Maria Hertogh riots 1860470 223679054 2008-07-05T06:16:35Z 218.212.75.181 /* The beginning */ [[Image:SGstory Maria.gif|frame|Maria Hertogh and Che Aminah binte Mohamed, circa 1950.]] {{History of Singapore}} The '''Maria Hertogh riots''' or '''Natrah riots''', which started on [[11 December]], [[1950]] in [[Singapore]], consisted of outraged [[Muslim]]s who resented the court decision to give the [[child custody|custody]] of '''Maria Hertogh''' (or '''Bertha Hertogh'''), then 13, to her biological [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[Catholic]] parents after she had been raised as a Muslim under the care of Aminah binte Mohamed, whom she regarded as her mother. The riots lasted till noon on [[13 December]], with 18 killed, 173 injured and many properties damaged &ndash; the worst incident of its kind ever witnessed in Singapore. {{Dubious|date=March 2008}} Prior to the riots, the disputed custody of Maria had received widespread press coverage. Many Muslims living in [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] and [[Indonesia]] believed in the legitimacy of the adoption of Maria and a later short-lived marriage to Mansoor Adabi, two major points of contest in the court proceeding to determine the custody of Maria. They thus lent their support, financial and moral, to organizations that fought to keep Maria in Malaya. But some, such as the Malayan [[nationalism|nationalists]], seized the incident as an opportunity to further weaken the colonial government's position in the region. The insensitivity of the colonial government towards Muslim sentiments and the involvement of radical elements eventually culminated in the tragedy. ==Maria Hertogh== === Beginning=== Maria Hertogh{{ref|M1}} was born on [[March 24]], [[1937]] to a [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[Catholic]] family living in [[Tjimahi]], near [[Bandung]], [[Java (island)|Java]], then a part of the [[Dutch East Indies]]. Her father, Adrianus Petrus Hertogh, came to Java in the 1920s as a [[sergeant]] in the [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army]]. He married Adeline Hunter, a [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasian]] of [[Scottish people|Scottish]]-[[Malay people|Malay]] descent brought up in Java, in the early 1930s. Little Maria was [[baptism|baptized]] in the Roman Catholic Church of Saint Ignatius at Tjimahi on [[April 10]] by a [[Catholic]] priest. When [[World War II]] broke out, Sergeant Hertogh was captured by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] and sent to a [[POW]] holding facility in [[Japan]], where he was kept till [[1945]]. Meanwhile, Adeline Hertogh stayed with her mother, Nor Louise, and her five children, among whom Maria was the third and youngest daughter. On [[December 29]], [[1942]], Mrs. Hertogh gave birth to her sixth child, a boy. Three days later, Maria went to stay with Aminah binte Mohammad, a 42-year-old Javanese woman and a close friend of Nor Louise. This controversial transfer of custody, reversed in a [[Singapore]]an court eight years later, was the centre and opening episode of the tragic riots that were to come. ===Adoption or a short stay?=== ====Adeline Hertogh's version==== According to Adeline Hertogh, in the version given in evidence before the court at the hearing in November [[1950]], she was persuaded by her mother after the birth of her sixth child to allow Maria to go and stay with Aminah in [[Bandung]] for three or four days. Consequently, Aminah arrived on [[1 January]], [[1943]] to fetch Maria. When the child was not returned, Mrs. Hertogh borrowed a bicycle on [[6 January]] and set out to retrieve her daughter. She claimed that she was arrested by a Japanese sentry on the outskirts of Bandung as she did not possess a pass and was thereupon interned. From her internment camp, she smuggled a letter to her mother, requesting for her children to be sent to her. This Nor Louise did, but Maria was not among them. So Mrs. Hertogh asked her mother to fetch Maria from Aminah. Her mother later wrote and told her that Aminah wanted to keep Maria for two more days, after which she herself would bring the child to the camp. This did not materialize and Mrs. Hertogh did not see Maria throughout her internment. After her release, she could find neither Maria nor Aminah. ====Aminah binte Mohamed's version==== The above version was rejected by Aminah binte Mohamed in her [[affidavit]]s and sworn testimony to the High Court on several occasions. She claimed that Adeline Hertogh had given Maria to her for adoption in late 1942. She asserted that she, without offspring of her own, told Mrs. Hertogh then that she would regard Maria absolutely as her child, whom she would bring up in the [[Muslim]] faith. To this, according to Aminah, Mrs. Hertogh replied that she would be glad as she herself had been brought up as a Muslim{{ref|M2}}. Aminah also contested the truth of Adeline Hertogh's internment by the Japanese. She testified that she and Mrs. Hertogh continued to visit each other frequently after the adoption until the latter left for [[Surabaya]] to look for a job "about the end of 1943 or the beginning of 1944." Thereafter the two never saw each other again till 1950. ===A new home and a new religion=== Anyhow, Maria Hertogh received her [[female circumcision|circumcision]] in late [[1943]], whereupon she was given the name '''Nadra binte Ma'arof'''. For unknown reasons her new family moved to [[Jakarta]] for a period before moving back to [[Bandung]] again, where Aminah worked for the [[Kempetai|Japanese military police]] as an [[Interpreting|interpreter]] until the end of the war. Then, in [[1947]], fearing harm upon the family during the [[Indonesian National Revolution]] as Maria was a "Putih", or a "White Child", Aminah moved via [[Singapore]] to her hometown in [[Kemaman]], in the state of [[Terengganu]], then [[Malayan Union|Malaya]]. By then Maria was completely the same as any other [[Malay people|Malay]] Muslim girl of her age: she spoke only [[Malay language|Malay]], wore Malay clothes and practised her religion devoutly. ===To court=== In [[1945]], with the end of [[World War II]], Sergeant Hertogh was released and returned to [[Java (island)|Java]], where he reunited with his wife. The couple said that they enquired about Maria but could find neither their daughter nor Aminah. They then returned to the [[Netherlands]] after requesting the Dutch authorities in Java and [[Singapore]] to try to trace the child. Investigations were then made by the [[Red Cross Society]], the [[Indonesian Repatriation Service]], the [[Royal Netherlands Army]] and local police. Finally, in September [[1949]], Aminah and Maria were traced to the [[kampong]] they were living in. Negotiations were opened to retrieve Maria in early [[1950]]. The Dutch Consulate offered [[Singapore dollar|S$]]500 to make up for Aminah's expenses in bringing up the girl for eight years. Aminah rejected the offer and refused to give up her foster-daughter. Nonetheless, she was persuaded to travel with Maria to Singapore in April to discuss the issue with the Dutch Consul-General. However, Aminah's firm position could not be wavered and the Consulate eventually applied to the High Court on [[22 April]] for Maria to be delivered into the custody of the [[Social Welfare Department, Singapore|Social Welfare Department]] pending further order. The [[Chief Justice]] heard it on the same day and approved the application ''[[ex parte]]''. The next day, an officer from the department served the order on Aminah and brought Maria away. After a routine medical examination at the Middle Road Hospital, she was admitted to the Girls Homecraft Centre at York Hill. From this point onwards, Maria had made it clear that she wanted to stay with Aminah and did not wish to be returned to her natural parents. However, the High Court ruled on [[17 May]] after a short hearing of about 15 minutes that the custody of Maria be entitled to the Hertoghs. As Aminah and Maria exited the court via the backdoor, a car from the Consulate was waiting to take Maria away. Maria refused to enter the car and clung on to Aminah, both shouting in [[Malay language|Malay]] that they would kill themselves rather than be separated. A large crowd quickly formed around the commotion. It was only after much persuasion that Aminah agreed to enter the car together with Maria and pay a visit to her lawyer, who explained that Maria had to be given up until an appeal was made. The duo then parted in tears, with Maria returned to York Hill for temporary safekeeping. At York Hill Maria stayed for two more months, under a further order from the Chief Justice pending appeal, which was filed on [[28 July]]. The verdict was an overruling of the earlier decision. Aside from the ''ex parte'' order to hand Maria to the Social Welfare Department, the Appellate Court found ambiguity in the Dutch Consul-General's representation of Maria's natural father, a rather minor and technical detail but apparently significant enough under the circumstance. Both Aminah and Maria were overjoyed. ===Controversial marriage=== On [[1 August]], [[1950]], merely four days after winning the appeal, the events took a dramatic and unexpected turn. Maria was married to 22-year-old Mansoor Adabi, a Malayan-born who was then a teacher-in-training at the [[Bukit Panjang Government School]], in a [[Muslim]] ritual. The marriage could have been a manoeuvre by Aminah to prevent further attempts by the Hertoghs to get back their daughter, as Maria returned to live with Aminah after the wedding night and the new couple never consummated their marriage. Whether such speculation was true was unimportant in the subsequent development of events, in which Maria, a willing bride nonetheless, became the central figure. The first challenges on the appropriateness of the marriage actually came from the [[Muslim]] community. On [[10 August]], a Muslim leader wrote to [[The Straits Times]] pointing out that although the [[Islamic law]] permits the marriage of girls after [[puberty]] (which Maria had reached a year earlier), there were Muslim countries such as [[Egypt]] that legislated for a minimum marriage age of 16. He added, however, that it would not be in the interest of "the friendly understanding... between Christians and Muslims" to object to the marriage since it had already taken place. The latter view was held by the Muslim population at large, albeit in a more antagonistic mood against the Dutch and Europeans at large. ===To court, again=== Meanwhile, the Hertoghs had not given up legal pursuit to retrieve their daughter. Only a day after the marriage, Aminah received the Hertoghs' representative lawyers from [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The lawyers delivered a letter demanding the return of Maria by [[10 August]], failing which legal action would be taken. Believing that the marriage settled the matter, Aminah and Mansoor both ignored the deadline. The Hertoghs did not. On [[26 August]], an originating summons was taken out, under the Guardianship of Infants Ordinance, by the Hertoghs as [[plaintiff]]s against Aminah, Maria and Mansoor, who were all made [[defendant]]s. The hearing did not begin till [[20 November]]. For four months the matter hung in suspense. During this time, Maria rarely left her residence in the house of M.A. Majid, then president of the [[Muslim Welfare Association, Singapore|Muslim Welfare Association]], because in her own words, she attracted "too much attention". Nevertheless, media coverage on the incident had grown to a global scale. Letters from Muslim organizations in [[Pakistan]] promising financial and other help arrived, some going so far as to declare any further move by the Dutch Government to separate the couple as "an open challenge to the Muslim world". Pledges of aid also came from [[Indonesia]] and as far as [[Saudi Arabia]]. The hearing finally opened, and Maria's natural mother, Adeline Hertogh travelled down to Singapore to attend. The judge, Justice Brown, delivered the verdict two weeks later. The marriage, instead of resolving the dispute, had instead complicated it. Justice Brown had two issues on his hand, namely the legality of the marriage and the custody of Maria. He held that the marriage was invalid because: #Maria's [[Domicile (law)|country of domicile]] was, by law that of her natural father, i.e. the [[Netherlands]]. Under the Dutch laws, the minimum age of marriage for girls was 16. The English law applicable in Singapore recognized the marriage laws of the subject's country of domicile. #An exception to the above point could not be established because neither Mansoor, born in [[Kelantan]], could be proved to be domiciled in Singapore nor Maria be considered a Muslim by law{{ref|M3}}. During her [[Minor (law)|minority]], Maria's natural father, who was a Christian, had the legal right to control her religion. He had testified that he would never consent to her conversion to Islam. Having overruled the purported marriage, Justice Brown went on to deal with what he described as the "most difficult" question of [[Child custody|custody]]. He noted that his duty to the law required him "to have regard primarily to the welfare of the infant". He believed this meant that he not only had to consider the current wishes of Maria, but also her future well-being. He stated: <blockquote>''It is natural that she should now wish to remain in Malaya among people whom she knows. But who can say that she will have the same views some years hence after her outlooks has been enlarged, and her contacts extended, in the life of the family to which she belongs?"</blockquote> He also noted that whatever the details of the contested initiation of the custody at the end of 1942 might be, Adrianus Hertogh had not been part of it and had not abrogated his parental rights. He therefore awarded the custody of Maria to the Hertoghs and ordered that she should be handed over to her mother with immediate effect. ===Stay at the convent=== When policewomen came to take Maria away, she wept and clung to Aminah and Mansoor. Aminah fainted on the spot and a doctor standing by had to attend to her. Mansoor advised Maria to concede for the time being and promised that he and others would carry on the legal fight. Thus Maria allowed herself to be brought away into a car. Outside, the police, including a [[Gurkha Contingent|Gurkha contingent]], held back a crowd of several hundred. The car delivered Maria to the Roman Catholic Convent of the Good Shepherd in Thomson Road. Mrs. Hertogh stayed at another address for a few days, from where she visited Maria daily, before moving in to the convent herself. According to an official of the Netherlands Consulate-General, such arrange was because of "greater convenience" while the stay of execution pending appeal was in effect. But it proved to be the falsest step, the spark that lit the fuse of the subsequent riots. First and foremost, the press was not barred from entering the [[convent]] grounds. Nor were they restricted in any way in their approach to the incident, which had been nothing shy of sensational. On [[5 December]], the ''[[Singapore Standard]]'' published on its front page a photograph of Maria standing holding hands with the [[Reverend Mother]]. There were several more pictures on page 2, under the headline: ''Bertha knelt before Virgin Mary Statue''. The [[Malay language|Malay]] press retorted. The ''[[Utusan Melayu]]'' published on [[7 December]] three photographs of Maria weeping and being comforted by a nun, as well as articles about Maria's "lonely and miserable" life in the convent. These pictures, whether presenting Maria as happy or sad, mostly showed Maria surrounded by symbols of Christian faith. The [[Muslim]]s, who looked upon Maria as one of their own, were deeply offended by such pictures, not to mention the sensational reports, some of which explicitly labelled the case as a religious issue between Islam and Christianity. On [[9 December]], an organization calling itself the Nadra Action Committee was formally constituted under the leadership of [[Karim Ghani]], a Muslim political activist from [[Yangon|Rangoon]]. This extreme organization solicited support among local Muslims by distributing free copies of its newspaper, the ''Dawn'' (not the ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', an English paper published in Pakistan). Karim Ghani had also made an open speech at the [[Sultan Mosque, Singapore|Sultan Mosque]] on [[8 December]] in which he mentioned [[jihad]] as a final resort. In the light of these potent signs of a great disturbance, the [[Criminal Investigation Department]] sent a memo to the [[Colonial Secretary]] suggesting moving Maria back to York Hill to avoid further inciting Muslim anger. The Secretary did not agree on grounds that he had received no such representations from Muslim leaders, nor did he have the authority to remove Maria without further court orders - weak excuses since Maria could be relocated with her mother's consent. Nonetheless, it could never be said if moving Maria out of the convent at such a late stage could have averted the riots. [[Image:SGstory Maria2.jpg|frame|Crowds were enraged by the Court's rejection of the appeal.]] ==The riots== The appeal hearing opened on [[11 December]]. Maria stayed at the convent and did not attend. Since early morning, crowds carrying banners and flags with [[star and crescent]] symbols began to gather around the [[Old Supreme Court Building|Supreme Court]]. By noon, when the hearing eventually began, the restive crowd had grown to 2,000 to 3,000 in number. Unbelievably, the court threw out the appeal within five minutes. The brevity of the hearing convinced the gathering that the colonial legal system was biased against [[Muslims]]. The riots erupted. The mob (largely consisted of [[Malay people|Malay]] or [[Indonesia]]n Muslims but local [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] gangs were also reported to have joined in) moved out to attack any [[European ethnic groups|European]]s and even [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasians]] in sight. They overturned cars and burnt them. The police force, its lower ranks largely consisted of [[Malay people|Malays]] who sympathized with the rioters' cause, were ineffective in quelling the riots. By nightfall the riots had spread to even the more remote parts of the island. Help from the [[British military]] was enlisted only at around 6:45 PM. Major-General Dunlop promptly deployed two [[Internal Security Battalion]]s while calling in further reinforcements from [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]]. Meanwhile, various Muslim leaders appealed over the radio for the riots to cease. Reinforcements arrived early on [[12 December]], but riotous incidents continued on that day. The troops and police only managed to regain control of the situation by noon on [[13 December]]. In total, 18 people were killed, among whom were seven Europeans or Eurasians, [[List of Singapore police officers killed in the line of duty|two police officers]], and nine rioters shot by the police or military, 173 were injured, many of them seriously, 119 vehicles were damaged, and at least two buildings were set on fire. Subsequently, two weeks of 24-hour curfew were imposed, and it was a long time before complete law and order was re-established. ==The trials== After the riot, the police set up a special investigation unit which detained 778 people, among them Karim Ghani{{ref|M4}}. Out of these, 403 were released unconditionally and 106 were released on various conditions (they generally had to report to the police station monthly and adhere to a curfew after dark). The police eventually brought rioting charges against 200 people, of whom 25 were acquitted, 100 were convicted, 62 were referred to the Enquiry Advisory Committee, and seven were brought to trial at the [[Assize Court]] for wanton killing and five of them were subsequently sentenced to [[death penalty|death]] on the [[gallows]]. On [[25 August]], [[1951]], [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], who would later become the first [[Prime Minister]] of [[Malaysia]], took over as the president of [[UMNO]], a [[Malaysian Malay|Malay]] and therefore Muslim party, that remains the largest and ruling [[political party]] in Malaysia today. He immediately set out to save the seven on death row. Having garnered support from the Muslim population, Abdul Rahman placed pressure on the authorities, who finally gave in. The British government was expecting their role as the colonial master to end very soon and did not wish to leave behind grim memories. The death sentences for all five were commuted to [[life imprisonment]]. ==Reviews== A Commission of Inquiry was appointed by Governor [[Franklin Charles Gimson|Franklin Gimson]]. It was headed by Sir Lionel Leach, a member of the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]. The Commission placed large blame on the police command for not having anticipated the violence from many indicators between 2 and 11 December. Furthermore, when the riots first started, the police failed to act promptly to disperse the crowd. The [[Gurkha Contingent|Gurkha contingent]] standing by was not put into action, while too much dependence was placed on [[Malay people|Malay]] policemen, many of whom defected or at least hesitated to carry out their duties. The [[British House of Commons]] criticised the colonial government for its poor handling of the situation. Present day [[Government of Singapore]] also attributed the tragedy to the insensitivity of the colonial government towards the racial and religious feelings of the locals. It cites the incident as a vital lesson learnt in the importance of racial and religious understanding and harmony. It also cites the incident as a case for placing a certain degree of governmental control on the media, especially when racial or religious issues are implicated. ==Epilogue== On the night the riots broke out, Maria Hertogh was moved out of the convent, where the rioters tried twice to march on and were only kept back by the police. Plans were made at York Hill to receive her but she was instead sent to [[Saint John's Island]], an offshore island 4 [[mile]]s south of the main island of [[Singapore]]. The next day, Maria and Adeline Hertogh departed for the [[Netherlands]] by aeroplane. After landing in [[Schiphol Airport]], they quickly proceeded to the Hertogh home on the outskirts of [[Bergen op Zoom]]. At first, Maria could only talk to her mother, the only one in the family who understood [[Malay language|Malay]]. She demanded [[rice]] with every meal, resenting the western diet. She continued to say her [[Muslim]] prayers five times a day. In addition, a policeman in plain clothes was assigned to escort her whenever she left the house, for fear of possible [[kidnap]]pers who might take her back to Singapore, following reported sighting of "oriental strangers" around town. The house was also placed under surveillance. Slowly, Maria began to adjust to her new environment. A nun came to the house daily to teach her [[Dutch language|Dutch]] until she was proficient enough to attend a local convent school. She also began to attend [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] with her family. Back in Singapore, Aminah and Mansoor had apparently given up hope of retrieving Maria after leave to appeal to the [[Privy Council]] was not granted. Earlier interest of the several Muslim groups involved had also gradually died down. On [[20 April]], [[1956]], Maria was married to Johan Gerardus Wolkefeld{{ref|M5}}, a 21-year-old [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[Catholic]]. On [[15 February]], [[1957]], she gave birth to a son, the first child of ten. However, Maria did not seem to be content. As she told ''[[De Telegraaf]]'', she often had rows with her mother, who lived near by. She also said she still longed for her Malayan homeland. Johan and Mansoor began corresponding. In letters both expressed wish for Maria to travel to Malaya to visit the aged Aminah, but such trip was never made due primarily to financial difficulties. Aminah died in 1976. The life story of Maria took another dramatic turn on [[16 August]] of the same year, when Maria found herself on trial in a Dutch court charged with plotting to murder her husband. She admitted in court that she had been thinking about leaving her husband but was afraid to start [[divorce]] proceedings in case she lost [[child custody|custody]] of her children. She came into contact with two regular customers at her husband's cafe bar. The trio bought a [[revolver]] and recruited a fourth accomplice to carry out the actual murder. However, the latest member got cold feet and gossiped about the murder plan. The police quickly learnt of it and arrested all four conspirators. In her defence, Maria's lawyers brought up her background, which the court acknowledged. With this in mind, and because the plot was never executed and there was no proof that she offered any inducement to the other three, the three-men bench acquitted Maria. Meanwhile, Maria had also filed for divorce on the grounds of the irreparable breakdown of her marriage. ==See also== *[[1969 Race Riots of Singapore]] *[[1964 Race Riots]] ==Notes== #{{note|M1}}Her full name at birth was '''Huberdina Maria Hertogh'''. To Dutch and other westerners she was normally known as '''Bertha''' (or '''Berta''') '''Hertogh'''. The name given to her when [[female circumcision|circumcised]] by [[Muslim]] rites was '''Nadra binte Ma'arof''', which was the name used by the [[Malay people|Malays]] and other Muslims. However, '''Maria Hertogh''' was the name most frequently used in court proceedings and the English press. #{{note|M2}}There was an uncanny parallel between the early lives of Maria Hertogh and her mother. Adeline Hunter, born a [[Eurasian]], was adopted by a Muslim family at a young age. She married Adrianus Hertogh at the age of 15, upon which she converted to [[Christianity]]. Maria would later go through the same conversion, at around the same age, albeit involuntarily. Moreover, both were eventually married to [[Dutch people|Dutch]] soldiers. #{{note|M3}}If and only if both conditions were met could the [[Muslim law]] practiced in [[Singapore]] be applied to the case, which would render the marriage valid. #{{note|M4}}Karim Ghani was arrested along with several members of the Nadra Action Committee and held at the detention camp on [[Saint John's Island]] for 15 months under Emergency Regulation 20 for his part in the riots before being released on grounds of poor health. #{{note|M5}}Family tree of [http://home.kabelfoon.nl/~pberends/wolkenfelt/hertogh_bertha_1008591301.html Johannes Gerardus Wolkenfelt], Berthe and their ten children ==References== *{{cite book|author=Tom Earnes Hughes|title=Tangled Worlds: The Story of Maria Hertogh|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=1980|id=ISBN 9971-902-12-5}} *{{cite book|author=Haja Maideen|title=The Nadra Tragedy|publisher=Pelanduk Publications|year=2000|id=ISBN 967-978-287-5}} *{{cite web|title=The Maria Hertogh Riots (11 Dec 1950)|work=Ministry of Education, National Education|url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/ne/sgstory/mariahertogh.htm|accessdate=October 19|accessyear=2005}}''broken URL'' ==Further reading== *[http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/lifeline/maria.html Torn Between Two Worlds] at "Headlines, Lifelines" website of the National Educational Multimedia kit for schools (c) Singapore Press Holdings. First published in ''150 years of the Straits Times (July 15, 1845-1995)''. * In Dutch language, an ''Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau'' [http://www.anpfotoarchief.nl/swf/nieuwsbrief4/anpmovie28022006_2.html photo archive ''Flash'' slideshow] of select news photos of the events published in Holland * Maria Hertogh, returned to Malaysia in 1999 aged 63, for a Dutch TV documentary [http://www.nrc.nl/W2/Nieuws/1999/01/22/Rtv/02.html ''De Affare''] * Singapore Media Development Authority and Christopher Chew's [http://www.mda.gov.sg/wms.www/thenewsdesk.aspx?sid=714 Monsoon Pictures Pte Ltd] are developing an English language film ''"The Jungle Girl"'' aka ''"Nadra''(period drama)" with screenwriter [http://www.binger.nl/site/index/film-makers/personal/115?letter=L Sarah Lambert], Lantern Pictures, Australia. [[Category:1950 riots]] [[Category:Riots in Singapore]] [[Category:History of Malaysia]] [[Category:Religiously motivated violence in Malaysia]] [[Category:History of Singapore]] [[Category:Race riots]] [[ms:Rusuhan Natrah]]