March Air Force Base
1305106
221964301
2008-06-26T22:05:29Z
Gaius Cornelius
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Tidy, typos fixed: equippped → equipped using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]
{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=March Air Force Base
[[Image:USAAC Roundel.svg|60px]]
[[Image:Us army air corps shield.svg|60px]]
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|location= Located near [[Riverside, California]]
|coordinates= {{Coord|33|52|50|N|117|15|34|W|type:airport}}
|image= [[Image:Marchafb-06june2002.jpg|300px]]
|caption= 6 June 2002
[[Image:CAMap-dot-Riverside.PNG|200px]]<BR>Location of March Air Force Base
|type=Air Force Base
|code=
|built=1918
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|used=1918-1993
|demolished=
|condition=
|ownership=
|controlledby=[[United States Air Force]]
|garrison=
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}}
:''For uses of this facility after 1993, see [[March Air Reserve Base]]''
'''March Air Force Base''' (1918-1993) is a former front-line [[United States Air Force]] base located 10 miles Southeast of [[Riverside, California]] and about 65 miles East of [[Los Angeles]]. It is one of the oldest airfields operated by the [[United States Military]]. For almost 50 years, March AFB was a [[Strategic Air Command]] base during the [[Cold War]].
Today, the facility is known as '''March Air Reserve Base''' and is a center of [[Air Force Reserve Command|Air Force]] and other military reserve activities in Southern California.
==History==
Originally established as '''Alesandro Aviation Field''' on [[1 March]] [[1918]], the facility was renamed '''March Field''' on [[20 March]] [[1918]] in honor of [[Peyton C. March, Jr.|2d Lt Payton Conway March, Jr]] (1896-1918). Lieutenant March was fatally injured on [[12 February]] [[1918]], two weeks after he had been commissioned in the regular [[United States Army Air Service]], when his [[Curtiss JN-4|Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny"]] crashed at [[Fort Worth]], [[Texas]].
The facility was renamed '''March Air Force Base''' on [[13 January]] [[1948]] with the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate branch of the United States military.
=== Major commands to which assigned ===
* [[United States Army Air Service]], [[6 March]] [[1918]] - April 1923
* [[United States Army Air Corps]], March 1927 - [[1 March]] [[1935]]
* General Headquarters (GHQ) Air Force, [[1 March]] [[1935]] - [[31 March]] [[1941]]
* [[Fourth Air Force]], [[31 March]] [[1941]] - [[13 April]] [[1945]]
* Continental Air Forces, [[13 April]] [[1945]] - [[21 March]] [[1946]]
* [[Strategic Air Command]], [[21 March]] [[1946]] - [[1 April]] [[1946]]
* [[Tactical Air Command]], [[1 April]] [[1946]] - [[1 December]] [[1948]]
* [[Continental Air Command]], [[1 December]] [[1948]] - [[1 May]] [[1949]]
* [[Strategic Air Command]], [[1 May]] [[1949]] - [[1 June]] [[1992]]
* [[Air Combat Command]], [[1 June]] [[1992]] - [[30 June]] [[1996]]
=== Major units assigned===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''[[United States Army Air Service]] (1918-1923)'''
* Det, 818th Aero Sq, [[1 March]] [[1918]] - [[22 July]] [[1919]]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/agency/9bs.htm 9th Aero Squadron], [[22 July]] - [[11 December]] [[1919]]
* [[23d Bomb Squadron|23d Aero Squadron]], [[1 October]] [[1921]] - [[21 March]] [[1922]]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usaf/19fs.htm 19th Aero Squadron], [[1 October]] [[1921]] - [[29 June]] [[1922]]
'''[[United States Army Air Corps]] (1927-1941)'''
* [[11th Bomb Squadron]], [[3 June]] - [[31 July]] [[1927]]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usaf/95rs.htm| 95th Pursuit Squadron], [[7 June]] - [[31 July]] [[1927]]
* 44th Observation Squadron, [[25 June]] - [[31 July]] [[1927]]
* 13th School Group, [[31 July]] [[1927]] - [[30 April]] [[1931]]
* [[7th Bomb Wing|7th Bombardment Group]], [[29 October]] [[1931]] - [[4 December]] [[1934]]
* [[17th Training Wing|17th Pursuit (Later Bombardment) Group]], [[15 July]] [[1931]] - [[24 June]] [[1940]]
* [[19th Air Refueling Group|19th Bombardment Group]], [[25 October]] [[1935]] - [[4 June]] [[1941]]
* [[30th Space Wing|30th Bombardment Group]], [[15 January]] - [[20 May]] [[1941]]
* [http://41stbombgrp.com/history_41st.html 41st Bombardment Group], [[15 January]] - [[20 May]] [[1941]]
* [[14th Flying Training Wing|14th Pursuit Group]], [[10 June]] [[1941]] - [[7 February]] [[1942]]
* [[51st Fighter Wing|51st Pursuit Group]], [[10 June]] [[1941]] - [[7 February]] [[1942]]
'''[[United States Army Air Forces]] (1941-1947)'''
* [[30th Space Wing|30th Bombardment Group]], [[11 March]] [[1942]] - [[28 September]] [[1943]]
* [[20th Fighter Wing|20th Fighter Group]], [[4 January]] - [[11 August]] [[1943]]
* [[453rd Bombardment Group]], [[1 October]] - [[2 December]] [[1943]]
* [[479th Fighter Wing|479th Fighter Group]], [[28 October]] [[1943]] - [[7 April]] [[1944]]
* 473d Fighter Group, [[1 November]] [[1943]] - [[31 March]] [[1944]]
* [[399th Bombardment Group]], [[3 December]] [[1943]] - [[31 March]] [[1944]]
* 420th Army Air Force Base Unit, [[1 April]] [[1944]] - [[9 April]] [[1946]]
{{col-break}}
'''[[United States Air Force]] (1947-1996)'''
* 1st Fighter Group, [[1 April]] [[1946]] - [[15 August]] [[1947]]
** Established as: [[1st Fighter Wing]] (later Fighter-Interceptor Wing), [[15 August]] [[1947]] - [[18 July]] [[1950]]
* 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, [[25 July]] - [[25 November]] [[1947]]
** Established as: [[67th Network Warfare Wing|67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing]], [[25 November]] [[1947]] - [[28 March]] [[1949]]
* 22d Bombardment Wing, [[10 May]] [[1949]] - [[1 October]] [[1982]]
** Redesignated: [[22d Air Refueling Wing]], [[1 October]] [[1982]] - [[1 January]] [[1994]]
* [[Fifteenth Air Force]], [[7 November]] [[1949]] - [[1 January]] [[1992]]
* [[330th Aircraft Sustainment Wing|330th Bombardment Wing]], [[25 June]] [[1949]] - [[16 June]] [[1951]]
* [[44th Missile Wing|44th Bombardment Wing]], [[2 January]] - [[1 August]] [[1951]]
* [[12th Air Division (United States)|12th Air Division]], [[10 February]] [[1951]] - [[1 January]] [[1962]]
* 106th Bombardment Group, [[28 March]] [[1951]] - [[1 December]] [[1952]]
* [[320th Air Expeditionary Wing|320th Bombardment Wing]], [[1 December]] [[1952]] - [[15 December]] [[1960]]
* [[452d Air Mobility Wing|452d Troop Carrier (later Military Airlift) Wing]] (AFRES), [[1 November]] [[1960]] - [[1 January]] [[1972]]
* 452d Tactical Airlift (later Air Refueling) Wing (AFRES), [[1 January]] [[1976]] - [[1 April]] [[1994]]
* [[445th Airlift Wing|445th Military Airlift Wing]] (AFRES), [[30 March]] [[1994]] - [[1 May]] [[1994]]
{{col-end}}
=== Operational history ===
==== Origins ====
[[Image:George Owen Squier.jpg|thumb|175px|Major General George Owen Squier]]
The story of March Air Force Base begins at a time when the [[United States]] was rushing to build up its military forces in anticipation of an entry into [[World War I]].
News from the [[Western Front]] in [[Europe]] to those at home had not been good as it explained the horror and boundless human misery associated with stalemated trench warfare. Several European news sources reported significant German efforts at this time to build a fleet of flying machines that could well alter the nature of modern warfare and possibly carry the war to the skies.
In response, Congressional appropriations in early 1917 in the neighborhood of $640,000,000 attempted to back the plans of [[George Owen Squier|General George O. Squier]], the Army's chief signal officer, to "put the Yankee punch into the war by building an army in the air."
At the same time, the [[War Department]] announced its intentions to build several new military installations. Efforts by Mr. Frank Miller, then owner of the Mission Inn in [[Riverside, California]], Hiram Johnson and other California notables, succeeded in gaining War Department approval to construct an airfield at Alessandro Field located near Riverside, an airstrip used by aviators from [[Rockwell Field]] on cross-country flights from [[San Diego]]. A parade in Riverside on [[February 9]], [[1918]] gave notice than an army flying field would soon be coming to Riverside.
The Army wasted no time in establishing a new airfield. Sergeant Charles E. Garlick, who had landed at Alessandro Field in a [[Curtiss JN-4|Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny"]] in November 1917, was selected to lead the advance contingent of four men to the new base from Rockwell Field. On [[February 26]], [[1918]], Garlick and his crew and a group of muleskinners from nearby [[Colton, California|Colton]], known to be experts in clearing land as well as for their colorful syntax, began the task of excavating the building foundations, and on [[1 March]] [[1918]], '''Alessandro Flying Training Field''' was opened.
==== United States Army Air Service use ====
[[Image:USAAC Roundel.svg|left|75px]]
[[Image:Flying jenny cropped.jpg|thumb|A Curtiss JN-4 (Jenny) on a training flight during World War I. This is the type of aircraft used at March Field during this era for basic pilot training of military pilots.]]
On [[March 20]], [[1918]], Alessandro Flying Training Field became '''March Field''', named in honor of [[Peyton C. March, Jr.|Second Lieutenant Peyton C. March, Jr.]], son of the Army Chief of Staff, who had been killed in a flying accident in [[Texas]] the previous month. By late April 1918, enough progress had been made in the construction of the new field to allow the arrival of the first troops. The commander of the '''818th Aero Squadron''' detachment, Captain William Carruthers, took over as the field's first commander and for a time operated out of an office in the Mission Inn. Within a record 60 days, the grain stubble-covered plain of Moreno Valley had been partially transformed to include twelve hangars, six barracks equipped for 150 men each, mess halls, a machine shop, post exchange, hospital, a supply depot, an aero repair building, bachelor officer's quarters and a residence for the commanding officer.
March Field's first primary mission was pilot training. On [[May 15]] when the first JN-4D "Jenny" took off, March Field seemed to have come into its own as a training installation. The signing of the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|armistice]] on [[November 11]], [[1918]], did not halt training at March Field initially but by 1921, the decision had been made to phase down all activities at the new base in accordance with sharply reduced military budgets. Known training units at March Field during this era were:
* 215th Aero Sq (Sq B) Mar - November 1918
* 68th Aero Sq (Sq A) Jun - November 1918
* 289th Aero Sq Aug - November 1918
* 293th Aero Sq (Sq D) Jun - November 1918
* 311th Aero Sq (Sq E) Jun - November 1918
* 311th Aero Sq (Sq C) Jun - November 1918
* 9th Aero Sq [[22 July]] - 2 Aug, [[15 November]] - [[11 December]] [[1919]]
* 19th Aero Sq [[1 October]] - [[29 June]] [[1921]]
* 23d Aero Sq [[1 October]] [[1921]] - [[21 March]] [[1922]]
In April 1923, March Field closed its doors with one sergeant left in charge.
==== United States Army Air Corps use ====
[[Image:Us army air corps shield.svg|left|75px]]
[[Image:Marchfield-3-1932.jpg|thumb|Oblique aerial photo of March Field, taken in March 1932 looking south to north. Note the grass runways on the left of the photo.]]
March Field remained quiet for only a short time. In July 1926, Congress created the [[United States Army Air Corps|Army Air Corps]] and approved the Army's five-year plan which called for an expansion in pilot training and the activation of tactical units. Accordingly, funds were appropriated for the reopening of March Field in March of 1927.
Colonel William C. Gardenhire, assigned to direct the refurbishment of the base, had just directed his crews to replace underpinnings of many of the previous buildings when he received word the future construction would be in [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Spanish Mission architectural design]]. In time, March Field would receive permanent structures. The rehabilitation effort was nearly complete in August 1927, when [[Millard Harmon|Major Millard F. Harmon]] reported in to take over the job of base commander and commandant of the flying school.
Classes began shortly after his arrival. The '''13th School Group''' and its operational '''47th School Squadron''' trained future Air Force leaders such as [[Hoyt Vandenberg]], [[Nathan Twining]], [[Thomas Power]] and [[Curtis LeMay]] who completed their initial flight training at March Field. The base, however, was about to enter a new era.
As March Field began to take on the appearance of a permanent military installation, the base's basic mission changed.
When [[Randolph AFB|Randolph Field]] began to function as a training site in 1931, March Field became an operational base. Before the end of the year, the '''7th Bombardment Group''', commanded by [[Carl Andrew Spaatz|Major Carl A. Spaatz]], brought its [[B-2 Condor|Curtiss B-2 Condor]] and [[Keystone B-3A]] bombers to the airfield. The activation of the '''17th Pursuit Group''' and several subordinate units along with the arrival of the 1st Bombardment Wing initiated a period where March Field became associated with the Air Corps' heaviest aircraft as well as an assortment of fighters. Aircraft on March's flightline in the 1930s included [[Keystone B-4]], [[Martin B-10]]/B-12 and Douglas [[B-18 Bolo]] bombers; [[Boeing P-12]], [[P-26 Peashooter]], and Curtiss [[P-36 Hawk]] pursuit aircraft; [[Northrop A-17]]A dive bombers and [[Douglas O-38]] observation aircraft.
In the decade before [[World War II]], March Field took on much of its current appearance. It also became more than a place hard to find on aerial maps of Southern California. [[Henry H. Arnold|Lieutenant Colonel Henry H. (Hap) Arnold]], base commander from 1931 to 1936, changed this. Through well-publicized maneuvers to [[Yosemite National Park|Yosemite]], [[Death Valley]] and other sites in California, a visit by [[James Rolph|Governor James Rolph]] in March 1932, numerous visits by [[Hollywood]] celebrities including [[Bebe Daniels]], Wallace Berry, [[Rochelle Hudson]] and others, and visits by famous aviators including [[Amelia Earhart]], March Field gained prominence. Articles in [[Los Angeles]] newspapers kept March Field in the news and brought to it considerable public attention. The completion of the first phase of permanent buildings in 1934 added to the scenic quality of the base. This was also a period of outstanding achievements in test flights and other contributions to the new science of [[aviation]]. Dusty March Field had come a long way in one decade.
<center>
<Font Size=+3>'''Photos of USAAC Aircraft at March Field'''</font>
<gallery>
Image:B-18s of the 17th Bomb Group - March - 1930s.jpg|Martin B-10s of the 19th Bomb Group in formation.
Image:17th PursuitGroup-March-18feb1935.jpg|Boeing P-26A "Peashooters" of the 17th Pursuit Group, [[18 February]] [[1935]]. 33-102 sits in the foreground. These aircraft were later sent to the 1st Pursuit Squadron/Group of Philippine Air Force in 1937.
Image:7thbg-march-1930s.jpg|Northrup A-17As and Martin B-10s on the flightline
Image:17thpg-p-36a-march-7nov1939.jpg|17th Pursuit Group Curtiss P-36A Hawks, [[7 November]] [[1939]]
</gallery>
</center>
==== World War II ====
[[Image:Marchfield-5-1940.jpg|thumb|Oblique aerial photo of March Field in May 1940, just before World War II, looking north to south. Hard surfaced runways have been constructed and the containment area has many new buildings.]]
The [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] in December of 1941 quickly brought March Field back into the business of training aircrews. Throughout [[World War II]], many soon-to-be-famous bombardment groups performed their final training at March before embarking for duty in the Pacific.
During this period, the base doubled in area and at the zenith of the war effort supported approximately 75,000 troops. At the same time, the government procured a similar-sized tract west of the San Diego highway that bordered the base and established Camp Hahn as an anti-aircraft artillery training facility. It supported 85,000 troops at the height of its activity. For a time, March Field remained a bustling place indeed. In 1946, Camp Hahn became a part of March's real estate holding when operations at the base returned to a more normal setting.
On a lighter note, entertainer [[Bob Hope]]'s first [[United Service Organizations|USO show]] was held at March on [[May 6]], [[1941]]. Hope had been asked to do this show on location by his radio producer Albert Capstaff, whose brother was stationed there.
==== Tactical Air Command ====
[[Image:Tactical Air Command.JPG|left|75px]]
After the war, March reverted to its operational role and was assigned to the new [[Tactical Air Command]] (TAC) as part of the postwar reorganization of the Army Air Force. March was allocated to TAC's [[Twelfth Air Force]]. The first TAC unit to be assigned was the '''[[1st Fighter Wing|1st Fighter Group]]''', being reactivated at March on [[3 July]] [[1946]], replacing and absorbing the assets of the wartime 412th Fighter Group. At the time of its activation, the group's three squadrons (the 27th, 71st, and 94th Fighter Squadrons) flew [[P-80 Shooting Star|Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star]], (After [[11 June]] [[1948]] F-80), America's first operational jet fighter.
Few members of the 1st Fighter Group foresaw these difficulties in the summer of 1946 as they trained with their new jet fighters. The 412th had reported in the summer of 1945 that the P-80 would be well suited for bomber escort, counterair, and ground support. The 1st Fighter Group trained for these and other possible strategic and tactical missions. Pilot inexperience and mechanical difficulties combined to give the P-80 a high accident rate, while parts shortages curtailed operational training. Even so, the 1st Fighter Group maintained a heavy schedule of demonstration flights that served to introduce the fighter to a curious public.
[[Image:1stfg-march-1947.jpg|thumb|Lockheed F-80s of the 1st Fighter Group, 1949. F-80C 49-493 undergoing maintence, and F-80B 45-8704 behind it. 8704 is now on permanent display at the Aerospace Museum of California, located at the former [[McClellan AFB]], near [[Sacramento]].]]
On [[15 August]] [[1947]], the '''1st Fighter Wing''' was activated as part of AAF Regulation 20-15, "Reorganization of AAF Base Units and Installations," on [[27 June]] [[1947]]. This regulation, which laid out what became known as the "Wing" or "Wing-Base" plan, prescribed a standard organizational setup for all Army Air Force bases worldwide. The plan called for the creation of a wing headquarters that established policy and supervised four functional groups: an operational group, an air base group, a maintenance and supply group, and a medical group. The 1st Fighter Group became the operational group of the new Wing.
On [[1 April]] [[1948]] the 27th Fighter Squadron learned that it would deploy to [[Bergstrom Air Force Base]], [[Texas]], for tactical training with 2d Armored Division. The squadron was busy preparing for that trip when, on [[27 April]], group headquarters directed it to loan six of its P-80s, five pilots, and support equipment to the 71st Fighter Squadron, which had in the interval been directed to deploy to [[Spokane]], [[Washington]]. The 27th feared that it would be unable to make its Texas deployment, but aircraft, pilots, and equipment borrowed from the 94th filled out the 27th's ranks in time for the flight to Bergstrom on [[6 May]]
From 10-15 May the 27th flew air superiority, reconnaissance, and ground-support missions in conjunction with the 2d Armored. From [[16 August]] through [[11 November]] the 1st Fighter Wing deployed the 27th and 71st Fighter Squadrons to [[Eglin AFB]], Florida, for a tactical test that involved some 8,500 men and five hundred aircraft. The 1st Fighter Wing flew a variety of ground support and tactical demonstration flights. The 27th and the 71st flew F-80s; the 94th remained at March awaiting the arrival of its first [[F-86|North American F-86A Sabre]]s.
[[Image:67thTRW-11thTRS-March-1947.jpg|thumb|Douglas A-26C-25-DT Invader 43-22686 of the 67th Recon Group in FA-26 configuration, March 1947.]]
On [[25 July]] [[1947]], the '''[[67th Network Warfare Wing|67th Tactical Reconnaissance Group]]''' (later Wing) was activated as part of a service-wide, wing-base test and assigned to March. When the wing was activated, only the 67th Reconnaissance Group was fully operational. The group was equipped with [[A-26 Invader|Douglas FA-26 Invaders]] (RB-26 after 1948) and [[P-80 Shooting Star|Lockheed FP-80's]] (RF-80s after 1948) and was integrated with the 1st Fighter Wing, performing a wide array of day and night photographic missions in southern California. Budget constraints, though, resulted in the wing's inactivation in March 1949.
====Continental Air Command====
[[Image:Continental Air Command.png|left|75px]]
In December 1948 Twelfth Air Force and March AFB were assigned from Tactical Air Command to [[Continental Air Command]] (ConAC), established on l December 1948. ConAC assumed jurisdiction over both TAC and the [[Air Defense Command]] (ADC). This move reflected an effort to concentrate all fighter forces deployed within the continental [[United States]] to strengthen the air defense of the [[North America]]n continent.
The creation of ConAC was largely an administrative convenience: the units assigned to ConAC were dual-trained and expected to revert to their primary strategic or tactical roles after the air defense battle was won. The 1st Fighter Wing was subsequently transferred from Twelfth Air Force/TAC to [[Fourth Air Force]]/ ConAC on [[20 December]] [[1948]].
The first F-86As, assigned to the 94th Fighter Squadron, arrived on [[15 February]]. By the end of June the wing had received seventy-nine of its eighty-three authorized F-86s.
==== Strategic Air Command ====
[[Image:Shield Strategic Air Command.png|left|75px]]
On [[1 May]] [[1949]], March became a part of the [[Strategic Air Command]] and the [[Fifteenth Air Force]]. On [[10 May]] the '''22nd Bombardment Wing''' was reassigned to March from [[Salina Municipal Airport|Smokey Hill AFB]], [[Kansas]]. The 22d was equipped with [[Boeing B-29|Boeing B-29 Superfortresses]]
The 1st Fighter Wing was subsequently attached to the 22d BW on [[1 July]] as the 22nd Wing's headquarters was initially non-operational and its operational components were detached so it shared a commander with the 1st Fighter Wing. The 22nd Bomb Wing became operational on [[1 May]] [[1949]] and the 1st Fighter Wing was attached to it with both wings sharing the same commanding officer.
The new F-86A fighter developed numerous teething troubles during its first months of service, but 1st Fighter Group mechanics gradually overcame these difficulties. When the squadrons found themselves able to launch large formations on schedule, they competed to establish various formation records. The purpose of this exercise became clear in early January 1950, when the 1st Fighter Group deployed a sizable contingent of aircraft to participate in the filming of the [[RKO Pictures]] film [[Jet Pilot (film)|Jet Pilot]]. The group claimed a final formation record on [[4 January]] when it passed a twenty-four plane formation (consisting of eight aircraft from each squadron) "before the cameras." (Note: The film was not released to theaters until October 1957, by which time the F-86A was obsolete)
The 1st Fighter Group formed its own aerial demonstration team in January 1950. The team, dubbed the "Sabre Dancers," was composed of five members of the 27th Fighter Squadron. The Sabre Dancers made what was probably their most widely viewed flight on [[22 April]] [[1950]], when they performed before an [[Armed Forces Day]] audience at [[Eglin AFB]], [[Florida]], that included [[Harry S. Truman|President Harry S. Truman]], most of his Cabinet, and numerous other political leaders.
On [[16 April]] [[1950]], the 1st Fighter Wing was redesignated as the '''1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing'''. On [[30 June]] [[1950]], the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Group was assigned to the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, which was itself assigned to Fifteenth Air Force and SAC.
On [[1 July]] the wing was relieved from assignment to Fifteenth Air Force and SAC and assigned to the [[Fourth Air Force]] and ConAC. Two days later the wing issued orders establishing advanced parties of its headquarters and component organizations at [[George AFB|Victorville (later George) AFB]], [[California]]. The wing made its permanent change of station move to Victorville on [[18 July]].
===== Korean War =====
Detached from the wing, the 22d Bombardment Group deployed its B-29s in early July 1950 to [[Kadena AB]], [[Okinawa]], where it came under control of [[PACAF|FEAF Bomber Command (Provisional)]]. On [[13 July]], the group flew its first mission, against the marshalling yards and oil refinery at [[Wonsan]], [[North Korea]]. By [[21 October]], it had amassed fifty-seven missions against the enemy, attacking bridges, factories, industrial targets, troop concentrations, airfields, marshalling yards, communications centers, and port facilities. During four months of combat, the group flew 335 [[sortie]]s with only fourteen aborts and dropped over 6,500 tons of bombs. It redeployed to the United States in late October and November 1950.
On [[2 January]] [[1951]], the '''44th Bombardment Wing''' was activated and assigned to Fifteenth Air Force. It was equipped with refurbished B-29 and TB-29 bombers drawn from mothballed World War II storage at [[Pyote Air Force Base|Pyote AFB]] in [[Texas]] and [[Davis-Monthan AFB]] in [[Arizona]]. It was reassigned to the 12th Air Division of Fifteenth Air Force on [[10 February]] [[1951]], and then the 21st Air Division within Fifteenth Air Force on [[4 August]] [[1951]]. The Wing moved to [[Chennault Air Force Base|Lake Charles AFB]], [[Louisiana]], on [[1 August]] [[1951]].
On 28 March 1951, the [[California]] [[Air National Guard]] '''106th Bombardment Group''' was activated to federal service at March and put on active duty. The group was initially equipped with refurbished B-29s and its mission was to train reservists to backfill rotating B-29 combat crews serving in Korea. While the reservists were undergoing training they were paid on the lesser reserve pay scale. The group was redesignated as the '''320th Bombardment Wing''' replacing the 106th in December 1952. At March, the wing conducted global bombardment training and air refueling operations to meet SAC commitments. Trained B-47 cadre for 96th Bombardment Wing, Medium, Dec 1953-Jan 1955. Deployed as a wing to [[RAF Brize Norton]], England, 5 June-4 September 1954, and [[Andersen AFB]], [[Guam]], 5 October 1956-11 January 1957. The 320th was inactivated on 15 December 1960.
Also during the Korean War, the Air Force Reserve '''330th Bombardment Group''', was ordered to active duty on [[1 May]] [[1951]] at March. The 330th flew borrowed B-29s from the 106th Bomb Group to train the reservists on the aircraft. The group was inactivated on [[16 June]] and its personnel were sent to bases in [[Japan]] and [[Okinawa]] as replacements for active-duty personnel with B-29 groups.
=====Cold War=====
Following the return of the 22d Bombardment Group from Korea, the wing trained for proficiency in global [[Military strategy|strategic]] bombardment, and in 1952, the wing took delivery of [[KC-97|Boeing KC-97]] tankers, adding aerial refueling to its mission. The following year, the wing retired its B-29 fleet and replaced them with the jet powered [[B-47|Boeing B-47 "Stratojet"]]. It was the second wing to receive them. In 1954, 22d Wing aircrews flew the longest non-stop mass flight in history: 5,840 miles from [[England]] to [[California]]. The wing deployed to [[RAF Upper Heyford]], England from December 1953 to March 1954. From April to July 1957, it deployed to [[Andersen Air Force Base]], [[Guam]].
In 1960, the '''452d Troop Carrier Wing''' was activated at March. This established the presence of the [[Air Force Reserve]] on the base with their [[C-119 Flying Boxcar|Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars]].
The wing was not [[Military tactics|tactically]] operational [[11 March]] - [[15 September]] [[1963]], while the 2nd Bombardment Squadron converted to [[B-52|Boeing B-52B]] bombers and [[KC-135]] jet tankers replaced the KC-97s. In 1966, the 2d Bomb Squadron converted to the B-52D and gained a commitment to forward deploy to the Pacific and engage in combat during the [[Vietnam War]]. In 1966, the wing absorbed the B-52Ds and added the 486th Bombardment Squadron from the 340 Bomb Wing at [[Bergstrom AFB]], [[Texas]] when Bergstrom converted to a TAC Reconnaissance base. The addition of a second tanker and bomber squadron made the 22d a "Super" wing.
=====Vietnam War=====
From [[10 March]] to about [[1 October]] [[1967]] the 22d wing was reduced to a small "rear-echelon" non-tactical organization with all tactical resources and most support resources loaned to SAC organizations involved in combat operations in [[Southeast Asia]] from [[U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield|U-Tapao]], [[Thailand]] and [[Andersen AFB]], [[Guam]]]. The wing continued to support SAC operations in the [[Far East]] and Southeast Asia through 1975, and from [[10 April]] [[1972]] to [[29 October]] [[1973]] again the wing had all its bomber resources loaned to other organizations for combat and contingency operations.
It’s KC-135 resources were also on loan from [[10 April]] to September 1972; afterwards a few tankers returned to wing control.
=====Refueling Mission =====
The 22d maintained a strategic bombardment alert posture from, 1973-1982, but in 1978 it added [[conventional warfare]] missions, including [[Naval mine|mine-laying]] and sea reconnaissance/surveillance.
In 1982, the 22d was reequipped and new [[KC-10|KC-10A Extenders]], making the 22nd the second Air Force unit to use the giant new tankers. Two months later, the wing lost its bomber mission and became the '''22nd Air Refueling Wing'''. The 22nd used the KC-10A's cargo, passenger, and fuel load capacity to provide support during the evacuation of U.S. nationals in [[Grenada]] as part of [[Invasion of Grenada|Operation Urgent Fury]] in 1983. In December 1989, the wing's 22nd Air Refueling Squadron inactivated and all its KC-135A Stratotankers, retired or transferred to other SAC bases. This left the KC-10 equipped 6th and 9th ARS's as the wing's only flying squadrons.
=====Post-Cold War=====
The 22 ARW supported [[F-117]] deployments to [[Saudi Arabia]] and contributed aircraft and personnel to logistics efforts in support of the liberation of [[Kuwait]] from, 1990-1991.
On [[1 June]] [[1992]], the 22d ARW was assigned to the new [[Air Mobility Command]], and from the end of 1992 to 1994, the wing flew [[humanitarian aid|humanitarian]] airlift missions to [[Somalia]]. It also provided air refueling in support of deployments to [[Haiti]] in 1994.
<center>
<Font Size=+3>'''Photos of Strategic Air Command Aircraft'''</font>
<gallery>
Image:B29.maxwell.750pix.jpg|Boeing B-29 Superfortress
Image:B-47-kc-97.jpg|Boeing KC-97 tanker refueling a B-47 Stratojet
Image:Boeing B-52Bs 061127-F-1234S-005.jpg|Boeing B-52Bs on the flightline
Image:Boeing B-52D-70-BO (SN 56-0582) is refueled by Boeing KC-135A-BN (SN 55-3127) 061127-F-1234S-009.jpg|B-52D being refuled by a KC-135
</gallery>
</center>
====Realignment ====
March AFB was realigned under [[BRAC|Base Closure and Realignment [BRAC] III]] announced in March 1993, with a realignment date of [[March 31]], [[1996]]. In August 1993, the '''445th Military Airlift Wing''' transferred to March from the closing [[Norton AFB]], [[California]].
On [[January 3]], [[1994]], the 22d Air Refueling Wing was reassigned w/p/o/e to [[McConnell AFB]], [[Kansas]], replacing the deactivating 384th Bomb Wing. The Air Force Reserve '''722d Air Refueling Wing''' stood up at March and absorbed the assets of the reassigned 22d.
As part of the Air Force's realignment and transition, March's two Reserve units, the 445th Military Airlift Wing and the 452d Air Refueling Wing were deactivated and their personnel and equipment joined under the '''452nd Air Mobility Wing''' on [[April 1]], [[1994]].
On [[April 1]], [[1996]], March officially became '''March Air Reserve Base''', ending a 78-year active duty military presence.
== See also ==
* [[Strategic Air Command]]
* [[Tactical Air Command]]
* [[California World War II Army Airfields]]
== References ==
* Some of this text in an early version of this article was taken from pages on the [http://www.march.afrc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3660 March Air Reserve Base website], which as a work of the U.S. Government is presumed to be a [[public domain resource]]. That information was supplemented by:
* Donald, David (2004) Century Jets: USAF Frontline Fighters of the Cold War. AIRtime ISBN 1880588684
* Endicott, Judy G. (1999) Active Air Force wings as of [[1 October]] [[1995]]; USAF active flying, space, and missile squadrons as of [[1 October]] [[1995]]. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. CD-ROM.
* Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0892010924.
* Martin, Patrick (1994). Tail Code: The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings. Schiffer Military Aviation History. ISBN 0887405134.
* Menard, David W. (1998) Before Centuries: USAFE Fighters, 1948-1959. Howell Press Inc. ISBN 1574270796
* Mueller, Robert (1989). Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on [[17 September]] [[1982]]. USAF Reference Series, Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6
* Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947-1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0912799129.
* Rogers, Brian (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, England: Midland Publications. ISBN 1-85780-197-0.
* [http://home.att.net/~jbaugher/usafserials.html] USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to present
== External links ==
{{Strategic Air Command}}
{{Tactical Air Command}}
[[Category:Strategic Air Command]]