Maribor
20670
225372961
2008-07-13T10:03:17Z
84.255.204.193
{{Articleissues|article=y|citations missing=March 2008|refimprove=March 2008|cleanup=March 2008}}
{{This2|city in Slovenia|the Prince-Bishopric and Diocese of Maribor|Lavant}}
{{Infobox Settlement
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|leader_name =Franc Kangler
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|footnotes = Source: [[Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia]], census of 2002.
}}
'''Maribor''' (historical [[German language|German]] name: {{lang|de|''Marburg an der Drau''}}) is a [[city]] in [[Slovenia]] and the seat of the Maribor [[Municipalities of Slovenia|urban municipality]]. With a population of 115,000 as of 2002, it is the second-largest city in the country. Maribor lies on the river [[Drava]] at the meeting point of the [[Pohorje]] mountain, the [[Drava Valley]], the [[Drava Plain]], and the [[Kozjak]] and [[Slovenske gorice]] hill ranges. It is the center of the Slovenian region of [[Lower Styria]] and its largest city. The nearest larger urban center is [[Graz]] in [[Austria]] which is about 50 km (30 miles) away. Maribor's [[coat of arms]] features a white [[pigeon]] flying downwards above a white castle with two towers and a [[portcullis]] on a red shield.
==History==
In 1164 a castle known as the ''Marchburch'' ([[Middle High German]] for "March Castle") was documented in the [[March of Styria (duchy)|Styria]]. Maribor was first mentioned as a market near the castle in 1204, and received [[town privileges]] in 1254. It began to grow rapidly after the victory of [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolf I]] of [[Habsburg]] over [[Otakar II of Bohemia|Otakar II]] of [[Bohemia]] in 1278. Maribor withstood sieges by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1532 and 1683, and the city remained under the control of the [[Habsburg Monarchy]] for centuries.
[[Image:SANY0021.JPG|thumb|left|260px|Slomsek square]]
Maribor, previously in the [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] [[Diocese of Graz-Seckau]], became part of the [[Diocese of Lavant]] on [[1 June]] [[1859]], and the seat of its [[Prince-Bishop]]. The name of the diocese was changed to the Diocese of Maribor on [[March 5]] [[1962]]. It was elevated to an [[archdiocese]] by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] on [[April 7]] [[2006]].
Before [[World War I]], the city had a population of 80% [[ethnic German|Germans]] and 20% [[Slovenes]], and most of the city's capital and public life was in German hands. Therefore, it was mainly known by its [[German language|German]] name {{lang|de|''Marburg an der Drau''}}. According to the last [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] census in 1910, Maribor and the suburbs Studenci (''Brunndorf''), Pobrežje (''Pobersch''), Tezno (''Thesen''), Radvanje (''Rothwein''), Krčevina (''Kartschowin''), and Košaki (''Leitersberg'') were composed of 31,995 Germans and 6,151 Slovenes. The wider surrounding area was populated almost exclusively by Slovenes, although many Germans lived in smaller towns like [[Ptuj]].
[[Image:SANY0027.JPG|left|thumb|250px|Panoramic view of Maribor from [[Pohorje]]]]
During World War I, many Slovenes in [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] and Styria were detained for allegedly being enemies of the state, which led to further conflicts between German Austrians and Slovenes. After the collapse of Austria-Hungary, Maribor was claimed by both the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] and [[German Austria]]. On [[November 1]] [[1918]], a meeting was held by Colonel Anton Holik in [[Melje]]'s barracks, where it was determined the city would be part of German Austria. Major [[Rudolf Maister]], who was present at the meeting, renounced the decision. He was awarded the rank of General<ref>Maister's rank of General was recognized by the Ministry of Defence of the National Government of SHS on [[December 14]] [[1918]]; published in Official Journal No. 1</ref> by the National Council for [[Lower Styria|(Slovenian) Styria]] on the same day and organized Slovenian military units in Maribor to successfully take control of the city. All German soldiers and officers were demobilized and sent home in Austria. The city council held a secret meeting where a decision was taken to do whatever possible to gain Maribor for German Austria. They organized a military unit, the so-called Green Guard (''Schutzwehr''). The approximately 400 well-armed soldiers of this unit threatened Maister, leading the Slovenian troops to disarm them in the early morning of November 23. Thereafter there was no real threat to the authority of Maister in the city.
On [[27 January]] [[1919]], a firefight broke out between Germans awaiting the [[United States|American]] peace delegation at the city's marketplace and Slovenian troops under the command of Maister. Nine people were killed and more than eighteen were seriously wounded; who was responsible for the shooting has not been conclusively established. German sources accused Maister's troops of shooting without cause, while Slovene witnesses, such as Dr. Maks Pohar, testified that the Germans attacked Slovenian soldiers guarding city hall.
Since Maribor was firmly in the hands of the Slovenian forces and encircled with completely Slovenian territory, it was recognized as part of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] without a plebiscite.
After World War I, many of Maribor's Germans emigrated to [[Austria]], especially officials who did not originate from the region. German schools, clubs, and organisations were closed in the new state of [[Yugoslavia]], although Germans made up more than 25% of the city's population in the 1930s. A policy of [[cultural assimilation]] was pursued in Yugoslavia against the German minority in response to the [[Germanization]] policy of Austria against its Slovene minority. However, in the 1930s this policy was abandoned and German minority's position improved significantly.
In 1941 [[Lower Styria]], the Yugoslav part of Styria, was annexed by [[Nazi Germany]]. In late April [[Adolf Hitler]], who encouraged his followers to "make this land German again", visited Maribor where a grand reception was organized by local Germans in the city castle. The city, a major industrial center with extensive armaments industry, was systematically bombed by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] during the [[World War II]]. Immediately after the occupation, Nazi Germany began mass expulsions of Slovenes in the [[Independent State of Croatia]], [[Serbia]], and later on in the [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration and work camps]] in Germany. The Nazi goal was to exterminate the Slovene population of Lower Styria. Many patriots were taken hostages and later shot in the prisons of Maribor and Graz. This led to organized [[Yugoslav Partisans|partisans]] resistance. Many local Germans were involved in crimes against local Slovenes; the remaining German population was [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II|expelled]] after the end of the war in 1945.
After the liberation, Maribor capitalized on its proximity to Austria as well as its skilled workforce, and developed into a major transit,cultural center of Eastern Slovenia and the biggest industrial city in Yugoslavia{{Fact|date=December 2007}}. After Slovenia [[History of Slovenia#20th century|seceded]] from Yugoslavia in 1991, the loss of the Yugoslav market severely strained the city's economy which was based on heavy industry, resulting in record levels of unemployment of almost 25%. The situation has improved since the mid-1990s with the development of small and medium sized businesses and industry. Unemployment in June 2007 is 11,5% ([[ILO]]:7,8% )
==Contemporary Maribor==
{{climate chart|Maribor
|-3|4|30
|-2|8|34
|2|12|54
|6|16|68
|10|21|97
|14|24|123
|16|26|116
|16|27|118
|11|21|100
|7|15|116
|2|9|107
|-2|4|84
|float=right
|source=[http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/napovedi%20in%20podatki/podneb_10_tabele.html]
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Popular tourist sites in Maribor include a [[Maribor Cathedral|12th century cathedral]] in the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]] and the [[Maribor Town Hall|town hall]] constructed in the [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] fashion. The castle dates from the 15th century.
The city hosts the [[University of Maribor]], established in 1961. It is also home to the oldest [[grapevine]] in the world called [[Stara trta]], which is more than 400 years old.
[[Image:Univerza.jpg|left|thumb|250px|University of Maribor]]
Maribor is hometown of [[NK Maribor]] [http://www.nkmaribor.com/ (www)], a Slovenian football team. They participated in the [[UEFA Champions League]] in the 1999-2000 season.
Every January, the skiing centre of [http://www.pohorje.org/poleti_ENG/ Mariborsko Pohorje], situated on the outskirts of the city on the slopes of the [[Pohorje]] mountain range, hosts women's [[Slalom skiing|slalom]] and [[Giant Slalom skiing|giant slalom]] races for the [[Alpine Skiing World Cup]] known as ''Zlata lisica'' (The Golden Fox). Every June, the two-week [http://lent.slovenija.net/ Festival Lent] (named after the waterfront district called Lent) is held, with hundreds of musical, theatrical and other events.
Maribor was also named as an ''Alpine city'' in 2000 and it also has the second biggest international [[Maribor Airport|airport]] in Slovenia. Maribor was also chosen as European Capital of Culture 2012 alongside with Guimarães, Portugal.
Maribor will be the host city of the [[2013 Winter Universiade]].
==Famous natives and residents==
{{Main article|List of people from Maribor}}
==Sister cities==
Maribor is [[town twinning|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Graz]], [[Austria]].
*{{flagicon|England}} [[London Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]], [[England]].
*{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Kraljevo]], [[Serbia]].
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Marburg]], [[Germany]].
*{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Osijek]], [[Croatia]].
*{{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Pétange]], [[Luxembourg]].
*{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]], [[Colorado]].
*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]].
*{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Szombathely]], [[Hungary]].
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Tours]], [[France]].
*{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Udine]], [[Italy]].
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons|Maribor}}
* [http://zemljevid.najdi.si/search.jsp?q=Maribor&tab=maps interactive map of Maribor] at [http://www.najdi.si/ Najdi.si]
* [http://www.maribor.si/ Official website] {{sl icon}}
* [http://www.maribor-tourism.si/ Tourism homepage]
* [http://www.ugm.si/ Maribor art gallery]
* {{wikitravel|Maribor}}
{{Maribor}}
{{Slovenia-municipalities}}
{{European Capital of Culture}}
{{coor title dm|46|33|N|15|39|E|region:SI_type:city}}
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Maribor| ]]
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