Mangalore 308293 225390774 2008-07-13T12:46:38Z Kensplanet 5423763 /* Education and sports */ {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction |native_name=Mangalore |skyline=Www.kamat.com 13034.jpg |skyline_caption=The [[Town Hall]] of Mangalore |latd=12.87 |longd=74.88 |state_name=Karnataka |district=[[Dakshina Kannada]] |leader_title=[[Mayor]] |leader_name=Ganesh Hosabettu<ref name = "mayor">{{cite web |url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEK20080221225616&Page=K&Title=Southern+News+-+Karnataka&Topic=0 |title=Ganesh Hosabettu is MCC mayor |date=[[2008-02-22]] |accessdate=2008-04-08 |publisher=Express Network Private Ltd. }}</ref> |leader_title_2=[[Deputy Mayor]] |leader_name_2=Shakeela Kava<ref name="mayor"/> |altitude=99 |population_as_of=2001 |population_total=398,745 |population_density=3586.5 |area_magnitude=9 |area_total=111.18 |area_telephone=0824<ref name="std">{{cite web |url=http://www.bsnl.co.in/searchcode.php?state=Karnataka&pgno=3 |title=STD Codes for cities in Karnataka |accessdate=2008-07-06 |publisher=[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)]] }}</ref> |postal_code=575001<ref name="pcode">{{cite web |url=http://sermon.nic.in/sermon/servlet/loc_code_repx_location_area?p1=610201 |title=Central Excise and Service Tax Location Code (Areas Under the Range West of Mangalore-II DVN (610201) |accessdate=2008-07-05 |publisher=Central Excise and Service Tax }}</ref> |website= |vehicle_code_range=KA-19<ref name="vehicle">{{cite web |url=http://www.aicda.com/Rtolst.asp |title=List of RTOs |accessdate=2008-04-08 |publisher=AICDA (All India Car Dealers Association) }}</ref> |website=www.mangalorecity.gov.in }} '''Mangalore''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]:\ˈmaŋ-gə-ˌlȯr\; [[Kannada language|Kannada]]: [[:kn:ಮಂಗಳೂರು|ಮಂಗಳೂರು]], ''Mangalūru''; [[Tulu language|Tulu]]: ''Kudla'', ಕುಡ್ಲ; [[Konkani language|Konkani]]: ''Kodial'', ಕೊಡಿಯಾಲ್; [[Beary bashe|Beary]]: ''Maikala'', ಮೈಕಲ) {{audio|Mangalore.ogg|pronunciation}} is the chief port city of the west coast [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. It is situated between the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Western Ghats|Western Ghat]] mountain ranges. It is the administrative headquarters of the [[Dakshina Kannada]] (formerly ''South Canara'') district in the southwestern corner of Karnataka. Mangalore derives its name from the local [[Hindu]] deity [[Mangaladevi]]. It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea&nbsp;– remaining, to this day, one of the major ports of India. Lying on the backwaters formed by the [[Netravati River|Netravati]] and [[Gurupura]] rivers, it has been much used as a staging point for traffic along the [[Malabar|Malabar Coast]]. Mangalore experiences a [[Tropics|tropical]] climate and is under the direct influence of the Arabian Sea branch of the [[Monsoon#South-West Summer Monsoon|South-West monsoon]]s. Its port handles 75% of India’s [[coffee]] exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.<ref name="cof">{{Citation | title = CNC India Fund Summary | journal = CNC India Fund I Periodical |publisher=CNC INdia Group | volume = 1 | issue =1 | pages = 2 | url = http://www.cncindiafund.com/Newsletter%201.pdf |accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref> Various major powers like the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]]s, [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar dynasty]], [[Chalukyas]], [[Rashtrakutas]], [[Hoysalas]], and the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], have ruled the town. During the regime of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] rulers, [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tippu Sultan]], the city was constantly caught in the crossfire of the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]. It was finally annexed by the [[British Empire|British]] in 1799. Mangalore, a part of the [[Madras Presidency]] until [[Indian independence|India's independence]] in 1947, was later merged into a unified [[Mysore State]] in 1956.<ref name="sorg1956">{{cite web |url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/ |title=States Reorganization Act 1956 |accessdate= 2008-07-01 |publisher=Indian Legislation}}</ref> Mangalore is known for its beaches, temples, banks, educational institutions, and industries. Several languages like [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], and [[Beary bashe|Beary]] are spoken here. The city is served by an [[Mangalore International Airport|International Airport]]. Its civic and infrastructural assets are managed by the [[Mangalore City Corporation]]. The landscape is dominated by the characteristic [[Arecaceae|coconut palms]], accompanying rolling hills, streams flowing into the sea and is dotted with tiled-roof buildings, topped with the well-known Mangalore tiles made from the local hard red [[clay]] and typically walled with [[laterite]] blocks. Older houses are commonly found with elaborate woodwork. ==Etymology== [[Image:Mangaladevi.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The local Hindu deity [[Mangaladevi]], after which the city of Mangalore derives its name]] Mangalore was named after the local [[Hindu]] deity [[Mangaladevi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Various|Sinha|Dwivedi|2006|p=242}}</ref> [[Matsyendranath]], one of the important protagonist of the [[Nath]] cult, had arrived here with the princess of [[Kerala]], Premaladevi. He converted the princess to his cult and named her Mangaladevi. They could not proceed further as Mangaladevi died after a brief period of illness and a temple was consecrated in her name at [[Bolar (Location)|Bolar]] in Mangalore, which was later renovated by the [[Alupas|Alupa]] King Kundavarma in 968&nbsp;AD.<ref name="mcc5">{{harvnb|Mangalore City Corporation|p=5}}</ref> One of the earliest reference to the city name is made by the [[Pandyan Kingdom|Pandyan]] King Chettian, who called the city ''Managalapuram'' in 715&nbsp;AD.<ref name="mcc4">{{harvnb|Mangalore City Corporation|p=4}}</ref> The chronicles of the 11th-century [[Arabian]] traveler Ibn Batuta refer to Mangalore as ''Manjarur''.<ref name="mlrgov">{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/ |title=City of Mangalore |accessdate=2007-08-03 |publisher=[[Mangalore City Corporation]]}}</ref> In 1526&nbsp;AD, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] took possession of Mangalore,<ref>{{cite web |title= Continuation of the Portuguese Transactions in India, from 1526 to 1538. |work=Volume 6, Chapter 1, Section 7 |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap01sect07.html |accessdate =2008-07-01}}</ref> thus corrupting the word ''Mangaluru'' to its present form ''Mangalore''. After subsequent [[British Empire|British]] occupation in 1799, this [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] catchword was later assimilated into [[English language|English]].<ref name="Thornton">{{harvnb|Thornton|1859|pp=236-248}}</ref> The cosmopolitan nature of the city is reflected in the names used by the various linguistic groups of the city. In [[Tulu language|Tulu]], the city is known as ''Kudla'' meaning "junction", as the city is situated at the confluence of the [[Netravati River|Netravati]] and Phalguni rivers. The [[Konkani language|Konkani]] variant for the city is ''Kodial''. In [[Beary bashe|Beary]], the city is known as ''[[Maikala]]''. ''Maikala'' in Beary means "[[wood]] [[charcoal]]", which is attributed to the earlier practice of producing charcoal from wood on the banks of the Netravati river. In [[Kannada language|Kannada]], the city is known as ''Mangaluru'', which literally means "the city of Goddess Mangaladevi".<ref name="mcc5"/> On the occasion of ''Suvarna Karnataka'' in 2006, the [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka Government]] stated that the city would be renamed ''Mangalooru'' in [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/19/stories/2005121916120100.htm |date=[[2005-12-19]] |title=They will be Belagavi, Mangalooru, Mysuru |accessdate=2007-08-03 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ==History== {{main|History of Mangalore}} [[Image:Sultan battery.JPG|200px|thumb|The [[Sultan Battery (Mangalore)|Sultan Battery]] in Mangalore, built in 1784 by [[Tippu Sultan]], to prevent [[British Empire|English]] warships from entering the [[Gurupura]] river.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamath|1988|p=41}}</ref>]] According to [[Hindu mythology]], the region covering Mangalore was a part of the Parashurama Shristi, the coastal belt reclaimed from the sea by the legendary sage [[Parashurama]]. He crowned a king known as Bhanu Vikrama, who appointed one of his brothers, Udayavarma, to rule the territory between [[Payaswini]] river in the south and [[Gokarna]] in the north.<ref>{{harvnb|Mangalore City Corporation|pp=5-6}}</ref> As for other mythological associations, [[Rama]] was the Lord of [[Tulu Nadu]] during the days of the [[Ramayana]]. [[Sahadeva]], the youngest of the [[Pandava]]s, was the Governor of this place during the days of the [[Mahābhārata|Mahabharatha]]. The Pandavas lived in [[Banavasi]] during their exile visiting [[Sarapady]] near Mangalore. [[Arjuna]], the hero of Mahabharata also appears to have visited this place when he travelled from [[Gokarna]] to Adur near [[Kasargod]]. Great sages like [[Kanvas|Kanva]], Vysa, Vashista, [[Vishvamitra]] had spent their days of meditation here.<ref name="MCCH">{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/tourism.html |title=Mangalore-Brief History |accessdate=2008-03-19 |publisher=[[Mangalore City Corporation]]}}</ref> There are many historical references directed to the town. [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]], a [[Greeks|Greek]] monk, referred to the port of Mangalore as the port of ''Mangarouth''.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cosmas_11_book11.htm |title = Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) pp. 358–373. Book 11 |accessdate = 2007-05-24 |publisher = The Tertullian Project}}</ref> [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], a [[Roman citizen|Roman]] historian, made references of a place called ''Nithrias'', and Greek historian [[Ptolemy]] referred to a place called ''Nitre''.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books.htm |title = Kodungallur&nbsp;– The Cradle of Christianity in India |accessdate = 2007-05-24 |publisher = Indian Christianity}}</ref> Both the references were probably made to the [[Netravati River]] flowing through Mangalore. Ptolemy had also referred to this city as ''Maganoor'' in some of his works.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://viswamurugu.com/tuluweb1.html |author=Viswamurugu |title = My Research into Lost Civilization of Tulu |accessdate = 2007-03-20 |publisher = Tulu Research Institute for Esoteric Physics}}</ref> Roman writer Arien called Mangalore ''Mandegora''. A 7th-century copper inscription referred to Mangalore as ''Mangalapura''. [[Image:Mangalore_tiled_roof_20071228.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Mangalore still retains its old world charm such as red tile-roofed houses in spite of [[globalization]] pervading the city.]] The [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadambas]] had ruled this place from 200 to 600 A.D.<ref name="MCCH"/> Mangalore had been the capital of [[Alupas|Alupa dynasty]] until the 14th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Chand|p=162}}</ref> It was in the reign of the Alupa King Kavi Alupendra (c.1110-c.1160) that the [[Aden]]ese merchant Ben Yiju came to Mangalore.<ref>{{harvnb|Ghosh|2002|p=189}}</ref> During the 14th century, the city was actively involved in [[Persian people|Persian]] Gulf trade.<ref name="stbr">{{harvnb|Hoiberg|Ramchandani|2000|p=358}}</ref> The [[Moroccan people|Moroccan]] traveler [[Ibn Battuta]], who had visited the town in 1342, stated that he arrived at a place named ''Manjurun'' or ''Mandjaur'' situated on a large [[estuary]]. He had mentioned that the town was a trading centre and Persian and [[Yemen]]i merchants disembarked here.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~dludden/global1.htm |title = A Quick Guide to the World History of Globalization |accessdate = 2007-06-04 |publisher = School of Arts & Sciences&nbsp;– [[University of Pennsylvania]]}}</ref> In 1448, Abdul Razak, the Persian Ambassador of Sultan Shah Rukh of [[Samarkand]], passed via Mangalore to [[Vijayanagar]]. He said that he had seen a glorious temple here.<ref>{{harvnb|Urs|1953|p=119}}</ref> The inscriptions at [[Moodabidri]] stated that a King Mangaras Odeya was the governor of ''Mangaluru Raajya'' (Mangalore Empire) during the reign of [[Harihara Raya II|Vira Harihararaya II]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar dynasty]]. Another inscription stated that Deeva Raaja Odeya ruled the ''Mangaluru Raajya'' in 1429 during the reign of Vijayanagara [[Deva Raya II|King Veera Devaraya II]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=40036&n_tit=Udupi%3A+Copper+Inscriptions+of+Vijayanagar+Empire+Found+in+Barkur |title = Copper Inscriptions of Vijayanagar Empire Found in Barkur |author=Vinay Pais |publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore |accessdate = 2008-03-19}}</ref> Various powers have fought for the control over Mangalore. The major dynasties that ruled the town till the arrival of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] were the Western [[Chalukyas]], [[Rashtrakutas]] and [[Hoysalas]]. The [[European ethnic groups|European]] influence in Mangalore can be traced back to the year 1498, when the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer [[Vasco Da Gama]] had landed at [[St Mary's Island, Karnataka|St Mary's Islands]] near Mangalore on his voyage from [[Portugal]] to [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600170300.htm |title= Where rocks tell a tale |author= J. Kamath |date=[[2002-09-16]] |accessdate=2008-07-08 |publisher=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref> In 1520 the Portuguese took control of the area from [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] rulers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap01sect06.html |title=Portuguese Transactions in India, under several governors, from the close of 1515, to the year 1526. |work=Volume 6, Chapter 1, Section 6 |accessdate=2007-07-08 |publisher=[[Columbia University]]}}</ref> In 1526, the Portuguese viceroy Lopo de Sampaio succeeded in defeating the [[Bangara]] king and his allies and the trade passed out of Muslim hands into Portuguese hands. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese commanded the [[Arabian Sea]] from the port of Mangalore.<ref name="MCCH"/> In the 16th century, Mangalore received a huge influx of [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]]s and [[Mangalorean Catholics|Roman Catholics]] from [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990503/iex03030.html |title=We the Mangaloreans |date=[[1999-05-03]] |accessdate=2008-07-08 |author=Maxwell Pereira |publisher=Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd.}}</ref> In 1695, the town was burnt by the [[Arab]]s in retaliation for Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.<ref>{{harvnb|Muthanna|1977|p=235}}</ref> In the middle of the 17th century, Venkatappa Nayaka of the [[Keladi Nayaka|Ikkeri]] family with the help of [[Abbakka Rani|Abbakka Rani of Ullal]] stormed the Portuguese bastion and defeated them. Their rule continued till 1762.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/abbakka.htm |title=Abbakka the Brave Queen (C 1540-1625 CE) |accessdate=2008-07-08 |author=Dr. Jyotsna Kamat |publisher=Kamat's Potpourri}}</ref> [[Hyder Ali]], the ruler of [[Mysore]], conquered Mangalore in 1763,<ref name="tipu">{{harvnb|Bowring|1945|pp=124-127}}</ref> and the city was under his administration till 1768, before being annexed by the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] between 1768 and 1794.<ref name="venn">{{harvnb|Venn|1945|pp=14-28}}</ref> Later in 1794, [[Hyder Ali]]'s son [[Tippu Sultan]] again took control of the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.renaissance.com.pk/Octletf94.html |title=Tipu Sultan |author=Jamil Ahmad |accessdate=2007-06-04 |publisher=Renaissance}}</ref> During his regime, the city was constantly caught in the crossfires of [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]. The [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] ended with the [[Treaty of Mangalore]] which was signed between Tippu Sultan and the [[British East India Company]] on [[11 March]] [[1784]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Tipu_Sultan/TreatyofMangalore1784.htm |title= Treaty of Mangalore between Tipu Sultan and the East India Company, 11 March 1784 |accessdate= 2008-03-19 |publisher=[[Missouri Southern State University]]}}</ref>[[Image:View from our Balcony - Industrial Mangalore.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers|Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited]] was the first major industry that came up in Mangalore in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorechemicals.com/about_Cprofile.asp |title=Corporate Profile |accessdate=2007-07-08 |publisher=[[Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers|Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited]]}}</ref> Mangalore witnessed an [[economy|economic]] and [[industry|industrial]] boom during the late twentieth century]]The [[British Empire|English]] again captured Mangalore in 1791,<ref>{{harvnb|Thornton|1859|pp=193-205}}</ref> but Tippu besieged it in 1793,<ref>{{harvnb|Thornton|1859|pp=217-224}}</ref> and the English surrendered the city to him in 1794.<ref>{{harvnb|Thornton|1859|p=225}}</ref> With the death of Tippu Sultan and the fall of [[Srirangapatna]] during the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1799, the city was re-conquered by the British, and it remained under their administration till India's independence in 1947.<ref>{{harvnb|Riddick|2006|p=28}}</ref><ref name="Thornton"/> The city had a peaceful administration under [[British Empire|British rule]] and permanent visible improvements effected during this period. It flourished gradually in [[education]] and in [[industry]] and became a commercial centre for [[export]] and [[import]] trade. The opening of the [[Germans|German]] [[Basel Mission]] in 1834 brought many [[cotton]] weaving and [[tile]] manufacturing industries into the city.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=400 |title = Mangalore: Comtrust Carries On Basel’s Mission |accessdate = 2008-03-21 |author=John B. Monteiro |publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore}}</ref><ref name="stbr"/> The linking of Mangalore in 1907, with the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]], and later the advent of motor vehicles further increased the trade and communication with the city. The [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] missions had done a lot of important work in [[education]], [[health]] and [[Social welfare provision|social welfare]].<ref name="MCCH"/> Mangalore came under Municipal administration following enactment of the Madras Town Improvement Act 1865 and the thereafter the establishment of the Municipal Council on [[23 May]] [[1866]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mangalore City Corporation|p=6}}</ref> After [[Indian independence|India's independence]] in 1947, Mangalore which was a part of the [[Madras Presidency]], was merged into a unified [[Mysore State]] in 1956 by the [[States Reorganisation Act]].<ref name="sorg1956"/> Thereafter, Mangalore gained a significant position in the state since it gave the erstwhile Mysore state the benefit of a coastline. The late twentieth century witnessed Mangalore develop as a business and commercial centre. However, Mangalore still has retained some of its old world charm such as red tile-roofed buildings amidst [[coconut]] groves, [[fishing]] [[boating|boats]] silhouetted against the darkening skyline. The present day city bustles with activities in the upcoming [[Information technology|IT Sector]] and the prognosis of a prosperity in international trade looms. ==Geography and climate== {{climate chart |Mangalore |21|31|0 |22|31|0 |24|32|0 |25|32|3 |26|32|15 |24|28|94 |23|27|98 |23|27|59 |23|28|26 |23|30|20 |23|31|7 |22|31|1 |source=Weatherbase<ref name="Wbase"/> |float=right }} Mangalore is located at {{coor d|12.87|N|74.88|E|}} in the [[Dakshina Kannada]] district of [[Karnataka]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Mangalore.html |title=Mangalore, India Page |accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> It has an average [[elevation]] of 99&nbsp;[[metre]]s (325&nbsp;[[foot (unit of length)|feet]]).<ref name="Wbase">{{cite web |publisher=Weatherbase |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=48234&refer=&units=metric |title=Mangalore, India |accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> It is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannda district, largest urban coastal center of Karnataka and the fourth largest city in the state.<ref name="mlrgov"/> It is situated on the west coast of India, with the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west and the [[Western Ghats]] to the east. Mangalore City spans an area of 111.18&nbsp;[[square kilometre|km²]] (42.93&nbsp;[[square mile|mi²]]), while the total area included under the [[Mangalore City Corporation]] is 132.45&nbsp;[[square kilometre|km²]] (51.14&nbsp;[[square mile|mi²]]).<ref name="mlrgov"/> Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty [[wind]]s during day time and gentle winds at night.<ref>{{harvnb|Balakrishna|Narayana|Kumari|p=26}}</ref> The [[topography]] of the city is from plain to undulating, with four hilly regions natural [[valley]]s within the city. The [[geology]] of the city is characterized by hard [[laterite]] in hilly tracts and [[sand]]y [[soil]] along the seashore.<ref name="mcc4">{{harvnb|Mangalore City Corporation|p=4}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorized the city in the ''Seismic III Zone'' as per the vulnerability atlas of 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/17/stories/2006011716830300.htm |title= Ensure that builders comply with safety norms, forum urges MCC |date=[[2006-01-17]] |accessdate= 2008-01-19 |publisher= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Mangalore lies on the backwaters formed by the [[Netravati River|Netravati]] and [[Gurupura]] rivers. These rivers effectively encircle the city by flowing around its north and south respectively. Both form an [[estuary]] at the southern side of the city and flow into the Arabian sea.<ref name="MCCwater">{{harvnb|EIRA|p=38}}</ref>The city has long been a [[roadstead]] along the [[Malabar|Malabar Coast]]. The coastline of the city is dotted with several beaches, such as [[Mukka]], [[Panambur]], Tannirbavi, KREC, and Someshwara. [[Vegetation]] is predominantly [[coconut|coconut trees]], [[Arecaceae|palm trees]], [[Ashoka tree]]s along with others. The city has still preserved much of its green cover compared with other Indian cities. [[Image:Panamburbeach057.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Sunset at [[Panambur]] beach in Mangalore]] Mangalore experiences [[Tropics|tropical]] climate. Summer and winter are similar in the city, and both are quite gratifying with an average temperature ranging between {{convert|27|°C|°F|0}} to {{convert|34|°C|°F|0}}. [[Humidity]] reaches an average of about 78%.<ref name="Wbase"/> The city belongs to the ''Per-Humid (A) Zone'' and is under the direct influence of the [[Arabian Sea]] branch of the [[Monsoon#South-West Summer Monsoon|South-West monsoon]]. It receives about 90% of its total annual [[rain]]fall within a period of about six months from May to October while it is extremely dry from December to March.<ref>{{harvnb|Subrahmanyam|pp=3-4}}</ref> The annual [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] in Mangalore is 4242.5 [[millimetre]]s (167 [[Inch|in]]).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/urban/chapter4.htm |title= Urbanisation and Urban Sprawl |accessdate= 2008-04-16 |publisher=Environmental Information System (Centre for Ecological Sciences, [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]]}}</ref> The most pleasant months in Mangalore are from December to February&nbsp;– during which time the humidity and temperature are the lowest. Day time temperatures fall below {{convert|30|°C|°F|0}} and night time temperatures fall below {{convert|20|°C|°F|0}}. This season is soon followed by a hot summer season from [[March]] to [[May]], when temperatures rise as high as {{convert|38|°C|°F|0}}. This is then followed by the [[monsoon]] season. The city receives heavy rainfall compared with other urban centres in India. Rain measuring up to {{convert|4000|mm|in|0}} falls during the period from June to September. The rains subside in [[September]], with the occasional rainfall in [[October]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mishra|Gnanaseelan|Seetaramayya|p=483}}</ref> [[Image:Mangalore panaroma 0154 pan.jpg|800px|thumb|center|A 2007 panoramic image of Mangalore from Kadri]] {{-}} ==Economy== {{main|Economy of Mangalore}} [[Image:Mangalore fishing.JPG|200px|thumb|right|[[Fishing]] in [[Mukka]], near Mangalore. The fishing industry has been a core business in Mangalore for generations]] [[Image:Iron Ore factory.jpg|200px|thumb|The [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd.]] in Mangalore]] Mangalore's economy is dominated by the agricultural processing and port-related activities.<ref name="scan">{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.in/SouthScanNov152007.aspx |title= South Scan (Mangalore, Karnataka) |accessdate= 2008-03-20 |publisher=CMP Media LLC}}</ref> New Mangalore Port is India's ninth largest cargo handling port. It handles 75% of India’s [[coffee]] exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.<ref name = "cof"/> Mangalore roof tiles are well-known throughout [[India]] and still define the city's skyline.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/02/17/stories/2007021701030100.htm |title= Tiles for style |author= Savitha Suresh Babu |date=[[2007-02-17]] |accessdate= 2008-04-05 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Mangalore is home to the automobile [[leaf spring]] industry.<ref name="scan"/> The Canara Workshops Ltd. and Lamina Suspension Products Ltd. are well known leaf spring industries. The [[Baikampady]] and Yeyyadi Industrial areas harbour several small scale industries. Imports include tropical [[timber]] from [[South-East Asia]] for furniture making. The city is also one of the chief entry points for [[wood]] to [[South India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtvprofit.com/2008/02/17121444/Keralas-timber-market-sustain.html |title= Kerala's timber market sustained by importse |date=[[2008-02-17]] |accessdate= 2008-04-04 |publisher=[[NDTV Profit]]}}</ref> [[Beedi]] rolling is a cottage industry well-known in Mangalore.<ref name="scan"/> The major industries are [[Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers|Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. (MCF)]], [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd.|Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL)]], [[MRPL|Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL)]], [[BASF]], ELF Gas. Major [[information technology]] and [[outsourcing]] companies like [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[MphasiS|MPhasis BPO]], [[First American Corporation]] have started locating their facilities here.<ref name="ind">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/The_Sunday_ET/Property/Mangalore_takes_over_as_the_new_SEZ_destination/articleshow/2788712.cms |title= Mangalore takes over as the new SEZ destination |date=[[2008-02-17]] |accessdate= 2008-03-20 |publisher=[[Indiatimes|Times Internet Limited]]}}</ref> Three dedicated IT parks are upcoming. Two of those parks are under construction, one Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) at Ganjimutt and a second IT [[Special Economic Zone|Special Economic Zone (SEZ)]] near [[Mangalore University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Fig.%203.5.1.doc |title= Study Area around SEZ, Mangalore |format=[[DOC (computing)|DOC]] |accessdate= 2008-07-02 |author=Neeri |publisher=[[Mangalore City Corporation]]}}</ref> A third IT SEZ is being proposed at Ganjimutt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%201/Fig.1.2.doc |title= Proposed MSEZ Site and Existing Industries |format=[[DOC (computing)|DOC]] |accessdate= 2008-04-09 |author=Neeri |publisher=[[Mangalore City Corporation]]}}</ref> Another IT SEZ of 2&nbsp;million square feet (180,000&nbsp;m²) is under construction at [[Thumbe]] by the BA group.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/31/stories/2006083118290300.htm| date = 2006-08-31| title = Two more plans for EPIP cleared| accessdate = 2006-09-29| publisher= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)]] plans to invest over Rs.&nbsp;35,000&nbsp;crore in a new 15&nbsp;million tonne refinery, petrochemical plant and power and LNG plants at the Mangalore Special Economic Zone. This will be the first Petroleum, Chemicals, Petrochemicals Investment Region (PCPIR) of the country,<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/20/stories/2006092006341700.htm| date = 2006-09-19| title = ONGC's huge outlay for Mangalore SEZ| accessdate = 2006-09-29| publisher= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> with similar PCPIR's existing at [[Nayachar]] in [[West Bengal]], [[Panipat]] in [[Haryana]] and [[Achutapuram]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd a [[Special purpose entity|special purpose vehicle]] under the Oil Industry Development Board,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/04/02/stories/2006040202220200.htm |title=Strategic oil reserves to come directly under Govt |date=[[2006-04-02]] |accessdate = 2008-02-20 |publisher=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2006/01/07/stories/2006010704081600.htm |title =Strategic crude reserve gets nod |date = [[2006-01-07]] |accessdate = 2008-02-20 |publisher = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> has decided to construct [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|strategic crude oil reserve]]s at Mangalore and two other places in India. Out of the proposed 5 Million Metric Tonnes Per Annum (MMTPA)<ref>{{cite news |url =http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/India_to_form_crude_oil_reserve_of_5_mmt/articleshow/2137148.cms |title =India to form crude oil reserve of 5 mmt |date = [[2007-06-20]] |accessdate = 2008-02-20 |publisher = [[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> storage 1.5 MMTPA would be at Mangalore, 1 MMTPA at [[Visakhapatnam]], and 2.5 MMTPA at Padur near Mangalore. According to an International edition of [[India Today]] ([[November 28]]&nbsp;– [[December 4]], [[2006]]), Mangalore is the fastest growing non metro in [[South India]] followed by [[Kochi, India|Kochi]].<ref name="cof"/> [[Corporation Bank]],<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.corpbank.com/asp/0100text.asp?presentID=84&headID=84 |title =History |accessdate = 2008-04-18 |publisher = [[Corporation Bank]]}}</ref> [[Canara Bank]]<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112015560300.htm |title = Cheque truncation process from April, says Leeladhar |accessdate = 2008-04-18 |publisher = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and [[Vijaya Bank]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vijayabank.com:8081/vijaya/vijaya/internet-en/menus/we-at-vijaya-bank/inception.html |title =Inception |accessdate=2008-07-09 |publisher=[[Vijaya Bank]]}}</ref> were the three nationalised banks established in Mangalore during the first half of the 20th century. [[Karnataka Bank]], founded in Mangalore was one of the largest banks not taken over by the Government.<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.karnatakabank.com/ktk/History.jsp |title =History |accessdate = 2008-04-18 |publisher = [[Karnataka Bank]]}}</ref> The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank) Ltd., Catholic Bank Ltd.<ref>{{harvnb|Subrahmanya|1962|p=128}}</ref> and SCDCC Bank<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.scdccbank.com/history.html |title =History |accessdate = 2008-06-24 |publisher =SCDCC Bank}}</ref> were the scheduled banks established in Mangalore. The [[boat building]] and [[fishing]] industry have been core businesses in Mangalore for generations. The Old Mangalore Port (''Hale Bandaru'' in [[Kannada language|Kannada]]) is a popular fishing port located at Bunder in Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boats used for fishing are anchored.<ref>{{harvnb|National Council of Applied Economic Research|1961|pp=6-73}}</ref> The fishing industry employs thousands of people, and their products are exported from around the region. Mangalorean firms have had a major presence in the [[tile]], [[beedi]], [[coffee]] and [[cashew nut]] industry, although the [[tile]] industry has been in decline due to the predominance of [[concrete]] in the modern construction.<ref name="ind"/><ref name="scan"/> The Albuquerque Tile Factory in Mangalore, is the largest tile factory in [[India]], which manufactures the famous Mangalorean red roof tiles.<ref>{{harvnb|Somerset|Bond|Wright|pp=510-512}}</ref> The [[Ullal]] suburb of Mangalore produces [[hosiery]] and [[coir]] [[yarn]]s.<ref name="stbr"/> ==Demographics== [[Image:Light House Hill, Mangalore.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The Light House Hill is a premiere locality in Mangalore]] [[As of 2001]] India [[census]], Mangalore had a population of 398,745.<ref name="dmab">{{cite web |url=http://municipaladmn.kar.nic.in/AreapopE.htm |title=Population of Corporation/CMC/TMC/TP (Population 2001 Census) |accessdate= 2008-04-16 |publisher=Directorate of Municipal Administration, [[Bangalore]]}}</ref> As of the same census, the urban area had a population of 538,560.<ref name="popmlr">{{cite web |publisher=Census Commission of India |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archivedate=2006-12-15 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns. (Provisional) |accessdate=2007-09-03 }}</ref> and the area under the [[Mangalore City Corporation]] had a population of 419,306.<ref name="mlrgov"/> According to World Gazetteer, Mangalore's estimated population in 2008 was 431,976, making it the 101th most populous city in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a |title= India: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population |accessdate= 2008-01-31 |publisher= World Gazetteer}}</ref> As of the same extrapolations, the ''World Gazetteer'' estimated the population of the Mangalore Urban Area to be 603,269, making it the 61th most populated urban area in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a |title= India: metropolitan areas |accessdate= 2008-01-16 |publisher= World Gazetteer}}</ref> The number of males were 200,234, constituting 50% of the population and the number of females were 198,511, constituting 50% of the population. The Decadal Growth Rate was 45.90<ref name="dmab"/> The male literacy was 86% and female literacy was 79%. 9% of the population was under 6&nbsp;years of age. Mangalore has an average literacy rate of 83%, which is much higher than the national average of 59.5%.<ref name="popmlr"/> The [[Birth rate]] was 13.72%, the [[Mortality rate|Death rate]] was 3.71% and the [[Infant mortality|Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)]] was 1.24%.<ref name="MCCSocio">{{harvnb|Kulkarni|p=131}}</ref> Growing number of [[slum]]s has been a cause of concern in Mangalore. The Mangalore Urban Area had 32 recognised slums within the City Corporation limits. Nearly 22,000 migrant labourers lived in slums within the city limits.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/08/stories/2006040818420300.htm |title= Growing number of slums in Mangalore a cause for concern |date=[[2006-04-08]] |accessdate= 2008-03-14 |publisher= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/21/stories/2006012111860300.htm |title= Slums mushrooming in port city |accessdate= 2008-03-14 |date=[[2006-01-21]] |publisher= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Image:St. Aloyscus Church Mangalore.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The [[St Aloysius Chapel]] in Mangalore]] Mangalore is a multi-cultural and multi-lingual city that speaks three local languages [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Beary bashe|Beary]] apart from [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]] and [[English language|English]]. [[Hinduism]] is followed by large number of the population. Among the indigenous Hindus, [[Mogaveeras]], [[Billava]]s and [[Bunt]]s form the largest groups. [[Kota brahmin]]s, [[Shivalli|Shivalli Brahmins]], [[Sthanika Brahmins]], [[Havyaka|Havyaka Brahmins]], [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin|GSBs (Goud Saraswat Brahmins)]], [[Daivajna|Daivajna brahmins]] and [[Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins]] also form a considerable portion of the Hindu population. A significant part of the population are followers of [[Christianity]]. [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-speaking [[Catholic]]s are the highest in number among them, popularly known as [[Mangalorean Catholics]]. The [[Protestantism|Protestants]] consist of people speaking [[Kannada language|Kannada]]. [[Muslims]] constitute a minority of the population. Among them, [[Beary]]s form 80% of the total population and speak their own dialect called [[Beary bashe]]. There is also a sizeable group of people who are basically land owners, following [[Jainism]]. ==Culture== [[Image:Jyothi Talkies 2008 04 06.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The Jyothi Talkies is a popular [[film|cinema]] [[theatre]] in Mangalore]] [[Image:Demon Yakshagana.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A typical [[Yakshagana]] artist]] {{main|Culture of Mangalore}} :''See also: [[Tulu Nadu#Culture|Tulu Nadu (Culture)]]'' A resident of Mangalore is known as a ''Mangalorean'' in [[English language|English]], ''Kudladaru'' in [[Tulu language|Tulu]], ''Kodialgharano'' in [[Mangalorean Catholics|Catholic]] [[Konkani language|Konkani]], ''Kodialchi'' or ''Manglurchi'' in [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin|GSB]] Konkani and ''Manglurnavaru'' in [[Kannada language|Kannada]]. The ''Srimanthi Bai Museum'', which is located at Bejai, is the only museum of Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/07/07/stories/2006070717580300.htm |title= Srimanthi Bai Museum is in a shambles |date=[[2006-07-07]] |accessdate= 2008-01-21 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The ''Bibliophile's Paradise'', a hi-tech [[public library]] run by the [[Corporation Bank]], is located at Mannagudda.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/01/stories/2006040100730100.htm |title= It's a treasure of books |date=[[2006-04-01]] |accessdate= 2008-01-31 |author= Raviprasad Kamila |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The [[Yakshagana]] is a night-long dance and drama performance practiced in Mangalore with great fanfare.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/07_folktheatre/karnataka/Yakshagana/yakshagana.html |title = Yakshagana |accessdate = 2007-12-07 |publisher = SZCC, [[Tamil Nadu]]}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Plunkett|2001|p=53}}</ref> ''[[Hulivesha]]'' (Tiger dance) is a unique form of folk dance in the city fascinating the young and the old alike, which is performed during [[Dasara]] and [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/354160109.cms |date = [[2001-10-26]] |title = Human `tigers' face threat to health |accessdate = 2007-12-07 |publisher = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''Karadi Vesha'' (Bear Dance) is one more popular dance performed during Dasara in Mangalore.<ref name="DAJ">{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |title= What's in a Name? |accessdate= 2008-03-04 |author= Stephen D'Souza |publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore}}</ref> ''[[Bhuta Kola]]'' (Spirit worship), which is usually done at night is also practised here. ''[[Kambala]]'' (Buffalo race) is conducted in water filled paddy fields.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/12/09/stories/2006120901650100.htm |title= Colours of the season |accessdate= 2008-07-09 |date=[[2006-12-09]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Korikatta'' ([[Cockfight]]) is another favourite sport for the people. ''[[Nagaradhane]]'' (Snake worship) is practised in the city according to the popular belief of the ''[[Nāga|Naga Devatha]]'' (Serpent God) to go underground and guard the species on the top.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=50662 |title= Nagarapanchami Naadige Doddadu |accessdate= 2008-01-28 |publisher=Mangalorean.Com}}</ref> ''[[Paddanas]]'' (Oral Epics) are ballad-like folk epics sung by the community of impersonators in [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and are usually accompanied with the rhythmic beats of drums.<ref name="DAJ"/> Some of the popular [[Beary]] songs are ''kolkai'' (sung during the play of kolata), ''unjal pat'' (sung while putting a child to cradle), ''moilanji pat'' and ''oppune pat'' (sung at weddings).<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101361130300.htm |title= Beary Sahitya Academy set up |accessdate= 2008-01-15 |date=[[2007-10-13]] |publisher= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The [[Eucharist]]ic procession is an annual [[Catholic]] religious procession led on the first Sunday of the [[New Year]] of the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="DAJ"/> Popular festivals in the city are [[Dussera]], [[Diwali]], [[Christmas]], [[Maha Shivratri]], [[Easter]], [[Navratri]], [[Good Friday]], [[Eid]], [[Moharram]], and [[Mahavir Jayanti]]. The [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] festival is celebrated every year by erecting statues, worshipping them and immersing them in water bodies. ''Kodial Theru'' or ''Mangaluru Rathotsava'' (Mangalore Car Festival) is one of the major festivals of the [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin|GSB]] community, which celebrates the car festival of the Sri Venkatramana Temple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=67248 |title=Colourful Kodial Theru |accessdate= 2008-07-09 |author=Rajanikanth Shenoy |publisher=Mangalorean.Com}}</ref> ''Monti Fest'' ([[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mother Mary]]'s feast) is one of the major festivals of the [[Mangalorean Catholics|Catholic]] community, celebrating the [[Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Nativity feast]] and the blessing of new crops.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129 |title= Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet&nbsp;– 240 Years Ago! |accessdate= 2008-01-11 |author= John B. Monteiro |publisher= daijiworld.com}}</ref> The ''Jain Milan'', a committee comprising of the [[Jain community|Jain]] families of Mangalore, organise the Jain Food Festival annually with a view to bring together all the members of the Jain community.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/11/24/stories/2007112450980400.htm |title=Food for thought |accessdate= 2008-01-18 |date=[[2007-11-24]] |author=Amrita Nayak |publisher= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> People of all faiths participate in the ''Mosaru Kudike'', which are a part of the celebrations to mark the [[Krishna Janmashtami]] festival.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/28/stories/2005082812400300.htm |title=`Mosaru Kudike' brings in communal harmony |date=[[2005-08-28]] |accessdate= 2008-02-22 |publisher= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Aati festival, which commences from July 17 and runs up to August 15 is celebrated here to worship a spirit ''Kalanja'', who is in charge of the protection of the city during the month of [[July]]-[[August]]. Annual festivals are promoted during summer each year, to promote ''Karavali Utsav'' and ''Kudlostava'', which encourages the local cultural events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karavaliutsav.com/display.php?content_option=SECTION&ref_id=140 |title=Objectives of Karavali Utsav |accessdate= 2008-07-09 |publisher=Karavli Utsav, Mangalore}}</ref> In 2006, the Tulu Film Festival was organized in Mangalore.<ref name=''FF''>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/23/stories/2006022315050300.htm |title= Tulu film festival |accessdate= 2008-01-19 |date=[[2006-02-23]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Image:Neer dosa03.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Neer dosa]], a variant of dosa is native to Mangalore]] Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by the [[South Indian cuisine]]. Mangalorean curry uses a lot of [[coconut]] and [[curry]] leaves. [[Ginger]], [[garlic]] and [[Chili pepper|chili]] is also used in curry. Mangalorean fish curry is known for its taste in the whole of [[Canara]]. Popular dishes of the [[Tuluva|Tulu]] community include ''[[Kori Rotti]]'' (dry rice flakes dipped in gravy), ''Bangude Pulimunchi'' (silver-grey [[mackerel]]s), ''Beeja-Manoli Upkari'', ''[[Neer dosa]]'' (lacy [[pancake]]s), ''Boothai Gasi'', ''Kadubu'', and ''[[Patrode]]''. The Konkani community has its specialities that include ''Daali thoy'', ''beebe-upkari'' (cashew based), ''val val'', ''avnas ambe sasam'', ''Kadgi chakko'', ''paagila podi'', and ''chana gashi''. The ''Sanna-Dukra Maas'' (''Sanna''&nbsp;– [[idli]] fluffed with toddy or [[yeast]]; ''Dukra Maas''&nbsp;– [[Pork]]), ''Pork Bafat'', ''[[Sorpotel]]'' of the [[Mangalorean Catholics|Catholics]] and the [[Lamb and mutton|Mutton]] [[Biryani]] of the [[Muslim]]s are well-known dishes. An assortment of [[Pickled cucumber|pickles]] like ''happala'', ''sandige'' and ''puli munchi'' are unique to Mangalore. ''Shendi'' ([[Hot toddy|toddy]]), a country [[Distilled beverage|liquor]] prepared from the coconut flower's sap is a well-known liquor of Mangalore.<ref name="DAJ"/> The vegetarian cuisine is same as [[Udupi cuisine]]. Since Mangalore is a coastal town, [[Fish]] forms the staple diet of most people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm |title=Typically home |accessdate= 2008-07-09 |date=[[2007-08-11]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ==Civic administration== {{main|Mangalore City Corporation}} [[Image:Mangalore City Corporation.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Mangalore City Corporation]] headquarters at [[Lalbagh, Mangalore|Lalbagh]] in Mangalore]] The [[Mangalore City Corporation|Mangalore City Corporation (MCC)]] (''Mangalooru Mahanagarapalike'' in Kannada) is the municipal corporation in charge of the civic and infrastructural assets of the city. The municipal limits start from [[Mukka]] in the north to Netravati river bridge in the south and western sea shore to Vamanjoor in the east. The MCC council comprises 60 elected representatives, called ''corporators'', one from each of the 60 wards (localities) of the city. Elections to the council are held once every five years, with results being decided by popular vote. One of the corporators from the majority party is selected as a [[Mayor]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mangalore City Corporation|p=7}}</ref> The headquarters of Mangalore City Corporation is at [[Lalbagh, Mangalore|Lalbagh]]. Its sub-offices are at [[Surathkal]] and Bikarnakatta. Until the revision of [[Lok Sabha]] and the legislative constituencies by the [[Delimitation commission]], Mangalore used to contribute two members to the Lok Sabha, one for the southern part of the city which fell under the Mangalore Lok Sabha Constituency and another for the northern part of the city which fell under the Udupi Lok Sabha Constituency. Additionally Mangalore used to send three members to the Karnataka State [[Legislative Assembly]]. With the revision, the entire Mangalore Taluk now falls under the Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency, resulting in Mangalore contributing to only one member of parliament.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=35701&n_tit=M%27lore%3A+Assembly+Constituencies+Revised+%2D+Bye+Bye+Ullal%2C+Suratkal+++|title= |date = [[2007-07-14]] |title = New Assembly constituencies |accessdate = 2007-09-22 |publisher = Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/05/stories/2006050522990400.htm |date = [[2006-05-05]] |title = Assembly constituencies proposed by Delimitation Commission |accessdate = 2007-09-22 |publisher = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Dakshina Kannada District Police is responsible for the law and order maintenance in Mangalore. The department is headed by a [[Superintendent (police)#India|Superintendent of Police (SP)]]. Mangalore also hosts the headquarters of the Western Range Police, covering the western [[Districts of Karnataka#Divisions and Districts|districts of Karnataka]] and is headed by an [[Inspector General of Police|Inspector General of Police (IGP)]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://persmin.nic.in/ais/Ips_fcsreg.htm |title = The Indian Police Service (Fixation of Cadre Strength) Regulations, 1955 |accessdate = 2007-04-15 |publisher = Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions}}</ref> ==Education and sports== {{main|List of educational institutions in Mangalore}} [[Image:NITK.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[National Institute of Technology Karnataka|National Institute of Technology, Karnataka]] in [[Surathkal]] is one of the premier institutes in Mangalore.]] [[Image:KPT_Mangalore_200712.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Karnataka Polytechnic in [[Kadri]], Mangalore.]] Pre-collegiate medium of instruction in schools is predominantly [[Kannada language|Kannada]], with [[English language|English]] and Kannada in the non Government run schools. Other mediums of instruction co-exist along with these two. The medium of instruction in educational institutions after [[matriculation]] in colleges is English. Recently, a committee of experts constituted by the Tulu Sahitya Academy suggested the inclusion of [[Tulu language|Tulu]] using [[Kannada script]] as a medium of instruction in education.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/06/22/stories/2005062215310300.htm | title= `Use Kannada script to teach Tulu now' |date=[[2005-06-22]] | accessdate=2008-01-31 | publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Schools and colleges in Mangalore either are government-run or run by private trusts and individuals. The schools are affiliated either with the Karnataka State Board, [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE)]], or the [[CBSE|Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)]] boards. After completing ten years of schooling in secondary education, the students mostly enroll at [[junior college|Higher Secondary School]] specializing in one of the three streams&nbsp;– [[liberal arts|Arts]], [[Commerce]] or [[Science]]. Since the 1980s, there have been a large number of professional institutions established in a variety of fields including [[engineering]], [[medicine]], [[dentistry]], [[business management]] and [[hotel management]]. These institutions attract students from all over the country due to the quality of their programs. Basel Evangelical School (1838) and Milagres School (1848) were the earliest schools established in Mangalore.<ref name="deccanmlr">{{cite news |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/Aug152007/district2007081519172.asp |title= Sixty and still enterprising... |accessdate= 2008-07-01 |author=Ronald Anil Fernandes, Naina J A, Bhakti V Hegde, Aabha Raveendran, Sibanthi Padmanabha K V and Sushma P Mayya |date=[[2007-08-15]] |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> On [[September 10]], [[1980]], the [[Mangalore University]] was established. It caters to the higher educational needs of [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi District|Udupi]] and [[Kodagu]] districts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/ |title=Mangalore University |accessdate=2008-03-21}}</ref> This University has been Accredited at the 4 Star level by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/accredition.html |title=Mangalore University has been Accredited at the 4 Star level by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC). |accessdate=2008-04-15 |publisher=[[Mangalore University]]}}</ref> [[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in the city. The Mangala Stadium, which is the only full-fledged stadium in [[Dakshina Kannada]], is located in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/07/stories/2006080716740300.htm |title= Minister keen on improving sports infrastructure |date=[[2006-08-07]] |accessdate= 2008-02-18 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Football (soccer)|Football]] is the second most popular sport in the city. [[Chess]] is also a very popular sport played in the city. Mangalore is the headquarters of the South Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA), which caters to chess activities in the Dakshina Kannada and [[Udupi District|Udupi]] districts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.konkaniworld.com/news/index.asp?id=2041 |title= All India Fide Rated Open Chess Tournament |accessdate= 2008-06-15 |publisher=konkaniworld.com}}</ref> Other sports like [[lawn tennis|tennis]], [[squash (sport)|squash]], [[billiards]], [[badminton]], [[table tennis]] and [[golf]] are mostly played in the numerous clubs and [[gymkhana]]s. ==Media== [[Image:AIR FM Tower Mangalore 0203.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[All India Radio]]'s FM tower at [[Kadri]]]] Major national [[English language|English]] newspapers like ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', ''[[Times of India]]'' and ''[[Indian Express]]'' publish Mangalore editions. The ''Madipu'', ''Mogaveera'', ''Samparka'' and ''Saphala'' are well known [[Tulu language|Tulu]] periodicals in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul192007/district2007071913749.asp |title='Madipu' literary competitions |date=[[2007-07-19]] |accessdate= 2008-01-18 |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Popular [[Konkani language|Konkani]] periodicals published in the city are ''Rakno'', ''Konknni Dirvem'' and ''Kannik''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.konkaniworld.com/heritage/index.asp |title= A Brief History of Konkani Periodicals |accessdate= 2008-01-18 |author=J.B. Moraes |publisher=konkaniworld.com}}</ref> [[Beary bashe|Beary]] [[Beary#Media activities|periodicals]] like ''Jyothi'' and ''Swatantra Bharata'' are also published from Mangalore. Among [[Media in Karnataka#Newspapers|Kannada newspapers]], ''[[Udayavani]]'', ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'', ''[[Prajavani]]'', ''[[Kannada Prabha]]'' and ''[[Varthabharathi]]'' are popular. Evening newspapers such as ''[[Karavali Ale]]'', ''Mangalooru Mitra'', ''Sanjevani'' and ''Jayakirana'' are also published in the city. The first [[Kannada language|Kannada]] newspaper ''Mangalore Samachara'' was published from Mangalore in 1843.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jan182004/artic6.asp |title=Herr Kannada |date=[[2004-01-18]] |accessdate=2008-01-18 |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> The state run, nationally broadcast [[Doordarshan]] provides both national and localised television coverage. [[Cable television]] providers air cable channels of independently owned private networks. Canara Tv transmits daily video news channels from Mangalore.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://canaratv.com/ |title= Daily Video News Channels from Mangalore |accessdate= 2008-01-16 |publisher=Canara Tv}}</ref> Mangalore is currently not covered by the [[Conditional access system|Conditional Access System (CAS)]], but there is a proposal by V4&nbsp;Media, which is the local cable service provider, to provide this service to television viewers in Mangalore sometime in the future.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newsid=61578&newstype=local |title=Mangalore: Channel V4 to offer Conditional Access system |accessdate= 2008-01-24 |publisher=Mangalorean.Com}}</ref> A very small number of people have subscribed to the [[Direct broadcast satellite|Direct-to-Home (DTH)]] transmission service in the city being provided by two national DTH companies, [[Dish TV India|Dish TV]] and [[Tata Sky]]. [[Cable television|Cable TV]] services account for the rest of the users.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/19/stories/2005031912050300.htm |title=Good response for DTH in Mangalore |date=[[2005-03-19]] |accessdate= 2008-01-21 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref> [[All India Radio|All India Radio (AIR)]] has a studio at [[Kadri, Mangalore|Kadri]] that airs program for scheduled hours. Among the private players there are [[Radio Mirchi|Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM]], [[Big FM|Big 92.7 FM]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/119/ARTICLE/1796/2007-12-05.html |title=BIG FM Launches Station in Mangalore |date=[[2007-12-05]] |accessdate=2008-07-05 |publisher=Media Newsline}}</ref> [[Red FM (India)|Superhitz 93.5 FM]] and 94.3&nbsp;Century&nbsp;FM.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.asiawaves.net/india/karnataka-radio.htm#mangalore-radio |title=Radio Stations in Karnataka, India |accessdate= 2008-01-18 |publisher=Asiawaves}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2007/11/23/stories/2007112350640200.htm |title= It’s time to swing to hits from FM channels |author=Govind D. Belgaumkar |date=[[2007-11-23]] |accessdate=2008-07-05 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Mangalore also has access to [[Commercial broadcasting|Commercial radio]] providers such as [[WorldSpace]], [[Sirius Satellite Radio|Sirius]] and [[XM Satellite Radio|XM]]. Mangalore is home to the Tulu Film Industry, which is still in its infancy, with only 31&nbsp;films released to date and an average of about one film released each year. Popular [[Tulu#Tulu Films|Tulu films]] are ''Kadala Mage'' and ''[[Suddha]]''. Tulu dramas are also quite popular among the public. Most of them are played in the Town Hall at [[Hampankatta]].<ref name="deccanmlr"/> In addition to this, the city has also contributed towards the Konkani Film Industry. A few Konkani movies have been shot in Mangalore. ==Transport== {{main|Transportation in Mangalore}} [[Image:MangaloreNantoorCross 0172.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[National Highway 17 (India)|National Highway 17]] passing through Nantoor Cross in the city]] [[Image:The bhogi in red.....jpg|200px|thumb|The [[Netravati River|Netravati]] railway bridge serves as the gateway to Mangalore]] Mangalore's location makes it accessible by all forms of transport like [[road]], [[Rail transport|rail]], [[Airway (aviation)|air]] and [[sea]]. Transport systems in Mangalore include private [[bus]]es, [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC buses]], [[train]]s, [[taxis]] and [[autorickshaw]]s. Three [[Indian highways|National Highways]] pass through Mangalore. [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH-17]], which runs from [[Panvel]] (in [[Maharashtra]]) to [[Kodungallur]] Junction (near [[Edapally]] in [[Kerala]]), passes through Mangalore in a north–south direction, while [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]] runs eastward to [[Bangalore]]. [[National Highway 13 (India)|NH-13]] runs north-east from Mangalore to [[Solapur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |title=NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |accessdate= 2008-07-04 |publisher=[[National Highways Authority of India|National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)]]}}</ref> [[National Highways Authority of India|National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)]] has taken the decision to upgrade the national highways connecting [[New Mangalore Port]] to [[Surathkal]] on [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH-17]] and [[Bantwal Cross Road|B.C. Road]] junction on [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]]. Under the port connectivity programme of the [[National Highways Development Project|National Highways Development Project (NHDP)]], a {{convert|37.5|km|mi|1|sing=on}} stretch of these highways will be upgraded from two-lane to four-lane roads.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/07/stories/2005100700631900.htm| date= [[2005-10-07]]| title= 4-lane road project in Mangalore likely to be completed in 30&nbsp;months| accessdate= 2006-10-13| publisher = [[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref> Mangalore's city bus service is operated by private operators, with routes covering the full extent of the city and beyond. There are two distinct sets of routes for the buses, with the city routes being covered by city buses, and the intercity routes being covered by service and express buses. [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC)]] runs the long distance bus services from Mangalore to other parts of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ksrtc.in/ksrtc-fecility.htm |title=Profile of KSRTC |accessdate=2008-07-04 |publisher=[[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC)]]}}</ref> The other key players who run bus services from Mangalore are the Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators Association (DKBOA) and the Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA)<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/2006/03/06/stories/2006030616460300.htm |title= Transport operators in district vie for routes |date=[[2006-03-06]] |accessdate= 2008-06-16 |publisher= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> These buses usually ply from the Mangalore Bus Station. White coloured [[taxis]] also traverse most of the city. Another mode for local transportation is the [[autorickshaw]]. Some records show that Mangalore had rail connectivity way back in 1907. Mangalore was also the starting point of India’s longest rail route.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2007/10/29/stories/2007102958510300.htm |title=Mangalore was once the starting point of India’s longest rail route |date=[[2007-10-29]] |accessdate= 2008-03-19 |publisher= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The city has two railway stations&nbsp;— Mangalore Central (located at [[Hampankatta]]) and Mangalore Junction (located at [[Kankanadi]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2007/11/08/stories/2007110854800400.htm |title= Name changed |date=[[2007-11-08]] |accessdate= 2008-07-05 |publisher= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Many trains connect [[Shoranur]] and [[Coimbatore]]. A [[metre gauge]] railway track was built through the [[Western Ghats]] in the east, connecting Mangalore with [[Hassan]]. The [[broad gauge]] track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via [[Hassan]] is open for freight traffic since May 2006.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050601880700.htm| date = [[2006-05-06]] |title = Mangalore -Hassan rail line open for freight traffic| accessdate = 2006-10-13| publisher = [[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref> Mangalore is also connected to [[Chennai]] through the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]. There had been a strong need to connect Mangalore to [[Mumbai]] and hence the [[Konkan Railway]] came into being. The project was completed in 1998 and since then the travel time to the north of the country has come down considerably.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/ehtm/intro1.pdf |title=The Beginning |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |accessdate= 2008-04-16 |publisher=[[Konkan Railway|Konkan Railway Corporation Limited]]}}</ref> [[Image:Mangalore Harbour entrance 0452.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Sea entrance to [[New Mangalore Port]]. New Mangalore Port is India's ninth largest cargo handling port.]] The Mangalore Harbour provides a connection by sea to the rest of the world. Currently dry, bulk and fluid cargos are handled by the [[New Mangalore Port]]. The port is also well equipped to handle Petroleum Oil Lubricants (POL), [[Petroleum|crude products]] and [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] containers. It is also the station for the [[Coast guard]]. This artificial harbour is India's ninth largest cargo handling port.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.newmangalore-port.com/default.asp?channelid=2759&city=PORT | title=New Mangalore Port Trust (NMPT) |publisher=[[New Mangalore Port]] | accessdate=2006-10-13}}</ref> It is an all weather port and is the only major port of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="mcc4"/> [[Mangalore International Airport]] ([[IATA]]: IXE) is near [[Bajpe]], around {{convert|20|km|mi|0}} north-east of the city centre. It is the second airport in [[Karnataka]] to operate flights to international destinations after [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/10/04/stories/2006100403880900.htm |title=Intl services begin at Mangalore airport |date=[[2006-10-04]] |accessdate= 2008-02-21 |publisher= [[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref> There are more than 20&nbsp;flights per day on an average from this airport carrying more than 7,494&nbsp;passengers every week. ==Utility services== [[Image:Kadripark043.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The [[Kadri Park]] in Mangalore]] Electricity in Mangalore is regulated through the [[Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited|Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kptcl.com/kptclaboutus.htm |title=About Us |accessdate=2008-07-03 |publisher=[[Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited|Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL)]]}}</ref> and distribution is through [[Mangalore Electricity Supply Company|Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mesco.in/aboutus/index.asp |title=About Us |accessdate=2008-04-03 |publisher=[[Mangalore Electricity Supply Company|Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM)]]}}</ref> Like many cities in India, Mangalore experiences scheduled and unscheduled power cuts, especially over the summer, to allow electricity providers to meet the consumption demands of households as well as corporations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2003/02/05/stories/2003020500611700.htm |title=Unscheduled load-shedding may be inevitable: Mescom |date=[[2003-02-05]] |accessdate=2008-07-03 |publisher=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref> Major industries like [[MRPL|Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals (MRPL)]] and [[Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers|Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF)]] have set up their own captive power plants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrpl.co.in/downloads/sep06_06_pmc.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |title=Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (A Subsidiary of Oil and Natural gas Corporation Ltd.) |accessdate= 2008-07-03 |publisher=[[MRPL|Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals (MRPL)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalorechemicals.com/operations_Infrastructure.asp |title=Infrastructure |accessdate=2008-07-03 |publisher=[[Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers|Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF)]]}}</ref> Potable water to the city is supplied by [[Mangalore City Corporation|MCC]].<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|p=1}}</ref> Almost all water is from the vented dam constructed across the [[Netravati River]] at [[Thumbe]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/04/21/stories/2005042101271900.htm |title=No funds crunch to tackle water scarcity in Dakshina Kannada |date=[[2005-04-21]] |accessdate=2008-04-05 |publisher=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref> The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aims to improve the safe water supply systems and reduce leakage and losses in the distribution system in Mangalore.<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|p=2}}</ref> The official garbage dumping ground of Mangalore is in [[Vamanjoor]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/30602735.cms |title=Vamanjoor dumpyard turns killer |date= [[2002-12-08]] |accessdate=2008-04-16 |publisher=[[The Times of India|Times Internet Limited]]}}</ref> The city generates an average of 175 Tons Per Day (TPD) of wastes which is handled by the Health Department of the Mangalore City Corporation.<ref>{{harvnb|Mangalore City Corporation|p=10}}</ref> The city has developed and maintains public parks such as [[Pilikula Nisargadhama]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pilikula.com/index.php?slno=90&pg=1 |title=About Place |accessdate=2008-07-03 |publisher=[[Pilikula Nisargadhama]]}}</ref> [[Kadri Park]] at [[Kadri, Mangalore|Kadri]], Tagore Park at Light House Hill, [[Gandhi Park]] at Gandhinagar.<ref>{{cite news |url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/170491.cms |title=Gandhi Nagar park gets a new lease of life |date=[[2003-09-07]] |accessdate=2008-03-26 |publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan to serve as public amenities. Both [[GSM]] and [[Code division multiple access|CDMA]] [[mobile phone|mobile]] services are available in the city. The main service providers are [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]], [[Airtel]], [[Vodafone]], [[Spice Telecom]], [[Reliance Communications]] and [[Tata Indicom]]. Fixed Line telecom services are offered by BSNL, Tata Indicom, Airtel and Reliance. Mangalore is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest Telecom District in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher=[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (Karnataka Telecom Circle)|url=http://www.karnataka.bsnl.co.in/mangalore/ | title=Dakshina Kannada Telecom District | accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> The Telecom Density in the city is 8.74 per 100 population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mgl.stpi.in/fact_sheet.html |title=Fact Sheet |accessdate=2008-04-18 |publisher=[[Software Technology Parks of India|STPI]] (Mangalore)}}</ref> Prominent [[Broadband Internet access|Broadband Internet]] service providers in the city include [[Tata Group|Tata]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]] and [[BSNL Broadband|DataOne]] by [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/06/17/stories/2005061714690300.htm |title=BSNL launches broadband service |date=[[2005-06-17]] |accessdate= 2008-02-22 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ==Sister city== Mangalore has one [[town twinning|sister city]]: *{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], [[Canada]]<ref name="sister">{{cite web| title = Hamilton's Sister Cities| url=http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/CommunitiesAndOrganizations/communitiesofhamilton/sistercities| accessdate = 2007-12-07 |publisher=myhamilton.ca&nbsp;— Hamilton, Ontario, Canada}}</ref> ==See also== {{Localities in Mangalore}} {{Communities in Mangalore}} {{portal|India|Flag of India.svg}} ==References== {{reflist|3}} ==Notes== *{{Harvard reference |last1=Various |last2=Sinha |first2=C.P. |last3=Dwivedi |first3=U.C. |title=Appreciation of India Art: Ideals and Images |year=2006 |accessdate=2008-06-28 |publisher=Sura Books |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ta6AD7MNFioC&pg=PA242&dq=mangalore+mangaladevi&sig=ACfU3U1uJjTG0khHJjIDtHHVE9vo8Gu1rQ#PPA242,M1 |isbn=8174781757}} *{{Harvard reference |last=Mangalore City Corporation |authorlink=Mangalore City Corporation |title=Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report |url=http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/SWM%20Details%20for%20Website.doc |accessdate=2008-06-20}} *{{Harvard reference |last=Kamath |first=M. V. |title=The Other Face of India |year=1988 |accessdate=2008-06-28 |publisher=Konark Publishers |isbn=8122000886}} *{{Harvard reference |last=Chand |first=S. |title=History of South India |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4eRx-d821rYC&pg=PA162&dq=mangalore+alupa+dynasty&sig=ACfU3U0_ag9u4EaFbVBkrMIrwIc4_CoxkA |accessdate=2008-07-02 |isbn=8121901537}} *{{Harvard reference |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |title=The Imam and the Indian: Prose Pieces |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QQHp9wsWaZcC&pg=PA189&dq=mangalore+alupa+dynasty&sig=ACfU3U1d2AKJLTdQT1Hs-VurHOe06DStCg#PPA189,M1 |year=2002 |accessdate=2008-07-02 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=8175300477}} *{{Harvard reference |last=Urs |first=K. Basavaraj |title=Speeches of Sirdar Sir M. Kantharaj Urs (Dewan of Mysore 1919-1922) |year=1953 |accessdate=2008-07-06 |publisher=Senior Asst. Director, Govt. Branch Press}} *{{Harvard reference |last1=Hoiberg |first1=Dale |last2=Ramchandani |first2=Indu |title=Students' Britannica India |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kEj-2a7pmVMC&pg=PA358&dq=Mangalore&sig=-pk7MxK4tZByx7Mc9Duqin4nwN8 |accessdate=2008-06-16 |year=2000 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=0852297602 |chapter=Mangalore}} *{{Harvard reference |last=Muthanna |first=I. M. |title=Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture |year=1977 |accessdate=2008-07-08 |publisher=Lotus Printers}} *{{Harvard reference |last= Bowring |first=Lewin Bentham |title=Haidar Alí and Tipú Sultán and the Struggle with the Musalmán Powers of the South |year=1945 |accessdate=2008-06-18 |publisher=Clarendon press |chapter=Siege of Mangalore: Tipu's cruelties}} *{{Harvard reference |last=Venn |first=T. W. |title=Mangalore |year=1945 |accessdate=2008-06-18 |publisher=[[University of California]] |chapter=The First Coming of the British}} *{{Harvard reference |last1=Thornton |first1=Edward |title=The History of the British Empire in India |year=1859 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GYpCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA239&dq=british+captured+mangalore+in+1799&lr=&as_brr=3#PPA236,M1 |accessdate=2008-07-05}} *{{Harvard reference |last=Riddick |first=John F. |title=The History of British India: A Chronology |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V2nGnWXV7coC&pg=PA28&dq=Fourth+Mysore+War&sig=ACfU3U1AqhfzPUctT1n1lmbLKqrtzEu7qw#PPA28,M1 |year=2006 |accessdate=2008-07-02 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0313322805}} *{{Harvard reference |last=EIRA |publisher=[[Mangalore City Corporation]] |url=http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Chap_3Water.doc |title=Description of Environment (Water Environment) |accessdate=2008-03-21}} *{{Harvard reference |last1=Balakrishna |first1=K M |last2=Narayana |first2=Y |last3=Kumari |first3=Anitha |title=Meteorological Measurements of Mangalore Region for ARMEX Programme (Observations and Data Analysis) |url=http://www.nio.org/past_events/ARMEX/presentations/P2.pdf |publisher=Department of Physics ([[Mangalore University]]) |accessdate=2008-03-25}} *{{Harvard reference |last1=Subrahmanyam |first1=V, P. |title=Some aspects of water balance in the tropical monsoon climates of India |url=http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/redbooks/a140/iahs_140_0325.pdf |publisher=Department of Meteorology & Oceanography, Andhra University, Waltair (AP), South India |accessdate=2008-07-08}} *{{Harvard reference |last1=Mishra |first1=A. K. |last2=Gnanaseelan |first2=C. |last3=Seetaramayya |first3=P. |publisher=Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, [[Pune]] |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/aug252004/475.pdf |title=A study of rainfall along the west coast of India in relation to low level jet and air–sea interactions over the Arabian Sea |accessdate=2008-03-21}} *{{Harvard reference |last=Subrahmanya |first=Susheela |title=Southern Economist |accessdate=2008-06-24 |year=1962}} *{{Harvard reference |last1=Somerset |first1=Playne |last2=Bond |first2= E.W. |last3=Wright |first3=Arnold and Playne |title=Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&pg=RA1-PA516&lpg=RA1-PA516&dq=Albuquerque+Tile+Factory&source=web&ots=0iW-zdZWL-&sig=JAWcnEXiVnuxWGNJly1ikieflrE&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result#PRA1-PA516,M1 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=8120613449 |accessdate=2008-06-18}} *{{Harvard reference |last=Kulkarni |first=Sheetal |url= http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Chap_Socio.doc |title=Description of Environment (Socio-economic Environment) |accessdate= 2008-04-09 |publisher= [[Mangalore City Corporation]]}} *{{Harvard reference | last = Plunkett | first = Richard | title = South India | publisher = Lonely Planet | year = 2001 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=JmL9KqczbRYC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=yakshagana+unique&source=web&ots=9_wX6OlWh7&sig=XiF-XEq63YZk_82YJTGM2ofzi60#PPA53,M1 | doi = | id = ISBN 1864501618}} *{{Harvard reference |last=National Council of Applied Economic Research |title=Traffic Survey of Mangalore and Malpe Ports: Report |publisher=Public Works Department, Government of Mysore |year=1961 |accessdate=2008-06-20}} *{{Harvard reference |last=Khan |title=‘Social relevance of decision making’&nbsp;– A case study of water supply and waste water management in Mangalore, Coastal Karnataka, India. |url=http://www.ihdp.uni-bonn.de/ihdw02/summaries/pdf/Guru%20text1.pdf |publisher=Asian Educational Services |accessdate=2008-02-18}} ==External links== {{Commons|Category:Mangalore}} {{sisterlinks}} {{IndicText}} * [http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/ Mangalore City Corporation Website] * [http://www.mangaloreweb.com/ Mangalore City Website] * {{wikitravel}} * [http://www.mangaloreportal.com/news/index.php Mangalore Portal] {{Portuguese overseas empire}} {{Karnataka topics}} [[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:Coastal cities]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Karnataka]] [[Category:Port cities in India]] [[Category:Indian Ocean]] [[Category:Tuluva]] [[Category:Konkani]] [[Category:Dakshina Kannada]] [[Category:Mangalore]] [[bn:মাঙ্গালোর]] [[de:Mangaluru]] [[es:Mangalore]] [[fr:Mangalore]] [[hi:मैंगलूर]] [[bpy:মাঙ্গালোর]] [[kn:ಮಂಗಳೂರು]] [[ml:മംഗളൂരു]] [[mr:मंगळूर]] [[nl:Mangalore]] [[new:मांगालोर]] [[pl:Mangalore]] [[pt:Mangalore]] [[ro:Mangalore]] [[fi:Mangalore]] [[sv:Mangalore]] [[ta:மங்களூர்]] [[te:మంగళూరు]] [[vi:Mangalore]] [[zh:芒伽罗]]