Marie Curie
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/* See also */
{{Otheruses5|the chemist and physicist|the schools named after her|École élémentaire Marie-Curie|Marie Curie High School}}
{{redirect|Madame Curie|the 1943 biographical film about her|Madame Curie (film)}}
<!-- Note: Please do not change the nationality from Polish French without consulting the discussion page. This formulation has been found to be the best way to reflect Curie's strong connections to both of these countries -->
{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Marie Skłodowska–Curie
| image = Mariecurie.jpg|200px
| image_width = 200px
| caption = Maria Skłodowska–Curie.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1867|11|7|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Warsaw]], [[Vistula Country]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1934|7|4|1867|11|7}}
| death_place = [[Sancellemoz]], [[France]]
| nationality = [[Poland]], [[France]]
| field = [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]]
| work_institutions = [[University of Paris]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Paris]] <br />[[ESPCI]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Henri Becquerel]]
| doctoral_students = [[André-Louis Debierne]]<br />[[Marguerite Perey|Marguerite Catherine Perey]]
| known_for = [[Radioactivity]]
| prizes = [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1903)<br />[[Davy Medal]] (1903)<br />[[Matteucci Medal]] (1904)<br> [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1911)
| footnotes = The only person to win two [[Nobel Prize]]s in different ''science'' fields.
}}
'''Marie Curie''' (born '''Maria Skłodowska'''; also known as '''Maria Skłodowska–Curie'''; [[November 7]], [[1867]] – [[July 4]], [[1934]]) was a [[physicist]] and [[chemist]] of [[Poland|Polish]] upbringing and, subsequently, [[France|French]] citizenship. She was a pioneer in the field of [[radioactivity]], the only person honored with [[Nobel Prize]]s in two different sciences, and the first female professor at the [[University of Paris]].
She was born in [[Warsaw]], [[Vistula Country]], [[Russian Empire]], and lived there until she was 24. In 1891 she followed her elder sister Bronisława to study in [[Paris]], where she obtained her higher degrees and conducted her scientific work. She founded the [[Curie Institute]]s in Paris and Warsaw. She was the wife of fellow-Nobel-laureate [[Pierre Curie]] and the mother of a third Nobel laureate, [[Irène Joliot-Curie]].
While an actively loyal French citizen, she never lost her sense of Polish identity. Madame Curie named the first new [[chemical element]] that she discovered (1898) "[[polonium]]" for her native country,<ref>[[Poland]] had been partitioned in the 18th century among Russia, Prussia and Austria, and it was Skłodowska–Curie's hope that naming the element after her native country would bring world attention to its lack of independence. [[Polonium]] may have been the first [[chemical element]] named to highlight a [[political]] question. K. Kabzinska, "Chemical and Polish Aspects of Polonium and Radium Discovery," ''Przemysł chemiczny'' (The Chemical Industry), 77:104–7, 1998.</ref> and in 1932 she founded a Radium Institute (now the [[Curie Institute (Warsaw)|Maria Skłodowska–Curie Institute of Oncology]]) in her home town, [[Warsaw]], headed by her physician-sister Bronisława.
==Life==
[[Image:Mc-birthplace.jpg|thumb|left|Maria Skłodowska's birthplace on ''ulica Freta'' (Freta Street) in [[Warsaw]]'s "[[Warsaw New Town|New Town]]."]]
[[Image:HerbDolega.svg|thumb|left|80px|[[Dołęga Coat of Arms|''Dołęga'' coat-of-arms]], hereditary in Skłodowska's family]]
Maria Skłodowska was born in [[Warsaw]] to Bronisława and Władysław Skłodowski, impoverished teachers who could barely make ends meet<ref>Wojciech A. Wierzewski, "''Mazowieckie korzenie Marii''" ("Maria's [[Mazowsze]] Roots"), p. 16.</ref> but who instilled in their children a sense of the value of learning. The father, Władysław, taught mathematics and physics, subjects that his daughter was to pursue. On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings. This condemned each subsequent generation, including that of Maria and her elder sisters and brother, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life.<ref>Wierzewski, p. 16.</ref>
Maria was the youngest of five children: Zofia (born 1862), Józef (1863), Bronisława (1865), Helena (1866) and finally Maria (1867).
Maria's early years were marked by the death of her sister Zofia from [[typhus]] and, two years later, the death of her courageous, hard-working mother from [[tuberculosis]].
These events caused Maria to give up her Roman Catholic religion and become [[agnosticism|agnostic]].<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Reid
| first = Robert William
| title = Marie Curie
| year = 1974
| location = London
| publisher = Collins
| pages = page 19
| isbn = 0-00-211539-5
}} "Unusually at such an early age, she became what T. H. Huxley had just invented a word for: agnostic."
</ref>
From childhood Skłodowska showed a phenomenal memory and capacity for concentration, an exceptionally quick mind, and extraordinary diligence; she was known to neglect food and sleep in order to study. She also showed a certain predisposition to depressions, which would recur later in life.<ref>Wierzewski, p. 16.</ref> At age sixteen she graduated at the top of her class from a Russian ''[[liceum]]'', winning a gold medal.
Because she was female, and because of [[Russia]]n reprisals following the Polish [[January Uprising|1863 uprising]] against [[Tsarist Russia]], Skłodowska was denied admission to a regular university.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Her father having lost his savings through bad investments, Maria had to take work as a teacher while attending [[Warsaw]]'s illegal Polish [[Flying University]].
At age 18 she took a post in [[Ciechanów]] as a [[governess]] to a wealthy landed family, the Żórawskis. During her nearly four years there, far from home, Maria experienced isolation, life among strangers, abasement as a governess, and finally her first, joyous but also painful, love, which left her with a deep sense of humiliation. Her pupil Kazimierz Żórawski, after going to [[Warsaw]] to study, realized the attraction that he had felt to his tutor, who radiated intelligence and a vivacious girlish charm. But his parents disapproved of any plans that he might have harbored of marrying the penniless girl, and Kazimierz wanted no conflict with his parents.<ref>Wierzewski, p. 16.</ref>
[[Image:Krakowskie Przedmiescie, Warsaw.JPG|thumb|left|''[[Krakowskie Przedmieście|Krakowskie Przedmieście 66]]'', near [[Warsaw]]'s [[Warsaw Old Town|Old Town]] (in the distance). At a lab here, in 1890–91, Maria Skłodowska did her first scientific work.]]
[[Image:Mc-tablica.jpg|thumb|150px|Plaque commemorating Skłodowska's first scientific work, in a physics laboratory directed by [[Józef Boguski|J.J. Boguski]], at [[Warsaw]]'s [[Wawelberg#Hyppolite Wawelberg|Museum of Industry and Agriculture]]]]
Maria returned to Warsaw, pursued her education, worked in a laboratory on historic ''[[Krakowskie Przedmieście]]'', and dreamed of going to [[Paris]], [[France]], where her sister Bronisława was finishing her medical studies, financed partly with Maria's savings. Maria continued her long-distance romance with Kazimierz, who eventually went to [[Zakopane]], where Maria was visiting, to be alone with her again. ''Mania'', though smitten with him, stuck by her guns, rejecting all proposals short of marriage.<ref>Wierzewski, pp. 16–17.</ref>
Their subsequent break-up proved tragic for both. Kazimierz Żórawski soon earned his doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and [[rector]] of [[Jagiellonian University|Kraków University]] and president of the Warsaw Society of Learning. He of course followed Maria's stunning scientific career. Anecdotes would describe him, in old age, often sitting beneath her monument on Warsaw's [[Wawel]] Street (''ulica Wawelska'') before the [[Curie Institute (Warsaw)|Radium Institute]] that had been founded by double [[Nobel laureate]] Maria Skłodowska–Curie ("Madame Curie").<ref>Wierzewski, p. 17.</ref>
Maria Skłodowska in 1891, after the break-up, went back to her old idea of studying in Paris, where her sister had completed medical school and gotten married. Maria found shelter with her sister and was soon one of only twenty-odd women among two thousand students of the exact sciences at the [[Sorbonne]] (the University of Paris). Though at first behind her classmates in some areas, she soon caught up.<ref>Wierzewski, p. 17.</ref>
At the Sorbonne, Skłodowska studied [[mathematics]], [[physics]] and [[chemistry]]. (Later, in 1909, she would become that University's first female professor, when she was named to her late husband's chair in physics, which he had held for only a year and a half before his tragic death.) In early 1893 she graduated first in her undergraduate class. A year later, also at the Sorbonne, she obtained her [[master's degree]] in mathematics.
It was then that [[Pierre Curie]] entered her life. He was an instructor in the School of Physics and Chemistry, the ''[[École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris]]'' (ESPCI). Skłodowska had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels; it was their mutual interest in [[magnetism]] that drew Skłodowska and Curie together.<ref>L. Pearce Williams, "Curie, Pierre and Marie," ''[[Encyclopedia Americana]]'', vol. 8, p. 331.</ref> He soon realized that in Skłodowska he had met a genius.<ref>Wierzewski, p. 17.</ref>
Her departure for the summer to Warsaw only enhanced their mutual feelings for each other. She was still laboring under the illusion that she would be able to return to Poland and work in her chosen field of study. When, however, she was denied a place at [[Jagiellonian University|Kraków University]] merely because she was a woman, she returned to Paris. Not fully a year later, in 1895, she and Pierre Curie married, and thereafter the two physicists hardly ever left their laboratory. Their one shared recreation was long bicycle trips and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer. Maria had found a new love, a partner and scientific collaborator that she could depend on.<ref>Wierzewski, p. 17.</ref>
[[Image:Pierre and Marie Curie.jpg|thumb|left|225px|[[Pierre Curie|Pierre]] and Marie Curie in their Paris lab before [[April 19]], [[1906]] (when he died).]]
Eventually they studied [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] materials, particularly [[pitchblende]], the complex [[mineral]] from which [[uranium]] was extracted. By April 1898, Skłodowska–Curie deduced that pitchblende must contain traces of an unknown substance far more radioactive than uranium. In July 1898, Pierre and Marie together published an article announcing the existence of an element which they named "[[polonium]]," in honor of her native Poland, then still partitioned among three empires. On [[December 26]], [[1898]], the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named "[[radium]]" for its intense ''[[radioactivity]]'' — a word that they coined.
Over the course of four years of the most arduous work in the most difficult physical conditions, they processed a ton of [[uraninite|pitchblende]], eventually in 1902 isolating one-tenth of a gram of [[radium chloride]]. By 1910 Marie, working on without her husband, who had been killed in 1906, would isolate the pure radium [[metal]]. In an unusual decision, Skłodowska-Curie intentionally refrained from [[patent]]ing the radium-isolation process so that the scientific community could do research unhindered.
Marie and Pierre had no idea what price was to be paid for chronic exposure to radioactive substances.<ref>Wierzewski, p. 17.</ref>
In 1903, under the supervision of [[Henri Becquerel]], Marie received her [[DSc]] from the [[University of Paris]], becoming the first woman in France to complete a doctorate.
Marie also saw to it that Pierre completed his own long-deferred doctorate. At the time, a [[witticism]] circulated that "Pierre's greatest discovery was Maria, and then she discovered radioactivity." <ref>Wierzewski, p. 17.</ref>
[[Image:Dyplom Sklodowska.jpg|thumb|350px|Maria Skłodowska–Curie's 1911 [[Nobel Prize]] diploma]]
In 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded [[Pierre Curie]], Marie Curie, and [[Henri Becquerel]] the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the [[ionizing radiation|radiation]] phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."
Maria and Pierre were unable to go to [[Stockholm]] in person to receive the prize. They immediately, however, shared its financial proceeds with needy persons and acquaintances, including students.<ref>Wierzewski, p. 17.</ref>
Skłodowska–Curie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Eight years later, she would receive the 1911 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]], "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element."
A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalized with depression and a kidney ailment.
Skłodowska–Curie was the first person to win or share ''two'' Nobel Prizes. She is one of only two people who have been awarded a [[Nobel Prize]] in two different fields, the other being [[Linus Pauling]] (Chemistry, Peace). She remains the only woman to have won two Nobel Prizes, and the only person to have won Nobel Prizes in two different ''[[science]]'' fields. Nevertheless, the [[French Academy of Sciences]] refused to abandon its prejudice against women, and she failed by one vote to be elected to membership.<ref>L. Pearce Williams, p. 332.</ref> It would be her doctoral student, [[Marguerite Perey]], who would be the first woman elected to the Academy — in 1962, over half a century after [[Pierre Curie]]'s 1905 election.
On [[April 19]], [[1906]], Pierre was killed in a street accident as he was leaving a publisher's office. He had gone there to review proofs of an article, and found the business closed due to a strike. Heading back across the street in heavy rain, he was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, fracturing his skull. While it has been speculated that he may previously have been weakened by prolonged radiation exposure, it has not been proven that this was the cause of the accident.
Marie was devastated by her husband's death. She noted that as of that moment she had suddenly become "an incurably and wretchedly lonely person." Nevertheless, she courageously undertook to carry on at the Sorbonne the physics course that Pierre had been teaching, and she sought in her exhausting work regime a meaning for her life. Paradoxically, recognition for her work now grew to a crescendo, and in 1911 the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] awarded her her second [[Nobel Prize]]. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by world-famous novelist [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]], besought her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country.<ref>Wierzewski, p. 17.</ref>
After Pierre's death, Marie may have had an affair with physicist [[Paul Langevin]] {{Fact|date=September 2007}} — a married man who had left his wife — which resulted in a press scandal, exploited by her academic opponents. Despite her fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude to the scandal tended toward [[xenophobia]]. Later, Skłodowska–Curie's granddaughter, [[Hélène Langevin-Joliot|Hélène Joliot]], would marry Langevin's grandson, Michel Langevin.
During [[World War I]], Skłodowska-Curie pushed for the use of mobile [[radiography]] units, which came to be popularly known as ''petites Curies'' ("Little Curies"), for the treatment of wounded soldiers. These units were powered using tubes of ''radium emanation'', a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as [[radon]]. Skłodowska-Curie personally provided the tubes, derived from the radium she purified. Also, promptly after the war started, she donated her and her husband's gold [[Nobel Prize]] [[medal]]s for the war effort.
After World War I, in 1921 and again in 1929, Skłodowska-Curie toured the [[United States]], where she was welcomed triumphally, to raise funds for research on radium. These distractions from her scientific labors, and the attendant publicity, caused her much discomfort but provided resources for her work. Her second American tour succeeded in equipping the Warsaw [[Curie Institute (Warsaw)|Radium Institute]], founded in 1925 with her sister Bronisława as director.
In her later years, Skłodowska-Curie headed the [[Pasteur Institute]] and a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the [[University of Paris]].
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Banknote 500FF Curies.jpg|thumb|500-[[French franc]] [[banknote]] with ''Marie Curie'' and (background) her husband and 1903 fellow-Nobel-laureate, [[Pierre Curie]].]] -->
Skłodowska–Curie visited Poland a last time in the spring of 1934.<ref>Wierzewski, p. 17.</ref> Only a couple of months later, she was dead. Her death near [[Sallanches]], [[Savoy]], in 1934 was from [[aplastic anemia]], almost certainly due to exposure to [[radiation]]. The damaging effects of [[ionizing radiation]] were then not yet known, and much of her work had been carried out in a shed with no safety measures. She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket and stored them in her desk drawer, remarking on the pretty blue-green light that the substances gave off in the dark.
She was interred at the cemetery in [[Sceaux]], where Pierre lay, but sixty years later, in 1995, in honor of their work, the remains of both were transferred to the [[Panthéon, Paris|Panthéon]] in [[Paris]]. Her laboratory is preserved in the [[Musée Curie]].
The Curies' elder daughter, [[Irène Joliot-Curie]], won a [[Nobel Prize]] for Chemistry in 1935 for discovering that [[aluminum]] could be made radioactive and emit neutrons when bombarded with alpha rays. The younger daughter, [[Ève Curie]], wrote a biography of her late mother.
A year after the death of Skłodowska–Curie, in 1935, the [[Ignacy Mościcki|Polish President]]'s wife, Michalina Mościcka, unveiled a statue of the scientist before Warsaw's Oncology Center, housed in the building of the former [[Curie Institute (Warsaw)|Radium Institute]] that Skłodowska–Curie had founded. The monument suffered from gunfire during the 1944 [[Warsaw Uprising]], but when maintenance work was being done, it was decided not to remove these scars.<ref>Wierzewski, p. 17.</ref>
In 1967, a museum devoted to Skłodowska–Curie was established in Warsaw's "[[Warsaw New Town|New Town]]," in her birthplace on ''ulica Freta'' (Freta Street).<ref>Wierzewski, p. 17.</ref>
==Legacy==
The Curies' work contributed substantially to shaping the world of the 20th and 21st centuries, in both its physical and [[societal]] aspects. L. Pearce Williams observes:
{{blockquote|The result of the Curies' work was epoch-making. Radium's [[radioactivity]] was so great that it could not be ignored. It seemed to contradict the principle of the [[conservation of energy]] and therefore forced a reconsideration of the foundations of [[physics]]. On the experimental level the discovery of [[radium]] provided men like [[Ernest Rutherford]] with sources of radioactivity with which they could probe the structure of the [[atom]]. As a result of Rutherford's experiments with [[alpha radiation]], the [[atomic nucleus|nuclear atom]] was first postulated. In [[medicine]], the radioactivity of radium appeared to offer a means by which [[cancer]] could be successfully attacked.<ref>L. Pearce Williams, p. 332.</ref>|}}
If the work of Maria Skłodowska–Curie helped overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry, it has had an equally profound effect in the [[societal]] sphere. In order to attain her scientific achievements, she had to overcome barriers that were placed in her way as a woman in both her country of origin and her adoptive country. This aspect of her life and career is highlighted in [[Françoise Giroud]]'s ''Marie Curie: A Life'', which emphasizes Skłodowska's role as a [[feminist]] precursor. She was ahead of her time, emancipated, independent, and in addition uncorrupted. [[Albert Einstein]] is supposed to have remarked that she was probably the only person who was not corrupted by the fame that she had won.<ref>Wierzewski, p. 16.</ref>
==Prizes==
*[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1903)
*[[Davy Medal]] (1903)
*[[Matteucci Medal]] (1904)
*[[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1911)
==Tributes==
As one of the most famous female scientists to date, Marie Curie has been an icon in the scientific world and has inspired many tributes and recognitions. In 1995, she was the first and only woman laid to rest under the famous dome of the [[The Panthéon|Panthéon]], in Paris, on her own merits, alongside her husband.
The [[curie]] (symbol '''Ci'''), a unit of radioactivity, is named in her and/or Pierre's honour,<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028251/curie#245574.hook curie - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Paul W. Frame | title = How the Curie Came to Be | url = http://www.orau.org/ptp/articlesstories/thecurie.htm | accessdate = 2008-04-30}}</ref> as is the element with atomic number 96 — [[curium]].
[[Image:20000 zl a 1989.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Historical coins and banknotes of Poland]]|[[Poland|Polish]] 20,000-[[Złoty#Third z.C5.82oty .28PLZ.29.2C 1950-1994|old-''złoty'']] [[banknote]] with likeness of Maria Skłodowska-Curie]]
[[Image:Soviet Union stamp 1987 CPA 5875.jpg|thumb|200px|1987 [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] stamp, commemorating 120th anniversary of birth of Maria Skłodowska–Curie]]
Skłodowska-Curie's likeness appeared on the Polish late-1980s [[inflation]]ary [[Historical coins and banknotes of Poland|20,000-złoty banknote]]. Her likeness also appeared on stamps and coins, and on the last French 500-[[₣|franc]] note, with her husband, before the franc was made obsolete by the [[euro]].
[[Greer Garson]] and [[Walter Pidgeon]] starred in the 1943 U.S. Oscar-nominated film, ''[[Madame Curie (film)|Madame Curie]]'', based on her life. "Marie Curie" is also the name of a character in a 1988 comedy, ''[[Young Einstein]]'', by [[Yahoo Serious]].
Three radioactive minerals are named after the Curies: [http://www.uraniumminerals.com/UTh/Curite.htm curite], [http://www.uraniumminerals.com/UTh/Sklodowskite.htm sklodowskite], and [http://www.uraniumminerals.com/UTh/Cuprosklodowskite.htm cuprosklodowskite].
[[Poland|Polish]] institutions named after Maria Skłodowska–Curie include:
*[[Maria Curie-Skłodowska University]], in [[Lublin]];
*[[Curie Institute (Warsaw)|Maria Skłodowska–Curie Institute of Oncology]], in [[Warsaw]].
[[France|French]] institutions named after Maria Skłodowska–Curie include:
*[[University of Paris VI: Pierre et Marie Curie|Pierre and Marie Curie University]], the largest science, technology and medicine university in France, and successor institution to the faculty of science at the [[University of Paris]], where she taught; it is named in honor of her and Pierre. The university is home to the laboratory where they discovered [[radium]].
*The [[Curie Institute (Paris)|Curie Institute]] and [[Curie Museum]], in Paris.
In [[Bayside, Queens]], New York, another school named for her, Marie Curie [[Marie Curie Middle School 158|M.S. 158]], specializes in [[science]] and [[technology]]; as does [[Curie Metropolitan High School]] — located in [[Archer Heights, Chicago|Archer Heights]], on [[Southwest Side, Chicago|Chicago's Southwest Side]] — which has a Technical, Performing Arts and IB program.
In 2007, the [[Pierre Curie]] [[Paris Métro]] station was renamed the "[[Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris Métro)|Pierre et Marie Curie]]" station.
The [[Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion]], a [[stained glass|stained-glass]] panel created by [[Jozef C. Mazur]], may be found at the [[University at Buffalo]] Polish Room.
A [[KLM]] [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]] (registration PH-KCC) is named in her honor.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/open.file/1207719/L/. Thierry Deutsch. Retrieved [[2007]]-[[12-20]]</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of Poles#Physics|List of Poles]]
* [[List of people on stamps of Ireland#2000-2004|List of people on stamps of Ireland]] (Marie Curie stamp, issued in 2000)
* [[Marie Curie Cancer Care]]
* [[Eusapia Palladino#Paris|Eusapia Palladino]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
[[Image:1911 Solvay conference.jpg|thumb|350px|At First [[Solvay Conference]] (1911), Skłodowska-Curie (seated, 2nd from right) confers with [[Henri Poincaré]]. Standing, 4th from right, is [[Ernest Rutherford|Rutherford]]; 2nd from right, [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]; far right, [[Paul Langevin|Langevin]].]]
*Teresa Kaczorowska, ''Córka mazowieckich równin, czyli Maria Skłodowska–Curie z Mazowsza'' (Daughter of the Mazovian Plains: Maria Skłodowska–Curie of [[Mazowsze]]), [[Ciechanów]], 2007.
* Wojciech A. Wierzewski, ''Mazowieckie korzenie Marii'' ("Maria's [[Mazowsze]] Roots"), ''Gwiazda Polarna'' (The Pole Star), a Polish-American biweekly, no. 13, [[June 21]], [[2008]], pp. 16–17.
* L. Pearce Williams, "Curie, Pierre and Marie," ''[[Encyclopedia Americana]]'', [[Danbury, Connecticut]], [[Grolier]], Inc., 1986, vol. 8, pp. 331–32.
* Barbara Goldsmith, ''Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie'', New York, W.W. Norton, 2005, ISBN 0393327485.
* Naomi Pasachoff, ''Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity'', New York, [[Oxford University Press]], 1996, ISBN 0195092147.
* [[Eve Curie]], ''Madame Curie: A Biography'', translated by [[Vincent Sheean]], Da Capo Press, 2001, ISBN 0306810387.
* [[Susan Quinn]], ''Marie Curie: A Life'', Da Capo Press, 1996, ISBN 0201887945.
* [[Françoise Giroud]], ''Marie Curie: A Life'', translated by [[Lydia Davis]], Holmes & Meier, 1986, ASIN B000TOOU7Q.
==Fiction==
* {{Cite book |title=The Book about Blanche and Marie |first=Per |last=Olov Enquist |isbn=1-58567-668-3}} A 2004 novel by [[Per Olov Enquist]] featuring Maria Skłodowska-Curie, [[neurologist]] [[Jean-Martin Charcot]], and his ''[[Salpêtrière]]'' patient "Blanche" (Marie Wittman). The English translation was published in 2006.
==External links==
{{commons|Marie Curie}}
{{wikiquote|Marie Curie}}
*[http://www.aip.org/history/curie/contents.htm Long biography] at [[American Institute of Physics]] website.'' (Site also has a short version for kids entitled [http://www.aip.org/history/curie/brief/index.html "Her story in brief!"].)''
*[http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521821971 Out of the Shadows]-A study of women physicists
* [http://www.nobelprize.org/physics/articles/curie/index.html Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium] Chronology from nobelprize.org
* [http://www.nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1903 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics] and [http://www.nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1911 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry] – Nobel committee page; presentation speech, her award lecture etc.
* [http://www.umcs.lublin.pl/index.html?lang=2 The official web page of Maria Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland] in English.
* [http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/sci/msc.htm Detailed Biography at Science in Poland website]; with quotes, photographs, links etc.
* [http://www.ptchem.lodz.pl/en/museum.html Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum in Warsaw]
* [http://www.france.diplomatie.fr/label_france/ENGLISH/SCIENCES/CURIE/marie.html Marie Curie: A Nobel Prize Pioneer at the Panthéon]
* [http://www.cordis.lu/improving/fellowships/home.htm European Marie Curie Fellowships]
* [http://www.mariecurie.org Marie Curie Fellowship Association]
* [http://www.mariecurie.org.uk/ Marie Curie Cancer Care], UK
* [http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistry/institutes/1992/MarieCurie.html ''Marie Sklodowska Curie: Her Life as a Media Compendium'' ]
* [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Curie,+Marie Annotated bibliography of Marie Curie from the Alsos Digital Library]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1107.html Obituary, New York Times, July 5, 1934 ''Mme. Curie Is Dead; Martyr to Science'']
* [http://himetop.wikidot.com/marie-curie Some places and memories related to Marie Curie]
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Marie Curie on the 500 French Franc and 20000 old Polish zloty banknotes.]
*[[American Institute of Physics]]: [http://www.aip.org/history/curie/index.html Marie Curie] Exhibit on the Life of Marie Curie. [http://photos.aip.org/ Marie Curie photos available from AIP]
*{{imdb title|id=0956189|title=Marie Curie}} - Animated biography of Marie Curie on DVD from an animated series of world and American history - [[Animated Hero Classics]] distributed by Nest Learning.
*{{imdb title|id=0281993|title=Marie Curie - More than Meets the Eye}} - Live Action portrayal of Marie Curie on DVD from the Inventors Series produced by Devine Entertainment.
*{{imdb title|id=0075534|title=Marie Curie}} - Portrayal of Marie Curie in a television mini series produced by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]]
*{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n80-155913}}
{{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1901-1925}}
{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1901-1925}}
{{Persondata
|NAME=Curie, Marie
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Skłodowska-Curie, Maria (Polish)
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Physicist]] and [[chemist]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[November 7]] [[1867]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[July 4]] [[1934]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Sancellemoz]], [[France]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Curie, Marie}}
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at the Panthéon]]
[[Category:Discoverers of chemical elements]]
[[Category:Experimental physicists]]
[[Category:French chemists]]
[[Category:French physicists]]
[[Category:Leukemia deaths]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:French Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Polish Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:People from Warsaw]]
[[Category:Polish chemists]]
[[Category:Polish physicists]]
[[Category:French people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Radioactivity]]
[[Category:Women chemists]]
[[Category:Women physicists]]
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