost all content including local news locally and is available nationally on the [[BSkyB]] television platform. Television characters from Manchester include [[Daphne Moon]] (played by [[Jane Leeves]]), of ''[[Frasier]]'', [[Charlie Pace]] (played by [[Dominic Monaghan]]) of ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', [[Characters of Lost#Island inhabitants and arrivals|Naomi Dorrit]] (Lost) and [[Las Vegas (TV series)#Recurring Cast and characters|Nessa Holt]] (''[[Las Vegas (TV series)|Las Vegas]]''), both played by local actress [[Marsha Thomason]]. <!-- Radio --> The city has the highest number of local radio stations outside London including [[BBC Radio Manchester]], [[Key 103]], [[Galaxy Manchester|Galaxy]], [[Piccadilly Magic 1152]], [[105.4 Century FM]], [[Smooth FM 100.4|100.4 Smooth FM]], Capital Gold 1458, 96.2 [[The Revolution (radio station)|The Revolution]] and [[Xfm Manchester|Xfm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northwestradio.info/fm.asp|publisher=northwestratio.info|author=Anon|format=http|date=2005|accessdate=2007-11-08|title=A Guide to Radio Stations in and Around North West England}}</ref><ref name=ofcomradio/> Radio Manchester returned to its former title in 2006 after becoming BBC GMR in 1988.<ref>{{cite press release|title = Radio Manchester goes back to its roots|publisher = BBC Manchester Press Office|date=[[17 March]][[2006]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/03_march/17/manchester.shtml|accessdate = 2007-11-08}}</ref> Student radio stations include Fuse FM at the University of Manchester and MMU Radio at the Manchester Metropolitan University.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.fusefm.co.uk/ | title = FUSE FM - Manchester Student Radio | accessdate = 2007-11-06 | work = fusefm.co.uk}}<br />•{{cite web | url = http://www.mmunion.co.uk/group/group.aspx?id=22869 | title = MMU radio | accessdate = 2007-11-06 | work = www.mmunion.co.uk | publisher = MMUnion}}</ref> A [[community radio]] network is coordinated by Radio Regen, with stations covering the South Manchester communities of [[Ardwick]], [[Longsight]] and [[Levenshulme]] ([[All FM]] 96.9) and [[Wythenshawe]] (Wythenshawe FM 97.2).<ref name=ofcomradio>See [http://www.ofcom.org.uk/radio/ Radio] at the [[Ofcom]] web site and subpages, especially the [http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/amfm/analogue-main.htm directory of analogue radio stations], the map [http://www.ofcom.org.uk/radio/ifi/rbl/formats/acrm_styles.pdf Commercial Radio Styles] (PDF), and the map [http://www.ofcom.org.uk/radio/ifi/rbl/formats/crmmap.pdf Community Radio in the UK] (PDF). Retrieved [[6 November]] [[2007]].</ref> Defunct radio stations include Sunset (which became) [[Kiss 102]] (now Galaxy), and KFM which became Signal Cheshire (now [[Imagine FM]]). These stations, as well as [[pirate radio]], played a significant role in the city's [[House music]] culture, also known as the [[Madchester]] scene, which was based around clubs like [[The Haçienda]] which had its own show on Kiss 102. Radio producer and author [[Karl Pilkington]], of ''[[The Ricky Gervais Show]]'' fame, is from Manchester. <!-- Film --> Manchester is also featured in several [[Hollywood]] films such as ''My Son, My Son!'' (1940), directed by [[Charles Vidor]] and starring [[Brian Aherne]] and [[Louis Hayward]]. Also ''[[Grand Hotel (film)|Grand Hotel]]'' (1932), in which [[Wallace Beery]] often shouts "Manchester!". Others include ''[[Velvet Goldmine]]'' starring [[Ewan McGregor]], and [[Sir Alec Guinness]]'s ''[[The Man in the White Suit]]''. More recently, the entire city of Manchester is engulfed in runaway fires in the 2002 film ''[[28 Days Later]]''. The city is also home to the Manchester International Film Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miff.co.uk/|publisher=miff.co.uk|author=Anon|date=N.D.|title=Manchester International Film Festival Home Page|format=http|accessdate=2007-11-08}}</ref> and has held the Commonwealth film festival. <!-- Newspaper --> ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper was founded in Manchester in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian''. Its head office is still in Manchester, though many of its management functions were moved to London in 1964.<ref name="Kidd"/> Its sister publication, the ''[[Manchester Evening News]]'', has the largest circulation of a UK regional evening newspaper. It is free in the city centre, but paid for in the suburbs. Despite its title, it is available all day.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2007/aug/30/pressandpublishing.abcs1 | title = Paid-for sales of MEN slump | accessdate = 2007-11-06 | last = Sweney | first = Mark | date = [[30 August]] [[2007]] | work = Guardian Unlimited | publisher = Guardian News and Media Limited }} </ref> The [[Metro (Associated Metro Limited)|Metro]] North West is available free at [[Manchester Metrolink|Metrolink]] stops, rail stations and other busy locations. The MEN group distributes several local weekly free papers.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.merrymedia.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2881&Itemid=175 | title = M.E.N. Makes Changes To Metro Distribution | accessdate = 2007-11-06 | author = | date = [[9 March]] [[2007]] | work = Merry Media News | publisher = }}<br />• {{cite web | url = http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/newspapers/ |title= manchester local press | accessdate=2007-11-06 |year = 2007 | work = ManchesterOnline | publisher = GMG Regional Digital }} </ref> For many years most of the national newspapers had offices in Manchester: ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', ''[[Daily Express]]'', ''[[Daily Mail]]'', ''[[The Daily Mirror]]'', ''[[The Sun (newspaper)|The Sun]]''. Only ''[[The Daily Sport]]'' remains based in Manchester. At its height, {{formatnum:1500}} journalists were employed, though in the 1980s office closures began and today the "second Fleet Street" is no more.<ref>{{cite book | last = Waterhouse | first = Robert | title = The Other Fleet Street | publisher = First Edition Limited | location = | year = 2004 | isbn = 1845470834 }}</ref> An attempt to launch a Northern daily newspaper, the ''North West Times'', employing journalists made redundant by other titles, closed in 1988.<ref name=newpapers/> Another attempt was made with the ''[[North West Enquirer]]'', which hoped to provide a true "regional" newspaper for the [[North West England|North West]], much in the same vein as the ''[[Yorkshire Post]]'' does for [[Yorkshire]] or ''[[The Northern Echo]]'' does for the [[North East England|North East]]; it folded in October 2006.<ref name=newpapers>{{cite web | url = http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article341851.ece | title = New quality weekly for Manchester is a good idea on paper | accessdate = 2007-11-06 | last = Herbert | first = Ian | date = [[30 January]] [[2006]] | work = The Independent | publisher = Independent News and Media Limited}} <br />•{{cite web | url = http://web.archive.org/web/20070226214918/www.nw-enquirer.co.uk/the_enquirer_suspends_publication_.html | title = The Enquirer suspends publication | accessdate = 2007-11-06 | last = Waterhouse | first = Robert | date = [[20 September]] [[2006]] | work = The North West Enquirer | publisher = The North West Enquirer}}</ref> There are several local lifestyle magazines, including ''YQ Magazine'' and ''Moving Manchester''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.how-do.co.uk/north-west-media-features/special-features/what's-(not)-on?-20070322146 | title = What's (not) on? | accessdate = 2007-11-06 | last = Barnett | first = Mike | date = [[22 March]] [[2007]] | work = How-Do | publisher = How-Do}}</ref> ==Twin cities and consulates== Manchester has formal [[Town twinning|twinning]] arrangements (or "friendship agreements") with several places.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=2754 | title = Questions to the Deputy Leader in 2007 | last = Stevens |first = Val |authorlink = | accessdate = 2007-09-14 | date = [[18 May]] [[2007]] | work = Manchester City Council web pages | publisher = Manchester City Council }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID=100002&documentID=2632&pageNumber=3|title=Friendship Agreements|publisher=[[Manchester City Council]]|accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> <!-- not supported by ref *{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands*{{flagicon|Pakistan}} --> In addition, the [[British Council]] maintains a metropolitan centre in Manchester.<ref name="British council">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/annual-report/uk1.htm|title=British Council Annual Report|accessdate=2007-07-07|publisher=[[British Council]]|year=2006}}</ref> Although not an official twin city, [[Tampere]], [[Finland]] is known as ''"the Manchester of Finland"'' &ndash; or ''"Manse"'' for short. {| class="wikitable" "text-align:left;font-size:100%;"| |- ! style="background: #000066; color: #FFFFFF" ! | ! style="background: #000066; color: #FFFFFF" height="17" width="120" | Country ! style="background: #000033; color: #FFFFFF" ! | ! style="background: #000033; color: #FFFFFF" ! width="100" | Place ! style="background: #000066; color: #FFFFFF" ! | ! style="background: #000066; color: #FFFFFF" ! width="130" | County / District / Region / State ! style="background: #000066; color: #FFFFFF" ! width="40" | Date |- ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | [[Nicaragua]] ! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | |! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Bilwi]]''' ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Puerto Cabezas]]'' |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | |- ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Germany}} |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | [[Germany]] ! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | [[Image:Wappen chemnitz.PNG|25px|]] |! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Chemnitz]]'''<ref>At the time of twinning, the city was named Karl Marx Stadt and was in [[East Germany]]. See {{cite web|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID=100002&documentID=2632&pageNumber=3|title=Friendship Agreements|publisher=[[Manchester City Council]]|accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | [[Image:Coat of arms of Saxony.svg|25px|]] |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Saxony]]'' |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | 1983 |- ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Spain}} |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | [[Spain]] ! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | [[Image:COA Córdoba, Spain.svg|25px|]] |! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]''' ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | [[Image:Provincia de Córdoba - Bandera.svg|25px|]] |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Córdoba (province)|Córdoba]]'' |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | |- ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Israel}} |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | [[Israel]] ! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | [[Image:RehovotLogo.jpg|25px|]] |! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Rehovot]]''' ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Center District (Israel)|Center District]]'' |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | |- ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Russia}} |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | [[Russia]] ! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | [[Image:Coat of Arms of Saint Petersburg large (2003).png|25px|]] |! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Saint Petersburg]]''' ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Northwestern Federal District]]'' |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | 1962 |- ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|China}} |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | [[China]] ! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | |! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Wuhan]]''' ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Hubei]]'' |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | 1986 |- ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | {{flagicon|Pakistan}} |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | [[Pakistan]] ! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | |! style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000" ! | '''[[Faisalabad]]''' ! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | [[Image:100px-Pk-punj.PNG|25px|]] |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | ''[[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]'' |! style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" ! | 1997 |} Manchester is home to the largest group of [[consul (representative)|consul]]s in the UK outside London. The expansion of international trade links during the industrial revolution led to the introduction of the first consuls in the 1820s and since then over 800, from all parts of the world, have been based in Manchester. Manchester has remained (in consular terms at least) the second city of the UK for two centuries, and hosts consular services for most of the north of England. The reduction in the amount of local paperwork required for modern international trade is partly offset by the increased number of international travellers. Many pass through Manchester Airport, easily the UK’s biggest and busiest airport outside the London area.<ref>{{cite book |author= Fox, David |title= Manchester Consuls |year= 2007 |publisher=Carnegie Publishing |location= Lancaster |isbn= 978-1-85936-155-9 |pages= pp.vii–ix}}<br/>•{{cite web |title= Manchester Consular Association |url=http://www.mca.group.shef.ac.uk/ |publisher=Manchester Consular Association |accessdate=2007-09-15}}<br/>•{{cite web|url=http://mca.group.shef.ac.uk/page2.html|title=List of Consulates, Consulate Generals and High Commissioners|publisher=MCA (subsidiary of Sheffield University)|accessdate=2007}}</ref> {| | valign="top" | *{{flagicon|Australia}} Australian Honorary Consul<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian High Commission |publisher=Australian Visa Bureau |url= http://www.visabureau.com/australia/australian-high-commission.aspx |accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> *{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} Assistant High Commissioner for Bangladesh *{{flagicon|China}} Consulate General of the Peoples Republic of China *{{flagicon|Cyprus}} High Commission for Cyprus *{{flagicon|Denmark}} Trade Commission of Denmark *{{flagicon|France}} Consulate of France *{{flagicon|Italy}} Consulate of Italy *{{flagicon|Netherlands}} Consulate of the Netherlands *{{flagicon|Norway}} Royal Norwegian Consulate *{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Consulate General of Pakistan *{{flagicon|Portugal}} Consulate General of Portugal *{{flagicon|Spain}} Consulate General of Spain *{{flagicon|Sweden}} Consulate of Sweden *{{flagicon|Switzerland}} Consulate of Switzerland |} ==See also== {{portalpar|North West England|Flag of North West England.svg}} * [[Cottonopolis]] * [[Manchester local elections]] == Further reading == {| | valign = "top" style = "font-size: 90%;" | *Architecture **{{cite book | last = Hands| first = David | coauthors = Sarah Parker | title = Manchester: A Guide to Recent Architecture | publisher = Ellipsis Arts | location = London | date= 2000 | isbn = 1-899858-77-6}} **{{cite book | last = Hartwell | first = Clare | authorlink = | title = Manchester | series = Pevsner Architectural Guides | date= 2001 | publisher = Penguin Books | location = London | isbn = 0-14-071131-7}} **{{cite book | last = Hartwell | first = Clare | coauthors = Matthew Hyde, [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] | series = The Buildings of England | title = Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East | year = 2004 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven and London | id = ISBN 0-300-10583-5}} **{{cite book | last = Parkinson-Bailey | first = John J | authorlink = | title = Manchester: an Architectural History | year = 2000 | publisher = Manchester University Press | location = Manchester | id = ISBN 0-7190-5606-3}} **{{cite book | last = Robinson | first = John Martin | title = The Architecture of Northern England | year = 1986 | publisher = Macmillan London Ltd | location = | isbn = 0-333-37396-0}} *General **{{cite book | last = Beesley | first = Ian | title = Victorian Manchester and Salford | publisher = Ryburn | location = Keele | year = 1988 | isbn = 1-85331-006-9}} **{{cite book | last = Hylton | first = Stuart | title = A History of Manchester | publisher = Phillimore & Company | location = Chichester | date= 2003 | isbn = 1-86077-240-4}} **{{cite book | last = Kidd | first = Alan J | title = Manchester | series = Town and City Histories | publisher = Ryburn | location = Keele | year = 1993 | isbn = 1-85331-016-6}} **{{cite book | author <!-- not right --> = Price, Jane; Ben Stebbing (editors) | title = The Mancunian Way | publisher = Clinamen Press Ltd | location = Manchester | year = 2002 | isbn = 1-903083-81-8}} **{{cite book | last = Redhead | first = Brian | title = Manchester: a Celebration | authorlink = Brian Redhead | publisher = Andre Deutsch Ltd | location = London | year = 1993 | isbn = 0-233-98816-5}} **{{cite book | last = Schofield | first = Jonathan | title = The City Life Guide to Manchester | year = 2005 | publisher = City Life | location = Manchester | isbn = 0-9549042-2-2}} | valign = "top" style = "font-size: 90%;" | *Culture **{{cite book | last = Champion | first = Sarah | title = And God Created Manchester | year = 1990 | publisher = Wordsmith | location = Manchester | isbn = 1-873205-01-5}} **{{cite book | last = Gatenby | first = Phill | title = Morrissey's Manchester: The Essential "Smiths" Tour | year = 2002 | location = | publisher = Empire Publications | isbn = 1-901746-28-3}} **{{cite book | last = Haslam | first = Dave | title = Manchester, England | publisher = Fourth Estate | location = New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 1-84115-146-7}} **{{cite book | last = Lee | first = C P | title = ''Shake, Rattle and Rain – Popular Music Making in Manchester 1955–1995'' | year = 2002 | publisher = Hardinge Simpole | location = | isbn = 1-84382-049-8}} **{{cite book | last = Lee | first = C P | title = Like The Night (Revisited): Bob Dylan and the Road to the Manchester Free Trade Hall | publisher = Helter Skelter Publishing | location = London | year = 2004 | isbn = 1-900924-33-1}} **{{cite book | author <!-- not right --> = Savage, John (editor) | title = The Hacienda Must Be Built | year = 1992 | publisher = [[International Music Publications]] | location = | isbn = 0-86359-857-9}} |} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia-2|2008-02-03|Manchester (Part 1).ogg|Manchester (Part 2).ogg}} {{sisterlinks|Manchester}} *[http://www.manchester.gov.uk Manchester City Council] *{{wikitravel}} *[http://www.visitmanchester.com Official tourist board site of Manchester] {{Clear}} {{UK cities}} {{LargestUKCities}} {{Manchester}} {{Greater Manchester}} {{NW_England}} {{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}} <!--Please leave it there. It would be nice if the number of cities in the category could stay at the nice round number of 50, instead of falling to 49 every few weeks--> {{featured article}} [[Category:Manchester|*]] [[Category:Settlements established in the 1st century]] [[Category:79 establishments]] [[Category:Cities in England]] [[Category:Host cities of the Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:Cities in Greater Manchester]] [[Category:Towns and cities with limited zero-fare transport]] [[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English)]] [[ang:Mameceaster]] [[ar:مانشستر]] [[bn:ম্যানচেস্টার]] [[be:Горад Манчэстэр]] [[bs:Manchester]] [[br:Manchester (Bro-Saoz)]] [[bg:Манчестър]] [[ca:Manchester]] [[cs:Manchester]] [[cy:Manceinion]] [[da:Manchester]] [[de:Manchester]] [[et:Manchester]] [[el:Μάντσεστερ]] [[es:Manchester]] [[eo:Manchester]] [[eu:Manchester]] [[fa:منچستر]] [[fr:Manchester]] [[ga:Manchain]] [[gv:Manchuin]] [[gd:Manchester]] [[gl:Manchester]] [[ko:맨체스터]] [[hr:Manchester]] [[io:Manchester]] [[id:Manchester]] [[is:Manchester]] [[it:Manchester]] [[he:מנצ'סטר]] [[ka:მანჩესტერი (დიდი ბრიტანეთი)]] [[la:Mancunium]] [[lv:Mančestra]] [[lt:Mančesteris]] [[hu:Manchester]] [[mr:मँचेस्टर]] [[ms:Manchester]] [[nl:Manchester]] [[nds-nl:Mesjester (Engeland)]] [[ja:マンチェスター]] [[no:Manchester]] [[nn:Manchester]] [[nrm:Manchêtre]] [[pl:Manchester]] [[pt:Manchester]] [[ro:Manchester]] [[qu:Manchester]] [[ru:Манчестер]] [[scn:Manchester]] [[simple:Manchester]] [[sk:Manchester]] [[sl:Manchester]] [[sr:Манчестер]] [[fi:Manchester]] [[sv:Manchester]] [[ta:மான்செஸ்டர்]] [[th:แมนเชสเตอร์]] [[vi:Manchester]] [[tr:Manchester]] [[uk:Манчестер]] [[vo:Manchester]] [[yi:מאנטשעסטער]] [[zh:曼彻斯特]]