Manipur 422642 224842769 2008-07-10T17:42:33Z 92.5.113.170 /* Religion */ {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction |type = state |state_name = Manipur |native_name = Manipur |capital = Imphal |latd=24.817 |longd=93.95 |largest_city = Imphal |abbreviation = IN-MN |official_languages = [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] |legislature_type = Unicameral |legislature_strength = 60 |leader_title_1 = [[Governors of Manipur|Governor]] |leader_name_1 = Shivinder Singh Sidhu |leader_title_2 = [[Chief Ministers of Manipur|Chief Minister]] |leader_name_2 = Okram Ibobi Singh |established_date = [[1972-01-21]] |area_total= 22327 |area_rank = 23rd |area_magnitude = 10 |population_year = 2001 |population_total = 2388634 |population_rank = 22nd |population_density = 107 |districts = 9 |website = manipur.nic.in |inset_map_marker = yes |seal = ManipurSeal.gif }} '''Manipur''' {{audio|Manipur.ogg|pronunciation}} (<font face="Meetei Mayek">mnipur</font> in [[Meitei Mayek]]) is a [[state]] in northeastern [[India]] making its capital in the city of [[Imphal]]. Manipur is bounded by the Indian states of [[Nagaland]] in the north, [[Mizoram]] in the south and [[Assam]] in the west; it also borders the country of [[Myanmar]] to the east. The [[Meiteis]], who live primarily in the state's valley region, are one of the primary ethnic groups. Their language, [[Meiteilon]] (also known as ''Manipuri''), is also the [[lingua franca]] in the state, and was recognized as one of India's national languages in [[1992]]. The Kukis and Nagas live in the hills of the state. The Kukis too have their own kingdoms like the Chahsat, Aisan,Jampi, etc. and were close to the Meitei kings in the plain. The independent existence of the Meitei and Kuki kings can be proved by common practice of calling Kuki village headmen by Meiteis as ''Ningthou'', which means "King". 'Manipur' is considered a sensitive border state. Foreigners entering 'Manipur' (including foreign citizens born in Manipur) must possess a [[Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India)|Restricted Area Permit]] which can be obtained from the Foreigners’ Regional Registration Office in the "metros" ([[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]]) or certain other state government offices. Permits are valid for only 10 days, and visitors must travel only on tours arranged by authorised travel agents, in groups of four. Furthermore, they may come to Imphal only by air and will not be permitted to travel outside the capital. ==History== {{main|History of Manipur}} [[Image:Kanglasha.jpg|thumb|left|Kanglasha-The state emblem]] [[Image:The_Kangla_Gate.JPG|thumb|The [[Kangla]] Gate-west side entrance to the Kangla Fort]] Manipur came under British rule as a princely state in [[1891]]. British rule ended the independent status of the Kingdom which was the last kingdom to be incorporated into British India. During the [[Second World War]], Manipur was the scene of many fierce battles between the Japanese and Allied forces. The Japanese were beaten back before they could enter Imphal and this proved to be one of the turning points of the War. After the [[Second World War]], the Manipur Constitution Act, [[1947]], established a democratic form of government with the [[Maharaja]] as the Executive Head and an elected [[legislature]]. In [[1949]], King Prabodhchandra was summoned to Shillong, capital of the Indian province of Assam. He signed a Treaty of Accession merging the kingdom into India . The [[legislative assembly]] was dissolved on the integration of the state with the republic of India in October, [[1949]]. Manipur was a union territory from [[1956]] and later became a full-fledged state in [[1972]]. [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Maharaja Bhagyachandra]] (1762 - 1798 A.D.), was the ruler of Manipur and had to fight off the Burmese many times. The inventor of the Ras Lila dance, he is a legendary figure in Manipur.<ref>[http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/M_0135.htm Manipuri, The - Banglapedia]</ref> He is also credited with spreading [[Vaishnavism]] in Manipur after his grandfather [[Pamheiba|Pamheiba Rajah]] made Hinduism the official religion and for creating a unified Manipur.<ref> [http://www.culturalpursuits.com/manipur.htm Manipur — Culturalpursuits.com] </ref> ==Geography, vegetation and climate== ===Geography=== [[Image:Singda.jpg|thumb|Singda-The place where the Highest Mud Dam in India is located]] [[Image:Barak River.jpg|thumb|[[Barak River]] in its upper course in Manipur]] Manipur is one of the state of the eight sister states of [[Northeast India]].The state is bounded by Nagaland in the North, Mizoram in the South, Assam in the west, and by the borders of the country Myanmar in the east. The state capital of Manipur is [[Imphal]]. The state lies at latitude of 23°83’N - 25°68’N and longitude of 93°03’E - 94°78’E. The total area covered by the state is 22,327 sq. km. The capital lies in an oval shaped valley of approximately 700 sq.miles surrounded by blue mountains and is at an elevation of 790 metres above the sea level. The slope of the valley is from north to south. The presence of the mountain ranges not only prevents the cold winds from the north to reach the valley but also acts as a barrier to the cyclonic storms originating from the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Within the State of Manipur, there are two major river basins, viz. the Barak River Basin( [[Barak Valley]]) and the Manipur River Basin. The total water resources of the two basins have been estimated to be 1.8487 million hectare metre in the form of annual yield.The Barak river originates from the northern hills and is joined by a number of tributaries such as Irang, Maku, Tuivai, etc. and thereafter enters Cachar District of Assam. The Manipur river basin has eight major rivers such as Imphal, Iril, Nambul, Sekmai, Chakpi, Thoubal and Khuga. All these rivers originate from the surrounding hills. Almost all the rivers in the valley area are in the mature stage and, therefore, deposit the load in the [[Loktak lake]].The rivers draining the Manipur Hill Area are comparatively young due to the hilly terrain through which they flow. These rivers are corrosive in nature and assume turbulent form in rainy season. Important rivers draining the western area include Maku, [[Barak River]], Jiri, Irang and Leimatak. Rivers draining the eastern part of the State include Chamu, Khunou and other short streams. Physiographically, Manipur may be characterised in two distinct physical regions - an outlying area of rugged hills and narrow valleys and the inner area represents the features of flat plain topography with all associated land forms. These two areas are not only distinct in respect of physical features but are also conspicuous with regard to various floras and faunas.The valley region would have been a monotonous, featureless plain but for a number of hills and mounds rising above the flat surface. The [[Loktak lake]] is an important geographic feature of the central plain area. The total area occupied by all the lakes is about 600 Sq.Km. The altitude ranges from 40m at Jiribam to as high as 2,994m at Mt.Iso Peak near Mao above MSL. The soil cover can be divided into two broad types, viz. the red ferrogenous soil in the hill area and the alluvium in the valley. The soil generally contains small rock fragments, sand and sandy clay and are of varieties. The top soil on the steep slopes are very thin. In the plain areas, especially flood plains and deltas, the soil is of considerable thickness. Soil on the steep hill slopes is subjected to high erosion resulting into formation of sheets and [[gullies]] and barren rock slopes. The normal pH value ranges from 5.4 to 6.8. ===Vegetation=== [[Image:Hill Slope.JPG|thumb|Flowers lining up the Foothills]] [[Image:Landscape_of_Manipur1.jpg|thumb|left|A tree standing alone amidst the wilderness]] The natural vegetation occupies an area of about 14,365 sq. km. which is nearly 64% of the total geographical area of the State. The vegetation consists of a large variety of plants ranging from short and tall grasses, reeds and bamboos to trees of various species. Broadly, there are four types of forests below: # Tropical Semi-ever Green. # Dry Temperate Forest # Sub-Tropical Pine # Tropical Moist Deciduous [[Teak]], [[Pine]], [[Oak]], Uningthou, Leihao, [[Bamboo]], [[Cane]], etc. are important forest resources growing in plenty. In addition, rubber, tea, coffee, orange, cardamom, etc. are also, grown in hill areas.Food and cash crops occupy the main vegetation cover in the valley. ===Climate=== [[Image:The Dzukou Valley.JPG|thumb|right|The Dzuko Valley lying on the border of Manipur and Nagaland has a temperate climate]] [[Image:Manipur Monsoon.jpg|thumb|left|Monsoon clouds in Manipur]] The climate of Manipur is largely influenced by the topography of this hilly region which defines the geography of Manipur. Situated at an elevation of 790 meters above the sea level, the state of Manipur is wedged between hills from all sides. This north eastern corner of India is blessed with a generally amiable climate though the winters can be a little chilly.The maximum temperature recorded in the summer months of Manipur is 32 degree Celsius. In winter the mercury often falls to sub zero temperature making it frosty in the wintertime.Snowfall sometimes occurs in some hilly regions due to the [[Western Disturbance]]. The coldest month in Manipur is January and July experiences the maximum summer temperature. The ideal time for tourism in the state, in terms of the climate of Manipur, is from the months of October till February, when the weather remains bright and sunny without the scorch of the sun.The hilly state is drenched in rains from the months of May and continues till the middle of October. It receives an average rainfall of 1467.5 mm, annually. However, the rain distribution varies from 933 mm in Imphal to 2593 mm in Tamenglong. The downpour ranges from light drizzles to heavy showers.The normal rainfall of Manipur enriches the soil and helps in agricultural processes and irrigation. The South Westerly [[Monsoon]] picks up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and heads towards Manipur, hits the Eastern Himalaya ranges and produces a massive amount of rain in the state. ==Population== Manipur has a population of 23.88 lakhs (2001 Census). Of the total population, 58.9% live in the valley and the remaining 41.1% are in the hill areas. The hills are inhabited mainly by the tribals and the valley by the Meiteis (including Meitei Muslims). The distribution of area, population and density, literacy rate, etc. as per the 2001 Census provisional figures are as below: Total Population 23,88,634 Male Population 12,07,338 Female Population 11,81,296 Rural Population 18,18,224 Urban Population 5,70,410 Sex Ratio(Female per 1000 Male) 978 Density ( Per Sq. Km.) 107 Literate Population 14,29,656 (68.87%) Towns 33 ==Language== The official languages of the state are [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]], [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]]. ===Manipuri language (Meiteilon)=== Meiteilon, the official language of Manipur, has a long history. Courses on Manipuri Language and Literature are offered as a subject up to M.A. level in both Central and State Universities.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} It is the main language of communication among all different tribes and people inhabiting Manipur. English Language is also slowly gaining ground as a common language of communication here. ===Meetei Mayek (Manipuri script)=== [[Meetei Mayek]] is a script, commonly referred as Mayek, which is being used since the ancient times. Though it was not in vogue for a certain period, its revival in recent past has gained popularity. ===Tribal Languages=== There are 29 different dialects spoken in Manipur. Five main tribal dialects recognised by Government of Manipur for medium of instruction & examination upto class V are : # Tangkhul, language of [[Tangkhul|Tangkhul people]] # Hmar, language of [[Hmar|Hmar people]] # Paite, language of [[Paite|Paite people]] # Lushai, language of [[Lushai|Lushai people]] # Thadou/Kuki, language of [[Kuki|Kuki people]] ==Transportation== [[Tulihal Airport]], the airport of Imphal, connects the state capital with [[Delhi]], [[Calcutta]] and [[Guwahati]]. National Highway NH-39 links Manipur with the rest of the country through the railway stations at [[Dimapur]] in [[Nagaland]] at a distance of 215 km. from Imphal. Highway NH-53 connects Manipur with another railway station at [[Silchar]] in [[Assam]], which is 269 km. away from Imphal. Road network of Manipur, having a length of 7170 km, connects all the important towns and far off villages. ==Religion== [[Image:Pakhangba.jpg|thumb|Pakhangba]] The people of Manipur follows several faiths and religions which can be traced down to its unique historical past.From the period before Christ up to the advent of [[Hinduism]] around l8th century A.D., Manipur preserved a religion rich in mythology and colorful in ritual. Early Manipuris were the devotees of Supreme Almighty God "Lainingthou Soralel" following the footprint of their Godly ancestors. That particular kind of ancestor worship and animism, with the central focus of worship on Umang Lai - that is, local governing deities worshipped in sacred groves. Some of the local gods(''Lais'') they worshiped are Atiya Sidaba, Pakhangba, Sanamahi, Leimaren, Thangjing, Marjing, Wangbaren, Koubru. The religious life of the people, even when they have come much under the influence of Hinduism,retains many characteristics inherited from their prehistoric ancestors. The essentials of this religion remain recognizable to the present day.Hinduism in the form of [[Vaisnavism]], penetrated in Manipur in 15th century during the reign of King Kyamba and King Khagemba. After then, at the end of the 17th century and at the advent of the 18th century, great force of the Neo-Vaisnavism came and spread in Manipur. Other religions prevalent in the region are: '''Islam''' Islam of Manipur is a religion of a section of people who are Muslims. The Quran is translated in Manipuri language. Most of the Manipuri Muslims resides in the plains. '''Christianity''' [[Image:St. Joseph's Cathedral.jpg|thumb|left|St.Joseph's Cathedral at Imphal]] Christianity in the hill tracts of north-eastern region spread as a result of the British religious policy in the area. At present almost all of the hill tribal population is Christian. All groups of Nagas and Kukis of Manipur have adopted Christianity. The Bible is available in Tangkhul, Thadou, Lushai and Meitei dialects. The priests are mostly from South India. The churches are spread throughout the hills and plains. The tribal Christians celebrate Christmas with full enthusiasm. They have accepted English as a medium of dealing but they write in their own dialect. They feel that the use of their dialect is a cultural requirement. They do not adopt the Christian names. A Christian locality is also a place of peace and harmony. ==Culture of Manipur== [[Image:Chorus Repertory Theater.jpg|thumb|right|The Chorus Repertory Theater]] Theatre and society in Manipur, as in many parts of the world, have concomitant relationship as they progress along each other. Manipuris are a culturally enthusiastic people. Cultural spirit has never been allowed to be blown out despite its geographical aloofness from the outside world. This is the main reason for it to be still thriving valiantly in Manipur valley.Theatre has always been part of the Laiharaoba festivals since time immemorial.Theatre in Manipur today can be broadly divided, based on their texts, into religious and secular. The former is the adaptation of religious epics or some episodes from them, performed mainly in the sacred sphere such as temples. Within this Gouralila (the story of the childhood days of Gouranga Mahaprabhu), Sanjenba ( an episode from the play between Krishna and his cows and his Gopis ), Udukhol (an episode from Krishna's childhood days) can be incorporated. They are seasonal performances commanding spiritual devotions among the audience. On the other hand secular theatre is mostly confined in themes which are not religious and is performed in the secular or profane spheres. Within this are Shumang lila and Phampak lila (stage drama). Though the religious genre is loved profoundly by the audience,the torch of theatre is being held aloft by the secular ones. Among the latter also Shumang lila commands a very wide rustic popularity among the audience though the stage drama still doesn't lack its serene and dignified position mostly because of its community based themes and styles.Etymologically Shumang lila is the combination of "Shumang" (courtyard) and "Lila" (play or performance).It is performed in an area of 13/13ft in the centre of any open space.It is performed in a very simple style without any raised stage or any set designing or heavy props such as curtains, background scenary, visual effects etc. but with only one table and two chairs , kept on one side of the performance space. Its claims of being the theatre of the masses can be exemplified by the way it is performed in the middle of an audience which surrounds it from all sides leaving only one passage which serves as both entrance and exit connecting the performance space with the green room. Shumang lila is performed by a touring band of 12-13 professional artistes on invitation basis. These troupes may be either exclusively female (Nupi Shumang Lila) or exclusively male (Nupa Shumang lila). Though the male characters are enacted by the female artistes in the case of the former what is most intriguing is the enactment of the female roles by the male artistes or nupishabis (male actresses), in the case of the latter. They are feminine par excellence in their looks, bodily gestures and facial expressions guised in the masculine souls. Historically the actual seed of Shumang lila was sown in Phagee lila (farce), performed during the reign of Ningthourel Chandrakirti (1850-1886), though the traces of it were already present in the episode of Tangkhul-Nurabi Loutaba of Laiharaoba festival. Then it was succeeded by such plays as Ramlila, Sabha parba, Kabul lila etc. But the real Shumang lila with various rasas (sentiments) was ushered in with the epic play Harishchandra (1918). Then it was followed by others such as Meiraba charan,Thok lila etc. One of the most successful plays of this era was Moirang parba (an epic play based on the legendary lovers-Khamba and Thoibi of Moirang ).On the other hand, the world of Phampak lila ( stage drama ) performed in the proscenium theatre is similar, in form, to the Western theatrical model and Indian Natyasastra model though its contents are indigenous. The so called modern theatre descended on Manipuri theatre culture with the performance of Pravas Milan (1902) under the enthusiastic patronage of Sir Churchand Maharaj (1891-1941). The pace of theatrical movement was geared up with the institution of various groups such as Manipur Dramatic Union (MDU) (1930), Arian Theatre (1935), Chitrangada Natya Mandir (1936), Society Theatre (1937), Rupmahal (1942), Cosmopolitan Dramatic Union (1968), The Chorus Repertory Theatre of Ratan Thiyam (1976) etc. These groups started experimenting with various types of plays apart from historical and pauranic ones.Today Manipuri theatre is well respected because of various excellent productions shown in various parts of the country and the abroad. Manipuri plays, both Shumang lila and stage lila,have been a regular feature in the annual festival of [[National School of Drama]],[[New Delhi]]. ==Indigenous games of Manipur== The indigenous games of Manipur can be classified as Outdoor and Indoor. ===Outdoor=== # ''Mukna'' # ''Mukna Kangjei'' (Khong Kangjei) # ''Sagol Kangjei'' ([[Polo]]) # ''Yubi Lakpi'' (Coconut Rugby) # ''Oo-Laobi'' # ''Hiyang-Tannaba'' # ''Arambai Hunba'' ====Mukna (Manipuri wrestling)==== Mukna is a very popular form of wrestling. It has fundamental rules agreed by all Mukna organizations and with Royal Consent. Traditionally the game is controlled and organised by Pana Loisang of the Ruler of the state and village organizations. There are four Panas-Ahallup, Naharup, Khabam and Laipham who control all fixtures and time for the games and State Meet in which Final is invariably graced by the ruler and presents the Title of Jatra (Champion) for the year along with reward of Thum Nama ( A ful bag of salt) and Ngabong Phi (hand made cloth of coton yarn), exemption of all state duties and Ningham Samjin dress (traditional).The game has two categories (1) Takhatnabi (League), (2) Naitom (Knockout). The young talents work and play all the year round with dedication for the title of 'Jatra' (Champion) of Mukna of Manipur. ====Mukna Kangjei (Khong Kangjei)==== Mukna Kangjei is a game which combines the arts of mukna (wrestling) and Kangjei (Cane Stick) to play the ball made of seasoned bamboo roots.The origin of the game goes back well to [[Aniconic]]worship. People celebrate 'Lai Haraoba' (festival to please traditional deities) and include this item to mark the end of the festival. It was believed that Khagemba Ningthou (King) - (1597-1652) patronised this game. In later generation, the game is organised in the villages. Presently, associations are formed in Panas with rules and regulations of Mukna Kangjei.The game is played by two teams each consisting of seven players. All players hold a natural cane stick with root, gradually increasing the size of the root, to the lenght of about seven inches to play the ball made out of seasoned bamboo roots of approximately a diameter of four inches.The players put on Mukna Kisi Phijet ( dress of cloth knot) to secure protection and holding each other. At present a short pant is added below Kisi ( like cloth belt with knots).The game starts by throwing the ball in front of the panjenbas (leaders) of the two teams standing face to face to each other on the line. If possible they can pick up the ball and run. The process of running and obstructing each other to put the ball on the goal line of the ground is allowed, Pun onba (change of side) and end of the game is given by the command of the umpire. The rules for the game is known as Kangjei lon. It has improved a lot and was demonstrated during the Fifth National Games 1999 at Imphal. ====Sagol Kangjei==== To Manipuris according to Chaitharol-Kumbaba, a Royal Chronicle of Manipur King Kangba who ruled Manipur much earlier than Nongda Lairen Pakhangba (33 AD) introduced Sagol Kangjei (Kangjei on horse back). Further regular playing of this game commenced in 1606 during the reign of King Khagemba under newly framed rules of the game.The game requires perfect control of the pony, the stick and the ball with profiency of riding. The sense of 'fair Play' was the main guided factor of this game.This is played between two teams of Seven players a side. During the time of the late Sir Chandrakirti Singh, K.C.S.I Maharaja of Manipur introduced regular game at Mapal Kangjeibung (now near Tikendrajit Park) on the ground of Sana-Lamjei (length 160 and 80 width in dimension)being one Lamjei equal to 6 ft. The game can be played in smaller ground also if occasion demands. Earlier, there was no definite rules for foul in traditional Sagol Kangjei.Manipur has produced players of outstanding calibres like Jubaraj Bir Tikendraji (Senapati of Manipur Army) as legendary player described by Mrs. Grimhood (1887-90). After 1891, Manipur produced outstanding players like (L) Ojha Tombi and Shyamjai Sharma who never had the chance to play in international tournament. From the history it is an established fact and accepted that Manipur is the birthplace of [[Polo]] of the World. ====Yubi Lakpi==== Yubi (Coconut) Lakpi (capturing) is like rugby except that its an Individual game. Before the start of the game, players rub their bodies with mustard oil and water to make slippery to catch each other.A coconut properly soaked with oil is place in front of the Chief guest of the function.The players put on kisi (Langot) on an underpant properly tied in front. A senior Jatra is the umpire of the game to start and check fouls of the players. Before the start the coconut is placed in front of the seat of the Chief Guest. Official game is held on the occassion of the Yaoshang Festival of Shri Shri Govindajee at palace ground and with Royal presence. ====Oolaobi==== Oolaobi is an outdoor game mainly played by the female. Meitei mythology believes that UmangLai Heloi-Taret (Seven dieties-seven fairies) played this game on the Courtyard of the temple of UMANG LAI LAIREMBI.Number of the participants were not fixed but are divided into two groups ( size now as per agreement). Players are divided as:- (1) Raiders (Attackers) (2) Defenders (Avoiders) Action of raider:Say "oo" without stopping as long as they can continue and try to touch the avoiders. If a raider touches an Avoider is out.This process goes on till avoiders are out or surrender.If a raider fails to say "oo" or out of breadth, Raider is out. Points are counted on the elimination of Raiders/Defenders. Change of Side:If Raiders are tired they declare for change. Now time limit is decided for change. The outline principles of Woo-Laobi is very much similar to that of Kabaddi in India.The ground (court) is not marked, normally the open space available within the premises of the house or temple is used for the game. This game, is very much liked by the girls and also became a source of talent in Kabaddi. ====Hiyang Tannaba==== [[Image:Hiyangtannaba_1.jpg|thumb|right|Hiyang Tannaba in progress]] Hiyang Tannaba (Boat Race) : Hiyang tannaba (Hi Yangba Tannaba) is a tradinional function of the Panas. This is held during the month of November. This was introduced during the time of Ningthourel Khunjaoba, the second son of King Khagemba , who dug the Kangla Moat around the Palace to make it impregnable in the year of 1660 after he ascended the throne in 1652.In the traditional function two boats "Tanahi" (Race Boat) are detailed for leaders known as "Tengmai Lappa". In each boat forty Hiroys (Boatsman) operate the boat.The boat which reaches the finishing line is the winner and all boatsman raise their (Nows) oars high in the air as a sign of reaching the finishing line first and thus the winner of the race is declared. The leader pays his respect to the deity and the King of Manipur. ====Arambai Hunba==== People of Manipur are very fond of riding horses specially those who are in the village near the breeding areas. Since the ponies are easily available , the young boys get the chance of riding ponies without saddle on horse back. Sometimes they ride horse using a rope in place of regular bridle throwing branches of small trees in place of Arambai. This pratice helped the Manipur Arambai force as a martial art which was very much required during the advance and withdrawal of forces.This art was very popular as an indigenous game of the youth of Manipur. This game is dispalyed even now , during the festival " Kwak Jatra" after Durga Puja. ===Indoor Indigenous Games=== ====Kang==== [[Image:Kang.jpg|thumb|left|Kang game]] Kang is played by both male and female Meities of Manipur. Manipuris believe Kang is a game played by deity " Panthoibi". It is also believed that Manipuris began to play this game well before Vaishnavism came to Manipur.It is culturally a fine game of Manipur specially of Meiteis. It is played under a shed of building on an earth ground ( court) smoothly levelled to suit the course of the 'Kang' the target on the court. It is well marked for the respective positions of the players of both to hit the target on the court. It has rules and regulations formed by the associations to suit the occasions of the games either for tournaments or Friendly. The dignitaries of the Palace,even Queen and King also participated on social functions. In olden days 'Kang' was played during summer, starting from Cheiraoba (Manipur New Year) to Kang Chingba. Presently the game is played in several touranaments throughout the year, organised by the Associations. Rules and regulations have been modified to suit the improved process of the game. ==Festivals of Manipur== The various festivals of Manipur are Ningol Chakouba, Yaoshang , Ramjan ID, Kut, Gan-ngai, Chumpha, Christmas, Cheiraoba, Kang and Heikru Hidongba. Most of these festivals are usually celebrated on the basis of lunar calendar. Almost every festival celebrated in other states is observed here and it makes Manipur a mini metropolis. ===Ningol Chakouba (November)=== A social festival of the Meiteis where the women (Ningol) are invited (Chakouba) to a feast at their parental house along with their children. It is the festival that binds and revives the family relations between the girls married away and the parents. Nowadays other communities had also started celebrating the festivals. It is held every year during the month of November. ===Yaoshang (February/March)=== A riot of colours and water and the various chanting of the devotees of Lord Krishna is what you will come across during this festival. Another feature of this premiere festival is the Thabal Chongba (Dancing in the Moonlight). The boys from various places will come to the site of the festival and dance with the girls by holding on to their hands and moving in circles. It is celebrated for five days starting from the full moon of Phalguna (February/March). ===Christmas (December)=== Another community comprising of the Kukis, the Nagas, the Tangkhuls, the Marings,etc in Manipur are all Christians and celebrate Christmas for two days with prayers, reading of gospels, eating, singing of hymns, lectures on Christ, sports etc. It is usually observed on December 24 and 25. ===Gaan-Ngai=== [[Gaan-Ngai]] is the greatest festival of the Zeliangrong people. Its a 5 day long festival and is usually performed on the 13th day of the Meitei month of Wakching as per the Meitei Calendar of the lunar year. ===Ramjan ID=== The Manipuri Muslims observed this festival in the very spirits of joy and festivities as in other Muslim world. During this month the Muslims practice self denial by taking a fast, abstaining from smoke and drink from pre-dawn till sunset. After the second day of shawwal, when the new moon is visible they break fast which is also popularly known as Id-Ul-Fitre. They offer prayers at the mosques, have delicious dishes, exchange greetings and call on the friends and relatives. Ramjan is the ninth month of the Hijri year. ===Cheiraoba (New Year of Manipur)(April)=== [[Image:Cheiraochingkaba.jpg|thumb|right|Cheiraoching Kaba]] The people of Manipur clean and decorate their houses and make a sumptuous variety of dishes to feast upon after offering the food to the deity on this day. After the feast, as a part of the rituals, people climb the nearest hill tops(''Cheiraoching Kaba'') in the belief that it would excel them to greater heights in their worldly life. It is observed during the month of April. ==Problems== The implementation of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in 1958 resulted in the designation of Manipur as a "disturbed area" . There have been some minor border disputes with [[Myanmar]] (formerly Burma), which were resolved through treaty of Yandaboo. Manipur is also involved in a border dispute with Nagaland.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} There have been many social upheavals in the recent past, resulting in mounting tensions between the Meiteis (the valley people) and the [[Nagas]] residing in Manipur.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Some steps have been taken by the central government to appease the Manipuris. The long-standing demand to include the [[Meitei language]] in the 8th schedule was finally granted by the 71st amendment of the Constitution in 1992. [[November 20]], [[2004]] was a landmark date in the history of Manipur when Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] fulfilled a long-standing demand of the Manipuri people. He officially handed over the historic [[Kangla Fort]] to Manipur state government, which issued an ordinance taking over the administration and control. It had been the headquarters of the paramilitary force, the [[Assam Rifles]], since 1915. It was finally opened to the general public after nearly 114 years. The fight by the people of Manipur to let the government hand over the fort to them was legendary. The Indian army is alleged to kill some innocent people without issuing arrest warrant, which turned into a major issue, with some women protesting naked in front of the Assam Rifle's gate in June 16, 2004. The Prime Minister also upgraded [[Manipur University]] into a Central University and laid the foundation stone for a 97.9 km long, [[Jiribam]] - [[Imphal]], broad gauge rail line project. The line ends at [[Tupul]], 25 km away from Imphal. [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF), one of the largest and most powerful armed organisations, has resorted to fighting against occupying Indian army to achieve its goal of an independent Manipur. "We are fighting for Manipur,"Sovereign, independent Manipur. You see, Manipur was never part of India." says a UNLF member.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/6935673.stm BBC NEWS | Programmes | Crossing Continents | India's 'forgotten' war<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The disturbed area status has been extended for one more year on 23rd Nov, 2007. Ordinary Manipuris are growing tired of the rebels' influence. Several insurgent groups increasingly issue diktats and rulings on moral and social behaviour, enforced with the threat of violence. Extortion is also rampant in Manipur. Most professions are forced to pay the rebels regular sums of money that are locally called 'tax'. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/6935673.stm BBC NEWS | Programmes | Crossing Continents | India's 'forgotten' war<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Tourism == Manipur as the name suggest is a land of jewels. Manipur's culture and the present mix of the races stem from the influences of the Vaishnavism and the embedded traditional values in the region. Its rich culture excels in every aspects as in martial arts, dance, theater and sculpture. The charm of the place is the greenery with the moderate climate making it a tourists haven. The beautiful and seasonal Siroi Lily at Ukhrul(district), [[Sangai]]([[Brow antlered deer]]) and the floating islands at Loktak Lake are one of the rare things found at Manipur. [[Polo]], which can be called a royal game, also originated from Manipur. Some of the main tourist attractions are: === Imphal (Capital)=== The city is mainly inhabited by the Vaishnavites and it is just 7 km from the airport of Manipur ([[Tulihal Airport]]). The district is divided into East and West and the recently constructed sports complex (Khuman Lampak Sports Complex) is also one of the attractions comprising of every thing, from a cyclists velodrome to the main stadium. Most of the imported goods are sold here at its Paona Bazar, Gambhir Singh Shopping Complex and Leima Plaza. ===Keibul Lamjao National Park=== [[Image:Sangai.jpg|thumb|Sangai at Keibul Lamjao National Park]][[Keibul Lamjao National Park]], 48 km away from Imphal is an abode of, rare and endangered species of Brow Antlered deer (also known as Sangai). This ecosystem is home to 17 rare species of mammals. The greenery of the place and the moderate temperature makes a pleasant experience to visit. ===Loktak Lake (Freshwater Lake)=== [[Loktak Lake]] is the lake where most of the people of Manipur get their share of fish meat. The special treat to watch are the floating islands popularly known as Phumdi which is made out of the tangle of watery weeds and other plants. With a nominal fee, people can hire small boats and see this fascinating way of living on these floating islands. The wetland is swampy and is favourable for a number of species to thrive on. It is in the district of Moirang. ===Manipuri Dance (Ras Lila)=== [[Image:Ras Lila.jpg|thumb|Ras Lila]] A classical form of Manipuri dance based and inspired by the theme of Lord Krishna and his beloved, Radha love story and the devotion of the Gopis (companions) towards Lord Krishna. This graceful and slow movement of the dance makes it one of the most acclaimed classical dances of India. The costume is elegant, as there are nicely embroidered clothes that give luster to the beauty of the art. ===Shree Govindajee Temple=== [[Image:Shri Govindajee Temple.JPG|thumb|left|Shree Shree Govindajee Temple]] This temple is the premiere temple in Manipur and it adjoins the palaces of the former rulers of the state. The temple is simple in design with gold domes, a paved court and a large, raised congregation hall. The deity in the center has other idols of Radha Govinda, Balaram and Krishna and Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra on either side of it. ===Chorus Repertory Theater=== [[Image:The Shrine at Chorus.jpg|thumb|left|The Shrine - the main theater]] The auditorium of the theater is situated on the out-skirts of Imphal and the campus stretches for about two acres. It has housing and working quarters to accommodate a self-sufficiency of life. The theater association has churned out internationally acclaimed plays like ''Chakravyuha'' and ''Uttarpriyadashi''. Its' 25 years of existence in theater had disciplined its performers to a world of excellence. ''Chakravyuha'' taken from the Mahabharat epic had won Fringe Firsts Award, 1987 at the [[Edinburgh International Theater Festival]]. ''Chakravyuha'' deals with the story of Abhimanyu (son of Arjun) of his last battle and approaching death whereas ''Uttarpriyadashi'' is an 80-minute exposition of Emperor Ashoka's redemption. ==Other places of interest are== ===War cemeteries=== Commemorating the memories of the British and Indian soldiers who died during the Second World War, these cemeteries are managed by the Common Wealth War Graves Commission. Serene and well maintained, the graves carry little stone markers and bronze plaques, recording the sacrifice of those gallant soldiers. ===Khonghampat Orchidarium=== 7 km from Imphal, on Highway No. 39 is the Central Orchidarium, which covers 200 acres and houses over 110 rare varieties of orchids, which include almost a dozen endemic species. The peak blooming season is March - April. ===Manipur Zoological Gardens=== 6 km to the west of Imphal, at the foot of the pine growing hillocks at Iroisemba on the Imphal-Kangchup Road are the Zoological Gardens. Not to be missed is an opportunity to see the graceful brow antlered deer (Sangai) one of the rarest species in the world, in sylvan surroundings. === Moirang === 45 km from Imphal, the town is one of the main centres of early Meitei folk culture with the ancient temple of the pre-Hindu deity Lord Thangjing, situated here. In the month of May, men and women, dressed in colourful traditional costumes, sing and dance in honour of the Lord at the Moirang "Lai Haraoba" which is a ritual dance festival held each year. The town also has a special place in the history of the Indian freedom struggle. It was at Moirang that the flag of the Indian National Army was first unfurled on April 14, 1944. ===Loktak Lake and Sendra Island=== [[Image:Loktak Lake.jpg|thumb|Bird's eye view of Floating Cafe' on Loktak Lake from Sendra]] 48 km from Imphal, is the largest fresh water lake in the North East region, a veritable miniature inland sea. From the Tourist Bungalow set atop Sendra Island, visitors get a bird's eye view of life on the Lake-small islands that are actually floating weed on which live the Lake people, the shimmering blue waters of the Lake, labyrinthine boat routes and colourful water plants. The Sendra Tourist Home with an attached cafeteria in the middle of the lake is an ideal tourist spot. ===Kaina=== It is a hillock about 921 metres above sea level and a sacred place of the Manipuri Hindus. So goes the story that one night, Shri Govindajee appeared in the dream of his devotee, Shri Jai Singh Maharaja and asked the saintly king to install in a temple, an image of Shri Govindajee. It was to be carved out of a jack fruit tree, which was then growing at Kaina. The scenery in this place is charming and the hill shrubs and natural surroundings give the place a religious atmosphere. It is only 29 km from Imphal. ===Khongjom=== 36 km on the Indo-Myanmar road, a war broke out between Manipur and British India in 1891. It is here that Major General Paona Brajabashi, one of the great warriors of Manipur proved his valor against the superior force of the invading British Army in 1891. A War Memorial has been constructed on the top of the Kheba Hill. ===Tengnoupal=== 69 km from Imphal. The highest point on the Indo-Myanmar Road, from here, you can have a full view of the valley of Myanmar. ===Ukhrul=== 83 km to the east of Imphal, this district headquarters of Manipur East is the highest hill station of the state. A centre of the colourful warrior tribe Tangkhul Nagas, it is well developed and famous for its peculiar type of land-lily, the Siroi, grown in the Siroi hills. Siroi Hills and Khangkhui Lime Caves are interesting places for excursions. ===Manipur State Museum=== The interesting museum near the Polo Ground has a fairly good display of Manipur's Tribal heritage and a collection of portraits of Manipur's former rulers. ===Maibam Lotpa Ching=== It is a hillock about 16 km from Imphal on Tiddim Road. It is a thrilling spot where a fierce battle took place between the British and the Japanese force in World War II and regarded as a holy place. There is also a monument in memory of the Japanese Martyrs who sacrificed their lives in this fierce battle. ==Economy== ===Macro-economic trends=== This is a chart of trends of gross state domestic product of Manipur at market prices estimated by ''Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation'' with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.<ref>[http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm National Accounts Division : Press release & Statements] - ''Government of India, Ministry of Statistics''</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year || Gross State Domestic Product |- | 1980 || 2,180 |- | 1985 || 4,180 |- | 1990 || 8,210 |- | 1995 || 16,270 |- | 2000 || 29,200 |} Manipur's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $1.2 billion in current prices. == See also == * [[Manipuri dance]] * ''Court Chronicle of The Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa''; Original Text, Translation And Notes 33-1763 CE, trans. Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt (London: Routledge, 2005). == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * [http://manipur.nic.in/ Official website of the Government of Manipur] * [http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html History of Manipur] {{states and territories of India}} {{Districts of Manipur}} [[Category:Manipur|*]] [[Category:North East India]] [[Category:States and territories of India]] [[Category:Seven Sister States|Manipur]] [[ar:مانيبور]] [[as:মণিপূৰ]] [[bn:মণিপুর]] [[be:Маніпур]] [[bg:Манипур]] [[ca:Manipur]] [[cs:Manipur]] [[cy:Manipur]] [[da:Manipur]] [[de:Manipur]] [[dv:މަނިޕޫރު]] [[et:Manipur]] [[es:Manipur]] [[fr:Manipur]] [[gu:મણિપુર]] [[hi:मणिपुर]] [[bpy:মণিপুর]] [[id:Manipur]] [[it:Manipur]] [[he:מאניפור]] [[kn:ಮಣಿಪುರ]] [[ka:მანიპური]] [[ks:मणिपुर]] [[lt:Manipuras]] [[hu:Manipur]] [[ml:മണിപ്പൂര്‍]] [[mr:मणिपूर]] [[ms:Manipur]] [[nl:Manipur]] [[ja:マニプル州]] [[no:Manipur]] [[nn:Manipur]] [[pl:Manipur]] [[pt:Manipur]] [[ro:Manipur]] [[ru:Манипур]] [[simple:Manipur]] [[sr:Манипур]] [[sh:Manipur]] [[fi:Manipur]] [[sv:Manipur]] [[ta:மணிப்பூர்]] [[te:మణిపూర్]] [[th:รัฐมณีปุระ]] [[vi:Manipur]] [[tg:Манипур]] [[zh:曼尼普尔邦]]