Maria Theresa of Austria
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{{Infobox Monarch
| name = Maria Theresa
| title = Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Hungary, Bohemia, Croatia and Slavonia, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Parma and Piacenza, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
| othertitles= ''HIM'' The Dowager Holy Roman Empress<br />''HIM'' The Holy Roman Empress<br />''HM'' The Queen<br />''HI&RH'' The Archduchess<br>''HI&RH'' Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria
| reign=[[20 October]] [[1740]] - [[29 November]] [[1780]]
| coronation
| image =[[Image:Kaiserin Maria Theresia (HRR).jpg|280px]]
| caption=
| predecessor = [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| successor = [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| consort = [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| issue =Archduchess Maria Elisabeth<br>[[Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1738-1789)|Archduchess Maria Anna]]<br>Archduchess Maria Carolina<br>[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II]]<br>[[Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen|Archduchess Maria Christina]]<br>[[Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1743–1808)|Archduchess Maria Elisabeth]]<br>[[Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (1745-1761)|Archduke Charles Joseph]]<br>[[Archduchess Marie Amalie of Austria|Archduchess Maria Amalia]]<br>[[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II]]<br>Archduchess Maria Carolina<br>[[Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela]]<br>[[Archduchess Maria Josepha]] <br>[[Marie Caroline of Austria|Archduchess Maria Carolina]]<br>[[Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este|Archduke Ferdinand]]<br>[[Queen Marie Antoinette|Archduchess Maria Antonia]]<br>[[Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria|Archduke Maximilian Francis]]
| royal house= [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]
| father=[[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| mother=[[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
| date of birth=[[13 May]] [[1717]]
| place of birth= [[Vienna]]
| date of death= [[29 November]] [[1780]] (aged 63)
| place of death= [[Vienna]]
| place of burial= [[Imperial Crypt]] [[Vienna]]
}}
{{distinguish|Maria Theresa of Austria (1816-1867)|Maria Theresa of Spain|Maria Theresa of Austria (1845-1927)}}
'''Maria Theresa of Austria''' ({{lang-de|Maria Theresia}}, see also [[#Names in other languages|names in other languages]]; [[May 13]], [[1717]] – [[November 29]] [[1780]]) was the [[List of rulers of Austria|reigning Archduchess of Austria]], [[List of rulers of Hungary|Queen regnant of Hungary]], [[Croatia in the Habsburg Empire|Croatia]] and [[Bohemia]], and a [[Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Empress]] by marriage.
Maria Theresa helped initiate financial and educational reforms, promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganized the army, all of which strengthened Austria's resources. Continued conflict with the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] led to the [[Seven Years' War]] and later to the [[War of the Bavarian Succession]]. She became [[dowager]] empress after the death of her husband [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor]] and accession of her son [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph]] as emperor in 1765.
Maria Theresa criticised many of Joseph's actions but agreed to the [[Partitions of Poland|First Partition of Poland]] (1772). A key figure in the power politics of 18th century Europe, Maria Theresa brought unity to the Habsburg Monarchy and was considered one of its most capable rulers. Her 16 children also included [[Marie Antoinette]], queen consort of France, and [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor]].
== Succession ==
'''Maria Theresa Walburga Amaliae Christina''' was born in [[Vienna]], the eldest daughter of [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]] and [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]], whose sole male heir - his son Leopold Johann - died as an infant in [[1716]]. In 1713 Charles issued the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713|Pragmatic Sanction]] which guaranteed his daughter the right to succeed to the Austrian throne and inherit his united lands on his death. Charles spent years carefully negotiating with other rulers to remove potential politico-legal objections to a woman inheriting the Habsburg territories, even making strategic concessions of territory. Initially, many Northern European monarchs agreed to the [[Pragmatic Sanction]] when it was issued. One of the few not to sign was [[Frederick the Great]] of [[Prussia]] who, soon after Maria Theresa assumed the throne upon Charles' death on [[October 20]], [[1740]], began the [[War of Austrian Succession]].
After Emperor [[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VII]], who claimed the throne, died in 1745, Maria Theresa obtained the ''[[Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire]]'' for her husband, [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]]. Though she was technically [[empress consort]], Maria Theresa was the ''[[de facto]]'' ruler of the Empire. Maria Theresa had in fact already begun her rule in 1740 during the Austrian War of Succession.
==Reign==
===Early years===
Maria Theresa's father had not given her any training in government, leaving her to learn for herself. Additionally, the army was weak and the treasury depleted as a result of two wars near the end of her father's reign. Maria Theresa was crowned Queen of Hungary in the [[St. Martin's Concathedral|St. Martin’s Cathedral]] in the then-[[Hungarian]] royal town and coronation place [[Pozsony]] (now [[Bratislava]], the capital of [[Slovakia]]) on 25 June 1741.<ref>[http://www.nbs.sk/BIATEC/BIA07_04/26.PDF "Medallion for the coronation of Maria Theresia" at National Bank of Slovakia]</ref>
The [[War of the Austrian Succession]] began when [[Frederick II of Prussia]] invaded and occupied [[Silesia]]. While [[Bavaria]] and [[Ancien Régime in France|France]] also invaded Austria's western territories, it was "Frederick the Great" who became Maria Theresa's primary foe during her reign. Therefore, she focused her internal and external policies towards the defeat of Prussia, which would help her regain the lands which had been taken from Austria. In the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)]], France gave the [[Southern Netherlands|Austrian Netherlands]] that it conquered back to Maria Theresa. In exchange, Maria Theresa ceded [[Duchy of Parma|Parma]], [[Piacenza]], and [[Guastalla]] to the [[Philip, Duke of Parma|Infante Philip]] of [[Spain]].
After having been defeated in the First and Second [[Silesian Wars]], Maria Theresa began to modernize her realms with the assistance of [[Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Haugwitz]]. Defeat, however, reduced her morale and effectiveness as a ruler.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} She increased the size of the army by 200% and increased taxes in order to guarantee a steady income for the government, and in particular for the military. She centralized the government by combining the Austrian and Bohemian chancellaries, formerly separate, into one administrative office. Before these changes, justice and administration had been overseen by the same officials- afterwards, she created a supreme court with the sole responsibility of upholding justice in her lands. These reforms strengthened the economy and the state in general.
[[Image:MariaTheresa2.jpg|thumb|175px|"The world's most famous coin," the [[Maria Theresa thaler]]. The Latin inscription is ''M[ARIA] THERESIA D[EI] G[RATIA] R[OMANORVM] IMP[ERATRIX] HV[NGARIAE] BO[HEMIAE] REG[INA]'', or in English, "Maria Theresa, by the Grace of God, Empress of the Romans, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia." This particular coin was struck in Vienna in 1890, although production continued for many years after her death.]]
Maria Theresa, like the other Hapsburgs, was a devout [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]. She was educated by [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] at [[Mariazell]], and in later life lacked the religious cynicism of royal contemporaries such as [[Frederick II of Prussia]]. Her conservative outlook involved an intolerant view of other faiths. In 1741, she expelled the [[Jew]]s from [[Prague]]. Her political distrust of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] rested in part on her view of the established [[Church of England]], whom she regarded as [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Heresy|heretics]].
Maria Theresa dropped Great Britain as an ally on the advice of her state chancellor, [[Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz]], and allied with [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and France. She established the [[Theresian Military Academy]] (the first worldwide) in 1752 and an academy of engineering science in 1754. She also demanded that the [[University of Vienna]] be given money to make the medical faculty more efficient. When she felt her army was strong enough, she prepared an attack on Prussia in 1756. However, it was Frederick II who attacked first, invading [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]], another ally of Austria, thus initiating the [[Seven Years' War]]. The war ended in 1763 when Maria Theresa signed the [[Treaty of Hubertusburg]], recognizing Prussian ownership of most of Silesia.
Her husband Francis died two years later. Maria Theresa's devotion to him was so great that she dressed in mourning until her own death 15 years later. During this time, she became more closeted from her people. Her focus changed from attempting to regain Silesia to maintaining the peace. She also recognized Joseph II, her eldest son, as coregent and Emperor. However, she allowed him only limited powers because she felt that he was too rash and arrogant.
===Influence on Medicine===
During the reign of Maria Theresa, infant mortality was a big problem in Austria. And, after calling in a renowned Dutch physician [[Gerard van Swieten]] to study the problem, she followed his recommendation and made a decree that autopsies would be mandatory for all hospital deaths in city of Graz--Austria's second largest city. This law--still in effect today--combined with the relatively stable population Graz, has resulted in one of the most important and complete autopsy records in the world.<ref name="unsuspectill">{{cite book |last=Barnes |first=Broda |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Hypothyroidism: the Unsusptected Illness |year=1976 |publisher=HarperCollins |quote= |pages= | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2sqMx5UdZbcC&dq=broda+barnes |isbn=069001029X }}</ref>
<ref name="riddleillness">{{cite book |last=Langer |first=Stephan |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Solved: The Riddle of Illness. |year=2000 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |quote=... A prime mover in clinical research on the thyroid gland for half a century, the late Broda O. Barnes, MD, Ph.D., was also a prime mover behind the writing of ... | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v-8xz2eiAkMC&dq |isbn=0658002937 }}</ref>
Some modern researchers have credited the Graz autopsy records with helping to make breakthroughs in their research. One such physician, [[Broda Otto Barnes]], claimed that these records helped him discover that hypothyroidism--not diet and cholesterol--was the cause of heart disease and heart attacks. And furthermore that hypothyroidism is strongly linked to certain forms of cancer: lung cancer, prostate cancer and cancer in children.
<ref name="unsuspectill"/><ref name="riddleillness"/>
<ref name="hypotype2">{{cite book |last=Starr |first=Mark |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Hypothyroidism Type 2 |year=2005 |publisher= |quote= |pages=174 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NbFzAAAACAAJ&dq |isbn=0975262408 }}</ref>
===Civil reforms===
In the 1760s, smallpox claimed several victims in the imperial family. Maria Theresa was infected and received [[last rites]] in 1767, although she recovered. Afterward, Maria Theresa became a strong supporter of [[inoculation]] (a predecessor [[immunisation]] method to [[smallpox vaccine|smallpox vaccination]]), setting a strong example by requiring all of her children to be inoculated.
In the later years of her reign, Maria Theresa focused on reforming laws along the lines of ''[[enlightened absolutism]]'', especially to strengthen the economy of the Habsburg territories, especially after the loss of Silesia.
In 1771, she and Joseph II issued the [[Robot Patent]], a reform that regulated a [[serf]]'s labor payments in her lands, which provided some relief. Other important reforms included outlawing [[Execution by burning|witch-burning]] and torture, and, for the first time in Austrian history, taking capital punishment off the penal code, as it was replaced with forced labor. It was later reintroduced, but the progressive nature of these reforms remains noted. In 1772 Maria Theresa founded the Imperial and Royal Academy of Science and Literature in Brussels. Mandatory education was introduced in 1774; the goal was to form an educated class from which civil servants could be recruited.
Another innovation of Maria Theresa's was the [[decency police]] which was to patrol everywhere, especially [[Vienna]], and apprehend anyone suspected of doing something that could be deemed indecent (possibly due to her husband's supposed infidelity). Arrested prostitutes, for example, would be sent into villages in the eastern parts of the realm, leading some contemporary writers to note that these villages had 'exceptionally beautiful women' living there.
==Marriage==
Maria Theresa had quite a few arranged marriages. One was to the son of a monarch of Eastern Europe but he died after a while in Austria. So Maria regarded herself a widow at the age of five because her betrothed was dead. She was eventually [[married]] to [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis of Lorraine]], [[Duke]] of [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]] in [[1736]] at the age of 19. He tended to leave day to day administration to Maria Theresa.<ref>{{CathEncy|Maria Theresa}}</ref> Unlike many monarchs of her time, she married for love. She had 16 children with him. Their eleven daughters all had the first name "Maria" in honor of the Virgin Mary. <ref>[http://genealogy.euweb.cz/habsburg/habsburg5.html Habsburg 5<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> They also had five sons. The youngest daughter was Maria Antonia, better known under her French name, [[Marie Antoinette]], who would be promised in marriage to the future King [[Louis XVI of France]].
After her husband's death, [[Joseph II]], succeeded in the elective monarchy of the Holy Roman Empire, maintaining the imperial Crown in the Habsburg line, in accordance with tradition. Maria Theresa then made Joseph II co-regent of her Austrian dominions, but she actually kept most of the power to herself, which led to tension between her and her son. It was not until her death that Joseph could fully exercise his powers.
===Children===
Her 16 children were:
[[Image:MariaTheresa.png|right|200px|Maria Theresa I of Austria]]
*Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1737-1740). Maria Theresa's [[Heiress-presumptive|heiress presumptive]] between 1737 and 1740.
*[[Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1738-1789)|Archduchess Maria Anna]] (1738-1789). Maria Theresa's [[Heiress-presumptive|heiress presumptive]] between 1740 and 1741.
*Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (1740-1741).
*Holy Roman Emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] (1741-1790), married [[Isabella Maria of Parma|Infanta Isabel of Spain]] (1741-1763), then [[Maria Josepha of Bavaria|Princess Marie Josephe of Bavaria]] (1739-1767); no surviving issue. [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1765; [[List of rulers of Austria|Archduke of Austria]], [[King of Hungary]] and [[King of Bohemia]] and from 1780.
*[[Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen|Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria]] (1742-1798), married [[Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen]] (1738-1822); no surviving issue.
*[[Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1743–1808)]]
*[[Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (1745-1761)]]
*[[Archduchess Marie Amalie of Austria|Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria]] (1746-1804), married [[Ferdinand, Duke of Parma]] (1751-1802); had issue.
*Holy Roman Emperor [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]] (1747-1792), married Infanta [[Maria Louisa of Spain (1745-1792)|Maria Louisa of Spain]] (1745-1792); had issue. [[Grand Duke of Tuscany]] from 1765 (abdicated 1790); [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1790; [[Archduke of Austria]], [[King of Hungary]] and [[King of Bohemia]] from 1790.
*Archduchess Maria Carolina (stillborn 1748).
*[[Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela|Archduchess Maria Johanna of Austria]] (1750-1762).
*[[Archduchess Maria Josepha|Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria]] (1751-1767).
*[[Marie Caroline of Austria|Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria]] (1752-1814), married King [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily]] (1751-1825); had issue
*[[Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este|Archduke Ferdinand of Austria]], Duke of Breisgau (1754–1806), married Maria Beatrice d'Este, heiress of Breisgau and of [[Modena]]; had issue ([[Austria-Este]]). Duke of Breisgau from 1803.
*[[Marie Antoinette|Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria]], born Maria Antonia (1755-1793); married [[Louis XVI of France]] (1754-1793).
*[[Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria]] (1756-1801), [[Archbishopric of Cologne|Archbishop-Elector of Cologne]]: 1784.
===Death===
Maria Theresa died in Vienna in 1780 at the age of 63, the only female to rule during the 650-year-long [[Habsburg]] dynasty. She is buried in tomb number 56 in the [[Imperial Crypt]] in Vienna. Her son [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] succeeded her.
==Galleries==
===Maria Theresa===
<center><gallery>
Image:Maria Theresia as child.jpg|Maria Theresa in [[1728]]
Image:Maria Theresia Familie.jpg|Maria Theresa with her family
Image:Maria Theresia Family.jpg|Family portrait in [[1763]]
</gallery></center>
===Children===
<center><gallery>
Image:Archduchess Maria Anne of Austria.jpg|[[Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1738-1789)|Archduchess Maria Anna]]
Image:Josephus.png|[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Joseph]]
Image:Marie Christine of Austria.jpg|[[Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen|Archduchess Maria Christina]]
Image:Maria Amalia of Habsburg Lorraine1.jpg|[[Archduchess Marie Amalie of Austria|Archduchess Maria Amalia]]
Image:Maria Karolina of Austria Queen.png|[[Marie Caroline of Austria|Archduchess Maria Carolina]]
Image:Ferdinand Karl of Habsburg Lorraine.gif|[[Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este|Archduke Ferdinand]]
Image:Marie Antoinette Young2.jpg|[[Marie Antoinette|Archduchess Maria Antonia]]
Image:Marie Antoinette Adult7.jpg|[[Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria|Archduke Maximilian]] with [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] and [[Marie Antoinette]]
</gallery></center>
==Titles from birth to death==
{{House of Habsburg-Lorraine after Maria Theresa}}
* ''[[Her Imperial and Royal Highness]]'' Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria ([[13 May]] [[1717]]–[[20 October]] [[1740]])
* ''Her Majesty'' The Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria ([[20 October]] [[1740]]–[[13 September]] [[1745]])
* ''Her Imperial Majesty'' The Holy Roman Empress ([[13 September]] [[1745]]–[[18 August]] [[1765]])
* ''Her Imperial Majesty'' The Dowager Holy Roman Empress ([[18 August]] [[1765]]–[[29 November]] [[1780]])
Maria Theresa was actually proclaimed King, rather than Queen, of Hungary upon her ascension to the Hungarian throne. Normally, however, she was styled Queen of Hungary.
Her title after the death of her husband:
''Maria Theresa, by the Grace of God, Dowager Holy Roman Empress; Queen of Hungary, of Bohemia, of Dalmatia, of Croatia, of Slavonia, of Galicia, of Lodomeria, etc; Archduchess of Austria; Duchess of Burgundy, of Styria, of Carinthia and of Carniola; Grand Princess of Transylvania; Margravine of Moravia; Duchess of Brabant, of Limburg, of Luxemburg, of Guelders, of Württemberg, of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Milan, of Mantua, of Parma, of Piacenza, of Guastalla, of Auschwitz and of Zator; Princess of Swabia; Princely Countess of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, of Hennegau, of Kyburg, of Gorizia and of Gradisca; Margravine of Burgau, of Upper and Lower Lusatia; Countess of Namur; Lady on the Wendish Mark and of Mechlin; Dowager Duchess of Lorraine and Bar, Dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany.<ref>In German: ''Maria Theresia von Gottes Gnaden Heilige Römische Kaiserinwitwe, Königin zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slavonien, Gallizien, Lodomerien, usw., Erzherzogin zu Österreich, Herzogin zu Burgund, zu Steyer, zu Kärnten und zu Crain, Großfürstin zu Siebenbürgen, Markgräfin zu Mähren, Herzogin zu Braband, zu Limburg, zu Luxemburg und zu Geldern, zu Württemberg, zu Ober- und Nieder-Schlesien, zu Milan, zu Mantua, zu Parma, zu Piacenza, zu Guastala, zu Auschwitz und Zator, Fürstin zu Schwaben, gefürstete Gräfin zu Habsburg, zu Flandern, zu Tirol, zu Hennegau, zu Kyburg, zu Görz und zu Gradisca, Markgräfin des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, zu Burgau, zu Ober- und Nieder-Lausitz, Gräfin zu Namur, Frau auf der Windischen Mark und zu Mecheln, Herzoginwitwe zu Lothringen und Baar, Großherzoginwitwe zu Toskana''</ref>''
==Names in other languages==
*[[Croatian language|Croatian]] and {{lang-sl|Marija Terezija}}
*{{lang-cs|Marie Teresie}}<ref>Panování císařovny Marie Teresie, Josef Svátek, Praha, 1898</ref>
*[[Dutch language|Dutch]] and {{lang-de|Maria Theresia}}
*{{lang-fi|Maria Teresia}}
*{{lang-fr|Marie Thérèse}}
*[[Greek language|Greek]]: Μαρία Θηρεσία, ''Maria Theresia''
*{{lang-he|מריה תרזה}}
*[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and {{lang-sk|Mária Terézia}}
*[[Irish language|Irish]] Máire Tóireasa
*[[Italian language|Italian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and {{lang-pl|Maria Teresa}}
*{{lang-lv|Marija Terēzija}}
*{{lang-ro|Maria Tereza}}
*{{lang-ru|Мария Терезия}}
*{{lang-sr|Марија Терезија}}
*[[Slovenian language|Slovene]]: Marija Terezija
*{{lang-es|María Teresa}}
*{{lang-sv|Maria Teresia}}
*{{lang-uk|Марія Тереза}}
==Ancestry==
<center>{{ahnentafel-compact4
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Maria Theresa of Austria'''<br/>Queen of Hungary & Bohemia
|2= 2. [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|3= 3. [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
|4= 4. [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|5= 5. [[Eleonore-Magdalena of Neuburg]]
|6= 6. [[Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lunenburg]]
|7= 7. [[Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen]]
|8= 8. [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|9= 9. [[Maria Anna of Spain]]
|10= 10. [[Philipp Wilhelm, Elector Palatine|Philip William, Elector Palatine]]
|11= 11. [[Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|12= 12. [[Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
|13= 13. Duchess Elisabeth Juliana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg-Norburg
|14= 14. Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen
|15= 15. Duchess Christine Friederike of Württemberg
}}</center>
==Media portrayals==
[[Marianne Faithfull]] portrayed Maria Theresa in the 2006 film ''[[Marie Antoinette (2006 film)|Marie Antoinette]]''.
[[Alma Kruger]] portrayed Maria Theresa in the 1938 film ''[[Marie Antoinette]]'' which starred [[Norma Shearer]].
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{commonscat-inline}}
*[http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.m/m208917.htm;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en Entry in aeiou.at]
*[http://www.photoglobe.info/ebooks/austria/cstudies_austria_0026.html Baroque Absolutism] Country Studies - Austria
*[http://www.literature.at/elib/www/wiki/index.php/Maria_Theresia_of_Austria_%28Margaret_Goldsmith%29 Book by M. Goldsmith (1936) about Maria Theresia (eLibrary Austria Project - eLib at)]
{{Enlightenment}}
==Titles==
{{start box}}
{{s-hou | [[Habsburg|House of Habsburg]]|13 May|1717|29 November|1780}}
{{s-roy|de}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Maria Amalia of Austria]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Holy Roman Empresses and German queens|Holy Roman Empress Consort]]|years=[[1745]]–[[1765]]}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Maria Josepha of Bavaria]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Holy Roman Empresses and German queens|German Queen Consort]]|years=[[1745]]-[[1764]]}}
|-
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|rows=3|before=[[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]]|as=duke, archduke and king}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Parma|Duchess of Parma and Piacenza]]|years=1741-1748}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Philip, Duke of Parma|Philip]]|as=duke}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Austria|Archduchess of Austria]]|years=1740-1780}}
{{s-aft|rows=3|after=[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]]|as=archduke and king}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Hungary|Queen of Hungary]], [[List of rulers of Croatia|Croatia]] and [[Kingdom of Slavonia|Slavonia]]|years=1741-1780}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VII]]|as=king}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Queen of Bohemia]]|years=1743–1780}}
|-
{{s-reg|it}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Duke of Tuscany|Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany]]|years=1737-1765}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Maria Louisa of Spain (1745-1792)|Maria Louisa of Spain]]}}
|-
{{s-reg|fr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans|Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duchess of Lorraine|Duchess consort of Lorraine]]|years=1736 - 1765}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Katarzyna Opalińska]]}}
|-
{{s-reg|de}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans|Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duchess of Teschen|Duchess consort of Teschen]]|years=1736 - 1765}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Maria Josepha of Bavaria]]}}
|-
{{s-pre}}
|-
{{s-non|reason=Claimant after death of [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]]}}
{{s-tul|title=[[King of Bohemia|Queen of Bohemia]]|years=1741–1743}}
{{s-non|reason=Became [[Queen of Bohemia]]}}
{{s-end}}
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME=Maria Theresa
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Holy Roman Empress consort
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[May 13]], [[1717]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Vienna]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[November 29]] [[1780]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Vienna]]
}}
<!-- interwiki -->
[[Category:People from Vienna]]
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[[Category:Kings of Croatia]]
[[Category:Bohemian monarchs]]
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[[Category:Dukes of Parma]]
[[Category:Dukes of Milan]]
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[[Category:Women in early modern warfare]]
[[Category:1717 births|Maria Theresa of Austria]]
[[Category:1780 deaths|Maria Theresa of Austria]]
[[bs:Marija Terezija Austrijska]]
[[bg:Мария Тереза (Свещена Римска империя)]]
[[ca:Maria Teresa I d'Àustria]]
[[cs:Marie Terezie]]
[[da:Maria Theresia af Østrig]]
[[de:Maria Theresia (Österreich)]]
[[et:Maria Theresia]]
[[el:Μαρία Θηρεσία]]
[[es:María Teresa I de Austria]]
[[eo:Maria Teresia]]
[[fa:ماریا ترزا، اتریش]]
[[fr:Marie-Thérèse Ire de Hongrie]]
[[ko:오스트리아의 마리아 테레지아]]
[[hi:मारिया टेरेसा]]
[[hr:Marija Terezija Austrijska]]
[[is:María Teresa af Austurríki]]
[[it:Maria Teresa d'Asburgo]]
[[he:מריה תרזה]]
[[la:Maria Theresia]]
[[lv:Marija Terēzija]]
[[lb:Maria Theresia vun Éisträich]]
[[lt:Marija Terezė]]
[[hu:Mária Terézia]]
[[nl:Maria Theresia van Oostenrijk]]
[[ja:マリア・テレジア]]
[[no:Maria Teresia av Østerrike]]
[[pl:Maria Teresa Habsburg]]
[[pt:Maria Teresa da Áustria]]
[[ro:Maria Tereza a Austriei]]
[[ru:Мария Терезия (императрица)]]
[[simple:Maria Theresa of Austria]]
[[sk:Mária Terézia]]
[[sl:Marija Terezija]]
[[sr:Марија Терезија]]
[[fi:Maria Teresia]]
[[sv:Maria Teresia av Österrike]]
[[th:สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดินีนาถมาเรีย เทเรซ่าแห่งออสเตรีย]]
[[vi:Maria Theresia của Áo]]
[[tr:Maria Theresia]]
[[uk:Марія Терезія]]
[[zh:玛丽娅·特蕾西娅]]