Manchu
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2008-07-11T13:45:23Z
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Robot - remove category per [[WP:CFD|CFD]] [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2008 June 21|2008 June 21]]
{{Infobox Ethnic group
|group = Manchu (Manju, Man)<br/> 满族
|image = [[Image:Manchus dressed as royal family.jpg|250px]]
|population = approx. 10.68 million (2000) [http://www.china.org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/shao-manchu.htm]
|regions = {{flag|China}} ([[Heilongjiang]]{{·}} [[Jilin]]{{·}} [[Liaoning]])<br/>There may also be members in [[North Korea]], [[Siberia]] of [[Russia]], [[Canada]], [[Japan]] and [[United States]]
|languages = [[Manchu language|Manchu]] (very small population), <br> [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin Chinese]]
|religions = [[Buddhism]], [[Shamanism]], [[Christianity]] and others
|related = [[Xibe]], other [[Tungusic peoples]]
}}
The '''Manchu people''' ([[Manchu language|Manchu]]: [[Image:Manjui gisun.svg|10px]] ''Manju''; {{zh-stp|t=滿族 |s=满族 |p=Mǎnzú}}, [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: Манж) are a [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic people]] who originated in [[Manchuria]] (today's [[Northeastern China]]). During their rise in the [[17th century|seventeenth century]], along with the help of Ming rebels (such as general [[Wu Sangui]]), they conquered the [[Ming Dynasty]] and founded the [[Qing Dynasty]], which ruled [[China]] until its abolition in 1911 after the [[Xinhai Revolution]], which established [[Republic of China|a republican government]] in its place.
The Manchu ethnicity have largely been assimilated with the [[Han Chinese]]. The [[Manchu language]] is almost extinct, now spoken only among a small number of elderly in remote rural areas of northeastern China and a few scholars; there are around ten thousand speakers of [[Xibe|Sibe]] (Xibo), a<!--n innovative[...?]--> Manchu dialect spoken in the [[Ili]] region of [[Xinjiang]]. In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in Manchu culture among both ethnic Manchus and Han. The number of Chinese today with some Manchu ancestry is quite large, and the adoption of favorable policies towards ethnic minorities (such as preferential university admission and government employment opportunities) has encouraged some people with mixed-Han and Manchu ancestry to re-identify themselves as Manchu.
Much recent scholarship in ethnic identity emphasizes that ethnic categories are not static, objective category, but rather fluid, subjective ones. This applies to the notion of a Manchu ethnicity which much recent scholarship suggests was strengthened in the early 19th century to distinguish members of the Qing military elites from the peoples they ruled. <ref>[http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/xiaoweiqingessay.htm Sinicization vs. Manchuness<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== Culture ==
Aspects of Manchu customs and traditions can be seen in local cuisines, language and customs in today's Manchuria as well as cities in that region. After the fall of the [[Ming Dynasty]], Manchus also adopted many [[Han Chinese|Han]] customs and traditions.
They traditionally coiled their hair in high tufts on top of their heads and wore earrings, long gowns and embroidered shoes. The women with higher social standing wore silk and satin clothing while cotton clothing was worn by women of lower social standing. Variants of such vestments (including ''[[qi pao]]'' and ''[[ma gua]]'', [[Mandarin dress]]) are still popular all over China. The man's clothing once consisted of a short and adjusted jacket over a long gown with a belt at the waist to facilitate horse-riding and hunting. Unlike the Han, the Manchu did not practice [[foot binding]].<ref name=rhoads>Edward J. M. Rhoads, "Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928 ". University of Washington Press, 2000. Page 62. ISBN 0295980400. Partially available [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QiM2pF5PDR8C on Google Books]</ref>
The traditional Manchu dwellings were made up of three quarters. In the center of the house was the kitchen while the wings contained the dormitory and the living room. The unique Manchu tradition did not allow people to die on ''[[Kang bed-stove|nahan]]'' ([[Image:nahan1.png|20px]]) to the west or north. Believing that doors were made for living souls, the Manchus allowed dead bodies to be taken out only through windows. Ground burial was the general practice.
The [[Manchu language]] is a member of the [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]] [[language group]], itself a member of the proposed [[Altaic languages|Altaic language family]].
== Origins ==
[[Image:manchuguard.jpg|left|thumb|One of the [[Qianlong Emperor]]'s Manchu First Grade Bodyguards, Baturu Zhanyinbao (1760).]]
Ancestors of the Manchu were the peoples of the [[Mongolia]]n steppes. The first ancestors of the Manchu were the [[Sushen]], a people who lived during the second and first millennia BC. They were followed by the [[Yilou]] people, who were active from AD 202 to 220. The [[Wuji (people)|Wuji]] followed in the fifth century and the tribes of the [[Mohe]] in the sixth century. One of the tribes of the Mohe, the Heishui ([[Amur|Black Water]]) tribe, eventually became the ancestors of the Jurchens, from whom the Manchu originated.<ref name ="A">Huang, P: "New Light on the origins of the Manchu.", page 239-282. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,vol 50, no.1 1990 Retrieved from JSTOR database July 18, 2006</ref>
The [[Jurchens]] under the Wanyan clan established the [[Jin Dynasty]] (literally Golden Dynasty) that ruled the northern half of China (1115–1234) and rivaled the [[Song Dynasty]] in southern China. The Jin were conquered by the [[Mongols]] under [[Genghis Khan]].
Before the seventeenth century, the ancestors of the Manchus were generally a [[pastoral]] people, [[hunting]], [[fishing]] and engaging in limited [[agriculture]] and [[pig]]-farming.
==Founding of the Qing Dynasty==
In 1616 a Manchu leader, [[Nurhaci]] (1559-1626) broke away from the power of the decaying [[Ming Dynasty]] and established the Later Jin Dynasty (後金 Hòu Jīn) / ''Amaga Aisin Gurun'' ([[Image:amaga aisin gurun1.png|45px]]), domestically called the State of Manchu (''manju gurun'') ([[Image:manju gurun.png|15px]]), and unified Manchu tribes, establishing (or at least expanding) the Manchu [[Banner system]], a military structure which made their forces quite resilient in the face of superior [[Ming Dynasty]] numbers in the field. Nurhaci later conquered Mukden (modern-day [[Shenyang]]) and built it into the new capital in 1621. In 1636 Nurhaci's son [[Huang Taiji]], reorganized the Manchus, including those Mongolians, Koreans and Hans who had joined them, changed the nation's name to ''[[Qing Dynasty|Qing]]'', and formally changed the name of the nationality to Manchu.
The early significance of ''Manchu'' has not been established satisfactorily. It may have been an old term for the Jianzhou Jurchens. One theory claims that the name came from the [[Bodhisattva]] [[Mañjuśrī]] (the Bodhisattva of Wisdom), of which Nurhaci claimed to be an incarnation. Another theory is that the Manchus, like a number of other [[Tungus]]ic peoples, take their name from the common Tungusic word *''mangu(n)'', 'a great river'.
{| align="right"
| [[Image:Manchu chinese.jpg|thumb|right|Plaque at the Forbidden City in Beijing, China, in both Chinese (left) and Manchu (right).]]
|}
When [[Beijing]] was captured by [[Li Zicheng]]'s peasant rebels in 1644, the last Ming Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide. The Manchu then allied with [[Ming Dynasty]] general [[Wu Sangui]] and seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the new ruling [[Qing dynasty]]. Over the next two decades, the Manchu took command of all of China.
For political purposes, the early [[Manchurian]] emperors took wives descended from the [[Mongol]] Great Khans, so that their descendants (such as the [[Kangxi]] Emperor) would also be seen as legitimate heirs of the Mongolian [[Yuan dynasty]]. During the [[Qing Dynasty]], the Manchu government made efforts to preserve Manchu culture and the [[Manchu language|language]]. These efforts were largely unsuccessful in that Manchus gradually adopted the customs and language of the surrounding Han Chinese and, by the [[19th century|nineteenth century]], spoken Manchu was rarely used even in the Imperial court. Written Manchu, however, was still used for the keeping of records and communication between the emperor and the Banner officials until the collapse of the dynasty. The Qing dynasty also maintained a system of dual appointments in which all major imperial offices would have a Manchu and a Han Chinese member. Because of the small number of Manchus, this insured that a large fraction of them would be government officials.
Near the end of the Qing Dynasty, Manchus were portrayed as outside colonizers by [[Chinese nationalism|Chinese nationalists]] such as [[Sun Yat-Sen]], even though the Republican revolution he brought about was supported by many reform-minded Manchu officials and military officers. This portrayal quickly dissipated after the [[1911 revolution]] as the new Republic of China now sought to include Manchus within its [[Zhonghua minzu|national identity]].
==Manchukuo==
In 1931, the [[Empire of Japan]] created a puppet state in Manchuria called [[Manchukuo]]. The new state was nominally ruled by Emperor [[Puyi]]. By this time the population of Manchuria was overwhelmingly [[Han Chinese]], and though Manchukuo was intended to be a state for Manchus, the way its borders were drawn produced a state that had a majority [[Han Chinese|Han]] population. Manchukuo was abolished at the end of [[World War II]], with its territory incorporated back into China.
==[[Autonomous areas of China|Autonomous Areas]] designated for Manchus ==
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;width:90%;"
|-
! [[Province (China)|Province]]<br>(or equivalent)
! [[prefecture-level city]]
! Name
! Chinese
! [[pinyin]]
! Designated [[List of Chinese nationalities|minority]]
! Local name
! Capital
|-
| rowspan="4"|[[Hebei]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Chengde]]
| [[Fengning Manchu Autonomous County]]
| 豊寧滿族自治縣 ([[Traditional Chinese|T]])<br> 丰宁满族自治县 ([[Simplified Chinese|S]])
| Fēngníng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn
| rowspan="3"|Manchu
| ''Fengning Manju Zijysiyan''
| [[Daming]]
|-
| [[Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County]]
| 寛城滿族自治縣 ([[Traditional Chinese|T]])<br> 宽城满族自治县 ([[Simplified Chinese|S]])
| Kuānchéng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn
| ''Kuwanceng Manju Zijysiyan''
| [[Kuancheng]]
|-
| [[Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County]]
| 青龍滿族自治縣 ([[Traditional Chinese|T]])<br> 青龙满族自治县 ([[Simplified Chinese|S]])
| Qīnglóng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn
| ''Cinglung Manju Zijysiyan''
| [[Qinglong]]
|-
| [[Qinhuangdao]]
| [[Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County]]
| 圍場滿族蒙古族自治縣 ([[Traditional Chinese|T]])<br> 围场满族蒙古族自治县 ([[Simplified Chinese|S]])
| Wéichǎng Mǎnzú Měnggǔzú Zìzhìxiàn
| Manchu and [[Ethnic Mongols in China|Mongol]]
| ?
| [[Waichang]] Town
|-
| rowspan="1"|[[Jilin]]
| [[Siping (city)|Siping]]
| [[Yitong Manchu Autonomous County]]
| 伊通滿族自治縣 ([[Traditional Chinese|T]])<br> 伊通满族自治县 ([[Simplified Chinese|S]])
| Yītōng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn
| rowspan="7"|Manchu
| ''Itung Manju Zijysiyan''
| [[Yitong]] Town
|-
| rowspan="6"|[[Liaoning]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Fushun]]
| [[Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County]]
| 新賓滿族自治縣 ([[Traditional Chinese|T]])<br> 新宾满族自治县 ([[Simplified Chinese|S]])
| Xīnbīn Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn
| ''Sinbin Manju Zijysiyan''
| [[Xinbin]] Town
|-
| [[Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County]]
| 清原滿族自治縣 ([[Traditional Chinese|T]])<br> 清原满族自治县 ([[Simplified Chinese|S]])
| Qīngyuán Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn
| ''Cingyuwan Manju Zijysiyan''
| [[Qingyuan, Liaoning|Qingyuan]] Town
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Benxi]]
| [[Benxi Manchu Autonomous County]]
| 本溪滿族自治縣 ([[Traditional Chinese|T]])<br> 本溪满族自治县 ([[Simplified Chinese|S]])
| Běnxī Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn
|
| [[Xiaoshi]] Town
|-
| [[Huanren Manchu autonomous county|Huanren Manchu Autonomous County]]
| 桓仁滿族自治縣 ([[Traditional Chinese|T]])<br> 桓仁满族自治县 ([[Simplified Chinese|S]])
| Huánrén Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn
| ''Huwanren Manju Zijysiyan''
| [[Huanren]] Town
|-
| [[Anshan]]
| [[Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County]]
| 岫岩滿族自治縣 ([[Traditional Chinese|T]])<br> 岫岩满族自治县 ([[Simplified Chinese|S]])
| Xiùyán Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn
| ?
| [[Xiuyan]] Town
|-
| [[Dandong]]
| [[Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County]]
| 寛甸滿族自治縣 ([[Traditional Chinese|T]])<br> 宽甸满族自治县 ([[Simplified Chinese|S]])
| Kuāndiàn Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn
| ''Kuwandiyan Manju Zijysiyan''
| [[Kuandian]] Town
|}
==See also==
* [[Anti-Manchuism]]
* [[Ethnic groups in Chinese history]]
* [[Kawashima Yoshiko]]
* [[List of Manchu clans]]
* [[Manchu language]]
* [[Qing Dynasty]]
* [[9th Infantry Regiment (United States)|9th Infantry Regiment]]
* [[War crimes in Manchukuo]]
* [[Fu Manchu]], a fictional character of Manchu ancestry
* [[Pamela Kyle Crossley]], author of many scholarly and some popular works on Manchus and Manchu history
==Famous Manchu==
* [[Cao Xueqin]] - Famous [[writer]].
* [[Nalan Xingde]] - Famous [[poet]].
* [[Na Ying]] - Pop Star.
* [[Zhao Junzhe]] - Football player.
* [[Lang Lang (pianist)|Lang Lang]] - Pianist.
* [[Pu Yi]] - Last Emperor of Qing Dynasty and Emperor of Manchukuo.
* [[Lang Ping]] - Ex-Volleyball player, now coaching USA Women's Volleyball National Team.
* [[Lao She]] - writer.
* [[Qigong (artist)|Qigong]] - Calligrapher
== External links ==
* [http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/EthnicGroups/136932.htm]
* [http://www.qiren.cn/ Qiren.cn] (Simplified Chinese)
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
<br/>{{Ethnic groups in China}}
<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Tungusic peoples]]
[[Category:Manchuria]]
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