Marquis de Sade 8787 226122108 2008-07-16T22:27:04Z 67.177.64.251 /* Scandals and imprisonment */ - Grammar (do not start a sentence with "but.") {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --> | name = Marquis de Sade | image = Sade (van Loo).png | bgcolour = silver | caption = ''Portrait of the Marquis de Sade'' by [[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]] (c. 1761), the only portrait that Sade actually sat for. | birthdate = {{birth date|1740|6|2}} | birthplace = [[Paris]], [[France]] | deathdate = {{death date and age|1814|12|2|1740|6|2}} | deathplace = [[Charenton]], [[France]] | occupation = [[nobility|noble]], [[writer]], [[poet]], [[critic]], delegate to the [[National Convention]] | influences = [[Voltaire]] | influenced = [[Simone de Beauvoir]], [[Existentialism]], [[Surrealism]], [[Camille Paglia]] }} '''Donatien Alphonse François de Sade''', '''Marquis de Sade''' ([[June 2]], [[1740]] – [[December 2]], [[1814]]) (pronounced {{IPA2|maʁki dəsad}}) was a [[France|French]] aristocrat, [[French Revolution|French revolutionary]] and writer of [[philosophy]]-laden and often violent [[pornography]]. He was a philosopher of extreme [[Freedom (philosophy)|freedom]] (or at least licentiousness), unrestrained by [[morality]], [[religion]] or [[law]], with the pursuit of personal pleasure being the highest principle. Sade was incarcerated in various prisons and in an [[psychiatric hospital|insane asylum]] for about 32 years of his life; eleven years in Paris (10 of which were spent in the [[Bastille]]) a month in [[Conciergerie]], 2 years in a fortress, a year in Madelonnettes, 3 years in [[Bicêtre]], a year in [[Sainte-Pélagie]], and 13 years in the [[Charenton (asylum)|Charenton insane asylum]]. Much of his writing was done during his imprisonment. The term "[[sadism]]" is derived from his name. == Life == === Early life and education=== {{Disputed-section|date=March 2008}} [[Image:Lacoste France.jpg|thumb|The castle over Lacoste.]] Sade was born in the [[Condé palace]] in [[Paris]]. His father was ''[[comte]]'' Jean-Bastiste François Joseph de Sade. His mother, Marie-Eléonore de Maillé de Carman, was a distant cousin and [[lady-in-waiting]] to the [[prince of Condé|princess of Condé]]. While a boy he was educated by his uncle, the [[abbé]] de Sade. Sade later attended a [[Jesuit]] [[lycée]] (all boys school) and went on to pursue a [[military]] career. He served in the [[Seven Years' War]] as colonel of a cavalry (Dragoons) regiment. He returned from the war in 1763 and pursued a daughter of a rich magistrate but this pursuit was rejected by his father who, instead, arranged a marriage with her elder sister, Renée-Pélagie de Montreuil, in the same year.<ref>{{cite book |last=Love |first=Brenda |title=The Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices |year=2002 |publisher=Abacus |location=UK |pages=p145 |isbn=0-349-11535-4 }}</ref> The couple had two sons and a daughter. His lifelong attraction to the theater became apparent in 1766 when he had a private theater constructed at his castle in [[Lacoste, Vaucluse|Lacoste]] in the [[Provence]]. His father died in January 1767. ===Title and Heirs=== The generations of this family alternated use of the titles ''[[marquis]]'' and ''[[count|comte]]''. His grandfather, Gaspard François de Sade, was the first of this family to bear the title of ''marquis''.<ref name=lely>''Vie du Marquis de Sade'' by Gilbert Lêly, 1961</ref> He was occasionally referred to as the ''marquis'' de Sade, but more often documents refer to him as the ''marquis'' de Mazan. But no reference has been found of Donatien de Sade's lands being erected into a [[marquess|marquisate]] for him or his ancestors, nor any act of registration of the title of ''marquis'' or ''comte'' by the [[parlement]] of [[Provence]] where he was domiciled. Both of these certifications would have been necessary for any legitimate title of [[French nobility|nobility]] to descend legally. But the Sade family were ''Noblesse d'épée'', that is, members of France's oldest nobility, who claimed descent from the ancient Franks. Indeed an ancestor of the family was [[Laura de Noves]]. Given the loftiness of their lineage, the assumption of a noble title, in the absence of a grant from the King, was ''[[de rigueur]]'', well-sanctioned by custom. The family's indifferent use of ''marquis'' and ''comte'' reflected the fact that the French hierarchy of titles (below the rank of [[French peerage|''duc et pair'']]) was notional. The title of ''marquis'' was, in theory, accorded to noblemen who owned several countships. Its use by men of dubious lineage had caused it to fall into some disrepute. Precedence at court depended upon seniority of nobility and royal favor, not title. Correspondence exists in which Sade is referred to as ''marquis'' prior to his marriage by his own father. {{Dubious|date=March 2008}} Nevertheless his descendants reject the use of the unofficial or honorific title of marquis and call themselves comtes de Sade. {{Dubious|date=March 2008}} His most prominent descendant is Comte Xavier de Sade, the first of his descendants to defend the family name and take an interest in the controversial work of its eighteenth century patriarch. Xavier, up until age 26 in 1948, had never been told about or aware of his famous relation, as Sade was not widely read or even legally published until the 1960s in France; the revival of interest in his controversial ideas was due in great part to the efforts of Xavier, who, when approached by Sadean biographer, Lely, in 1948, discovered a trunk in an old family barn in Provence which he had known to have been kept secret from him by his parents. Inside the trunk were well-preserved letters and manuscripts by Sade, and other family papers, including court documents and private journals. Comte Xavier de Sade gave unprecedented access to Lely upon this discovery, and subsequently much of the documentation was published from 1948 through the 1960s, still in print today. Xavier and his children and grandchildren have reinstated the intellectual property rights to the Sade family name through the French court system, a peculiar move in intellectual property law granted that Sade and his theoretical copyrights died two centuries prior, and now control all uses of the name, the image of the Marquis, and publications or adaptations of his works. Notably, Comte Xavier de Sade founded a champagne vintage named in honour of his ancestor the Marquis, which accompanies a similar line of red wine made by the family, still sold today, and introduced to the public in the late 1980s. Sade's descendants prior to Comte Xavier were staunchly against the preservation of their notorious forebear's memory and Xavier himself was virtually disowned for naming one of his own children Donatien after Sade. As noted, all descendants have refused to use the title of marquis due to its possible connotations of association with Sade, as well as its confusing legal status, since all French aristocratic titles have been officially dormant since 1848. Comte Xavier's son Hugues was lately the chief of staff for the mayor of Versailles. The family still maintains residences in Provence, though none of which are dwellings Sade himself used, while Sade's own castle at Lacoste was purchased in 2001 by a French fashion designer and is now used as a tourist attraction and high-end arts and entertainment venue. The Sade family still retains the original copies of many of Sade's manuscripts, while the others are in the collections of various French universities, libraries, and other institutions, or were destroyed in Sade's own lifetime. === Scandals and imprisonment === It is said that Sade lived a scandalous [[libertine]] existence and, purportedly, repeatedly procured young [[prostitution|prostitutes]] as well as employees of both sexes in his castle in [[Lacoste, Vaucluse|Lacoste]]. He was also accused of blasphemy, a serious offense at that time. His behavior included an affair with his wife's sister, Anne-Prospere, who had come to live at the castle. One of Sade's first major scandals occurred on Easter Sunday in 1768, in which he procured the sexual services of a woman, Rose Keller<ref>{{cite book |last= Barthes |first= Roland |title= Life of Sade |origyear= 1971 |year= 2004 |publisher= Farrar, Straus, and Giroux |location= New York }}</ref> &mdash; whether she was a prostitute or not is widely disputed. He was accused of taking her to his chateau at Arcueil, imprisoning her there and sexually and physically abusing her. She escaped by climbing out a second-floor window and running away. It was at this time that la Presidente, Sade's mother-in-law, obtained a ''[[lettre de cachet]]'' from the king, excluding Sade from the jurisdiction of the courts. The ''lettre de cachet'' would later prove disastrous for the marquis. Beginning in 1763, Sade lived mainly in or near Paris. Several prostitutes there complained about mistreatment by him and he was put under surveillance by the police who made detailed reports of his escapades. After several short imprisonments he was exiled to his chateau at Lacoste in 1768.<ref>[http://www.neilschaeffer.com/sade/timeline/index.htm Timeline of Sade's life] by Neil Schaeffer. Accessed [[September 12]], [[2006]].</ref> An episode in [[Marseille]], in 1772, involved the non-lethal poisoning of prostitutes with the supposed [[aphrodisiac]] [[Cantharidin|Spanish fly]] and [[sodomy]] with his manservant Latour. That year the two men were sentenced to death [[in absentia]] for sodomy and said poisoning. They fled to [[Italy]], Sade took his wife's sister with him and had an affair with her. His mother-in-law never forgave him for that. She obtained a ''[[lettre de cachet]]'' for his arrest (a royal order of arrest and imprisonment, without stated cause or access to the courts). Sade and Latour were caught and imprisoned at the [[Fortress of Miolans]], in late 1772, but escaped four months later. Sade later hid at Lacoste where he rejoined his wife who became an accomplice in his subsequent endeavors. He kept a group of young employees at Lacoste, most of whom complained about sexual mistreatment and quickly left his service. Sade had to flee to Italy again. During this time he wrote ''Voyage d'Italie'', which, along with his earlier travel writings, has never been translated into English. In 1776 he returned to Lacoste, again hired several servant girls, most of whom fled. In 1777 the father of one of those employees came to Lacoste, to claim her, and attempted to shoot the Marquis at point-blank range. Fortunately for Sade the gun [[misfire]]d. Later that year Sade was tricked into visiting his supposedly ill mother, who in fact had recently died, in Paris. He was arrested there and imprisoned in the [[Château de Vincennes]]. He successfully appealed his death sentence in 1778 but remained imprisoned under the ''lettre de cachet''. He escaped but was soon recaptured. He resumed writing and met fellow prisoner [[Honoré Mirabeau|Comte de Mirabeau]] who also wrote erotic works. Oddly, the two came to dislike each other immensely.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mirabeau |first=Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti |authorlink=Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau |coautors=Guillaume Apollinaire, P. Pierrugues |title=L'Œuvre du comte de Mirabeau |year=1921 |publisher=Bibliothèque des curieux |location=Paris, France |pages=p9 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k206962n.notice }}</ref> In 1784 Vincennes was closed and Sade was transferred to the [[Bastille]]. On [[July 2]] [[1789]] he reportedly shouted out from his cell, to the crowd outside, "They are killing the prisoners here!" causing somewhat of a riot. Two days later he was transferred to the [[Charenton (asylum)|insane asylum at Charenton]] near Paris. (The [[storming of the Bastille]], marking the start of the [[French Revolution]], occurred on [[July 14]].) He had been working on his [[magnum opus]] ''Les 120 Journées de Sodome'' (''[[The 120 Days of Sodom]]''). To his despair he believed that the manuscript was lost during his transferral; but he continued to write. He was released from Charenton in 1790 after the new [[National Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] abolished the instrument of ''lettre de cachet''. His wife obtained a divorce soon after. === Return to freedom, involvement with the Republic and imprisonment === During Sade's time of freedom, beginning in 1790, he published several of his books anonymously. He met Marie-Constance Quesnet, a former actress, and mother of a six year old son, who had been abandoned by her husband. Constance and Sade would stay together for the rest of his life. Sade was by now extremely obese. He initially ingratiated himself with the new political situation after the revolution, supported the Republic,<ref name="glbtq">{{citation |url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/sade.html |last=McLemee |first=Scott |title=Sade, Marquis de |year=2002 |periodical=[[glbtq.com]]}}</ref> called himself "Citizen Sade" and managed to obtain several official positions despite his aristocratic background. Due to the damage done to his estate in [[Lacoste]] which was sacked in [[1789]] by an angry mob, he moved to Paris. In [[1790]] he was elected to the [[National Convention]] where he represented the [[far left]]. He was a member of the Piques section, a section notorious for its radical views. He wrote several political pamphlets, in which he called for the implementation of [[direct vote]]. However there is much to suggest that he suffered abuse from his fellow revolutionaries due to his aristocratic background. Matters were not helped by the desertion of his son, a second lietenant and the aide-de-camp to an important colonel the [[Marquis de Toulengeon]], in May [[1792]]. De Sade was forced to disavow his son's desertion in order to save his neck. Later that year his name was entered - whether by error or willful malice - on the list of émigrés of the Bouches-du-Rhone department.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/athens/acropolis/7362/timeline.htm The Life and Times of the Marquis de Sade<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Appalled by the [[Reign of Terror]] in 1793, he wrote an admiring [[eulogy]] for [[Jean-Paul Marat]] to secure his position. Then he resigned his posts, was accused of "moderatism" and imprisoned for over a year. He barely escaped the [[guillotine]], probably due to an [[Administrative Error|administrative error]]. This experience presumably confirmed his life-long detestation of state tyranny and especially of the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]]. He was released in 1794, after the overthrow and execution of [[Maximilien Robespierre]] had effectively ended the Reign of Terror. In 1796, now all but destitute, he had to sell his ruined castle in [[Lacoste, Vaucluse|Lacoste]]. The ruins of the castle were acquired in the 1990s by fashion designer [[Pierre Cardin]] who now holds regular theater festivals there. === Imprisonment for his writings and death === In 1801 [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] ordered the arrest of the anonymous author of ''[[Justine (Sade)|Justine]]'' and ''[[Juliette (novel)|Juliette]]''. Sade was arrested at his publisher's office and imprisoned without trial; first in the [[Sainte-Pélagie]] prison and, following allegations that he had tried to seduce young fellow prisoners there, in the harsh fortress of [[Bicêtre Hospital|Bicêtre]]. After intervention by his family, he was declared insane in 1803 and transferred once more to the [[Charenton (asylum)|asylum at Charenton]]. His ex-wife and children had agreed to pay his pension there. Constance was allowed to live with him at Charenton. The benign director of the institution, [[Abbé de Coulmier]], allowed and encouraged him to stage several of his plays, with the inmates as actors, to be viewed by the Parisian public. Coulmier's novel approaches to psychotherapy attracted much opposition. In 1809 new police orders put Sade into solitary confinement and deprived him of pens and paper, though Coulmier succeeded in ameliorating this harsh treatment. In 1813, the government ordered Coulmier to suspend all theatrical performances. Sade began an affair with 13-year-old Madeleine Leclerc, an employee at Charenton. This affair lasted some 4 years, until Sade's death in 1814. He had left instructions in his will to be cremated and his ashes scattered but, instead, he was buried in Charenton. His skull was later removed from the grave for [[phrenology|phrenological]] examination. His son had all his remaining unpublished manuscripts burned, including the immense multi-volume work ''Les Journées de Florbelle''. == Appraisal and criticism == {{Unreferencedsection|date=March 2007}} Numerous writers and artists, especially those concerned with sexuality, have been both repelled and fascinated by de Sade. The contemporary rival pornographer [[Rétif de la Bretonne]] published an ''[[Anti-Justine]]'' in 1793. [[Simone de Beauvoir]] (in her essay ''Must we burn Sade?'', published in ''[[Les Temps modernes]]'', December 1951 and January 1952) and other writers have attempted to locate traces of a radical philosophy of [[Freedom (philosophy)|freedom]] in Sade's writings, preceding modern [[existentialism]] by some 150 years. He has also been seen as a precursor of [[Sigmund Freud]]'s [[psychoanalysis]] in his focus on sexuality as a motive force. The [[surrealism|surrealists]] admired him as one of their forerunners, and [[Guillaume Apollinaire]] famously called him "the freest spirit that has yet existed". [[Pierre Klossowski]], in his 1947 book ''Sade Mon Prochain'' ("Sade My Neighbor"), analyzes Sade's philosophy as a precursor of [[nihilism]], negating both Christian values and the [[French materialism|materialism]] of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. One of the essays in [[Max Horkheimer]] and [[Theodor Adorno]]'s ''[[Dialectic of Enlightenment]]'' (1947) is titled "Juliette or Enlightenment and Morality" and interprets the ruthless and calculating behavior of ''[[L'Histoire de Juliette|Juliette]]'' as the embodiment of the philosophy of enlightenment. Similarly, psychoanalyst [[Jacques Lacan]] posited in his 1966 essay "Kant avec Sade" that de Sade's ethic was the complementary completion of the [[categorical imperative]] originally formulated by [[Immanuel Kant]]. In his 1988 ''Political Theory and Modernity'', [[William E. Connolly]] analyzes Sade's ''[[Philosophy in the Bedroom]]'' as an argument against trend of earlier political philosophers, notably [[Rousseau]] and [[Hobbes]], and their attempts to reconcile nature, reason and virtue as basis of ordered society. In ''The Sadeian Woman: And the Ideology of Pornography'' (1979), [[Angela Carter]] provides a [[feminism|feminist]] reading of Sade, seeing him as a "moral pornographer" who creates spaces for women. Similarly, [[Susan Sontag]] defended both Sade and [[Georges Bataille]]'s ''[[Histoire de l'oeil]]'' (''Story of the Eye'') in her essay, "The Pornographic Imagination" (1967) on the basis their works were [[Transgressional fiction|transgressive]] texts, and argued that neither should be censored. By contrast, [[Andrea Dworkin]] saw Sade as the exemplary woman-hating pornographer, supporting her theory that pornography inevitably leads to violence against women. One chapter of her book ''Pornography: Men Possessing Women'' (1979) is devoted to an analysis of Sade. [[Susie Bright]] claims that Dworkin's first novel ''Ice and Fire'', which is rife with violence and abuse, can be seen as a modern re-telling of Sade's ''Juliette''.<ref>[http://susiebright.blogs.com/susie_brights_journal_/2005/04/andrea_dworkin_.html Andrea Dworkin has Died], from Susie Bright's Journal, [[11 April]] [[2005]]. Accessed [[23 November]] [[2006]]</ref> == Works written by de Sade== ===Novels/Novellas/Tales=== * [[Justine (Sade)|Justine, Les Infortunes de la Vertu]] (ou les Malheurs de la Vertu, or Good Conduct Well-Chastised) * [[Juliette (novel)|Juliette, or Vice Amply Rewarded]] (l'Histoire de Juliette, sa soeur [ou les Prosperites du vice]) * [[The 120 Days of Sodom|The 120 Days of Sodom, or the School of Licentiousness]] (Les 120 Journees de Sodome, ou l'Ecole de libertinage) * [[The Crimes of Love]] ([[Les Crimes de l'Amour]], Nouvelles heroiques et tragiques) ** Vol. I *** Juliette et Raunai, ou la Conspiration d'Amboise, nouvelle historique *** La Double Epreuve ** Vol. II *** [[Miss Henriette Stralson]], ou les Effets du desespoir, nouvelle anglaise *** [[Faxelange]], ou les Torts de l'ambition *** [[Florville and Courval]], or The Works of Fate (Florville et Courval, ou le Fatalisme) ** Vol. III *** Rodrigue, ou la Tour enchantee, conte allegorique *** Laurence and Antonio, An Italian Tale (Laurence et Antonio, nouvelle italienne) *** Ernestine, A Swedish Tale (Ernestine, nouvelle suedoise) ** Vol. IV *** Dorgeville, ou le Criminel par Vertu *** La Comtesse de Sancerre, ou la Rivale de sa fille, anecdote de la Cour de Bourgogne *** [[Eugenie de Franval]] (recently published by Hesperus Classics under the title of ''Incest'') * Voyage d'Italie * Le Portefeuille d'un homme de lettres '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * OEuvres diverses (1764 - 1869) ** Le Philosophe soi-disant ** Voyage de Hollande * La Marquise de Gange (1813) * Contes et Fabliaux du XVIII siecle, par troubadour provencal ** Historiettes *** Le Serpent *** La Saillie gasconne *** L'Heureuse Feinte *** Le M... puni *** L'Eveque embourbe *** Le Revenant *** Les Harangueurs provencaux *** Attrapez-moi toujours de meme *** L'Epoux complaisant *** Aventure incomprehensible *** La Fleur de chataignier ** Contes et Fabliaux *** L'Instituteur philosophe *** La Prude, ou la Rencontre imprevue *** Emilie de Tourville, ou la Cruaute fraternelle *** Augustine de Villeblanche, ou le Stratageme de l'amour *** Soit fait ainsi qu'il est requis *** Le President mystifie *** La Marquise de Theleme, ou les Effets du libertinage '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' *** Le Talion *** Le Cocu de lui-meme, ou les Raccommodement imprevu *** Il y a place pour deux *** L'Epoux corrige *** Le Mari pretre, conte provencal *** La Chatelaine de Longueville, ou la Femme vengee *** Le Filous ** Appendice *** Les Dangers de la bienfaisance * [[Aline and Valcour|Aline et Valcour, ou le Roman philosophique]] (1795) * Adelaide de Brunswick, princesse de Saxe * Les Journees de Florbelle, ou la Nature devoilee, suivies des Memoires de l'abbe de Modose et des Adventures d'Emilie de Volnange servant de preuves aux assertions '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' ** Les Conversations du chateau de Charmelle (First Draft of Les Journees Florbelle, '''Destroyed / Lost''') * Les Delassements du libertin, ou la Neuvaine de Cythere '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * La Fine Mouche '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * L'Heureux Echange '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * Les Inconvenients de la pitie '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * Les Reliques '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * Le Cure de Prato '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * [[Histoire secrete d'Isabelle de Baviere, reine de France]] (1953) ===Historiettes=== * La Liste du Suisse '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * La Messe trop chere '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * L'Honnete Ivrogne '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * N'y allez jamais sans lumiere '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * La justice venitienne '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * Adelaide de Miramas, ou le Fanatisme protestan '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' ===Essays=== * Reflections on the Novel (Idee sur les romans, introductory text to Les Crimes de l'Amour) * The Author of Les Crimes de l'Amour to Villeterque, Hack Writer (1803) (L'Auteur de "Les Crimes de l'Amour" a Villeterque, folliculaire) ===Plays=== * [[Dialogue Between a Priest and a Dying Man]] (Dialogue entre un pretre et un moribond) * [[Philosophy in the Bedroom]] (La Philosophie dans le boudoir) * [[Oxtiern, The Misfortunes of Libertinage]] (1800) (Le Comte Oxtiern ou les Effets du Libertinage) * Les Jumelles ou le /choix difficile * Le Prevaricateur ou le Magistrat du temps passe * Jeanne Laisne, ou le Siege de Beauvais * L'Ecole des jaloux ou la Folle Epreuve * Le Misanthrope par amour ou Sophie et Desfrancs * Le Capricieux, ou l'Homme inegal * Les Antiquaires * Henriette et Saint-Clair, ou la Force du Sang '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * Franchise et Trahison * Fanny, ou les Effets du desespoir * La Tour mysterieuse * L'Union des arts ou les Ruses de l'amour ** Divertissement '''(missing)''' ** La Fille malheureuse '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * Les Fetes de l'amitie * L'Egarement de l'infortune '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' * Tancrede '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' ===Political Pamphlets=== * Adresse d'un citoyen de Paris, au roi des Français (1791) * Section des Piques. Observations presentées à l'Assemblee administrative des hopitaux (28 octobre 1792) * Section des Piques. Idée sur le mode de la sanction des Lois; par un citoyen de cette Section (2 novembre 1792) * Pétition des Sections de Paris à la Convention nationale (1793) * Section des Piques. Extraits des Registres des déliberations de l'Assemblée générale et permanente de la Section des Piques (1793) * La Section des Piques à ses Frères et Amis de la Société de la Liberté et de l'Égalite, à Saintes, departement de la Charente-Inferieure (1793) * Section des Piques. Discours prononcé par la Section des Piques, aux manes de Marat et de Le Pelletier, par Sade, citoyen de cette section et membre de la Société populaire (1793) * Petition de la Section des Piques, aux representants de peuple français (1793) * Les Caprices, ou un peu de tout '''(Destroyed / Lost)''' ===Letter Correspondence/Personal Notes Posthumously Published into Books=== * Letters From Prison * {{lang|fr|Correspondance inédite du Marquis de Sade, de ses proches et de ses familiers, publiée avec une introduction, des annales et des notes par Paul Bourdin (1929)}} * L'Aigle, Mademoiselle..., Lettres publiées pour la première fois sur les manuscrits autographes inédits avec une Préface et un Commentaire par Gilbert Lely (1949) * Le Carillon de Vincennes. Lettres inédites publiées avec des notes par Gilbert Lely (1953) * Cahiers personnels (1803-1804). Publiés pour la première fois sur les manuscrits autographes inédits avec une préface et des notes par Gilbert Lely (1953) * Monsieur le 6. Lettres inédites (1778 - 1784) publiées et annotées par Georges Daumas. Préface de Gilbert Lely (1954) * Cent onze Notes pour La Nouvelle Justine. Collection "La Terrain vague," no. IV (1956) ===Uncertain/Misattributions=== * [[Theory of Libertinage]] * [[Zoloé]] ==Fictional works== {{main|The Marquis de Sade in popular culture}} Sade's life and works have been the subject of numerous fictional plays, films, pornographic or erotic drawings, etchings and more. These include [[Peter Weiss]]'s play ''[[Marat/Sade]]'', a fantasia extrapolating from the fact that Sade directed plays performed by his fellow inmates at the Charenton asylum. [[Yukio Mishima]], [[Barry Yzereef]], and [[Doug Wright]] also wrote plays about Sade; Weiss's and Wright's plays have been made into films. His work is referenced on film at least as early as [[Luis Buñuel]] and [[Salvador Dalí]]'s ''[[L'Age d'or]]'' (1930), the final segment of which provides a coda to Sade's ''120 Days of Sodom'', with the four debauched noblemen emerging from their mountain retreat. [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] filmed ''[[Salo, or the 120 Days of Sodom]]'' (1975), updating Sade's novel to the brief [[Italian Social Republic|Salo Republic]]; [[Benoit Jacquot]]'s ''[[Sade (film)|Sade]]'' and [[Philip Kaufman]]'s ''[[Quills]]'' (from the play of the same name by Doug Wright) both hit cinemas in 2000; additionally several horror films have used Sade as a major character. He is referenced in several stories by [[science fiction]] writer [[Robert Bloch]], while Polish science fiction author [[Stanislaw Lem]] wrote an essay analyzing the [[game theory]] arguments appearing in Sade's ''[[The Misfortunes of Virtue|Justine]]''.<ref name="Lem">{{cite news |url=http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/interviews/lem40interview.htm |publisher=DePauw University |title=Twenty-Two Answers and Two Postscripts: An Interview with Stanislaw Lem |author=Istvan Csicsery-Ronay, Jr. |date=1986 }}</ref> In a comical vein, in "[[Carry On films|Carry On]]" ''[[Don't Lose Your Head]]'' (1966), Charles Hawtrey's character "Duc de Pommfrit" is seen reading a book by de Sade before a foiled attempt to guillotine him. He is name-checked by the [[DC Comics]] character [[Desaad]]; was a secondary character in the [[Grant Morrison]]'s graphic novel series ''[[The Invisibles]]'' and in 2000 [[Guido Crepax]] created graphic novel combining ''[[The Misfortunes of Virtue|Justine]]'' with [[Anne Desclos]]'s ''[[Story of O|Histoire d'O]]'', supposedly following Sade's example of creating beauty from the vile and the degenerate. ==References== {{reflist}} == Further reading about de Sade== *''Marquis de Sade: his life and works.'' (1899) by [[Iwan Bloch]] ([http://supervert.com/elibrary/marquis_de_sade/ download]) *''Sade Mon Prochain.'' (1947) by [[Pierre Klossowski]] *''[[Comte de Lautréamont|Lautréamont]] and Sade.'' (1949) by [[Maurice Blanchot]] *''The Marquis de Sade, a biography.'' (1961) by Gilbert Lély *''Philosopher of Evil: The Life and Works of the Marquis de Sade.'' (1962) by Walter Drummond *''The life and ideas of the Marquis de Sade.'' (1963) by Geoffrey Gorer *''Sade, [[Charles Fourier|Fourier]], [[Ignatius of Loyola|Loyola]].'' (1971) by [[Roland Barthes]] ([http://supervert.com/elibrary/marquis_de_sade/ Life of Sade download]) *'' De Sade: A Critical Biography.'' (1978) by [[Ronald Hayman]] *''The Sadeian Woman: An Exercise in Cultural History.'' (1979) by [[Angela Carter]] *''The Marquis de Sade: the man, his works, and his critics: an annotated bibliography.'' (1986) by Colette Verger Michael *''Sade, his ethics and rhetoric.'' (1989) collection of essays, edited by Colette Verger Michael *''Marquis de Sade: A Biography.'' (1991) by Maurice Lever *''The philosophy of the Marquis de Sade.'' (1995) by Timo Airaksinen *''Sade contre l'Être suprême.'' (1996) by [[Philippe Sollers]] *''A Fall from Grace'' (1998) by Chris Barron *''Sade: A Biographical Essay'' (1998) by Laurence Louis Bongie *''An Erotic Beyond: Sade.'' (1998) by [[Octavio Paz]] ([http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E3D7153DF93AA25757C0A96E958260 review]) *''The Marquis de Sade: a life.'' (1999) by Neil Schaeffer *''At Home With the Marquis de Sade: A Life.'' (1999) by Francine du Plessix Gray *''Sade: from materialism to pornography.'' (2002) by Caroline Warman *''Marquis de Sade: the genius of passion.'' (2003) by [[Ronald Hayman]] *''Marquis de Sade: A Very Short Introduction'' (2005) by John Phillips == External links == {{commons|Marquis de Sade|Marquis de Sade}} {{wikiquotepar|Marquis de Sade}} {{externallinks}} ===About his life and work=== *Sade, Marquis de. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved [[August 9]], [[2006]], from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064686 <!-- This formerly good site says nothing much now except "new site coming soon". We should keep an eye on it, it will probably eventually be worth restoring. &ndash; [[User:Jmabel|Jmabel]] | [[User talk:Jmabel|Talk]] 06:18, [[February 4]], [[2005]] (UTC) *[http://www.antonellagambotto.com/NonfictionReviewMarquis.htm Critique of Maurice Lever's biography of de Sade] *[http://www.monsieurlesix.be/ Monsieur Le Six], a source of texts by and about Sade. Includes engravings from his books as well as photos of his skull.--> *{{imdb name|id=0211381|name= Marquis de Sade}} *[http://www.routledge-ny.com/enc/eros/individual.html Marquis de Sade], extensive assessment of his work, from the upcoming Routledge Encyclopedia of Erotic Literature (bad link?) *[http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/desade.htm Marquis de Sade], from "books and writers" *[http://www.neilschaeffer.com/sade/index.htm Site about Neil Schaeffer's biography of Sade], includes some letters written by Sade while in prison, a timeline, and a bibliography *[http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~riw/MarquesDeSade.htm Timeline of his life] *[http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/M/masters_darkness/desade.html Biography of Sade] from [[Channel 4]]. *[http://desade.free.fr/docs/sade.html A Brief Account of the Life of the Marquis de Sade], by Anthony Walker *[http://www.historyhouse.com/in_history/desade/ Detailed description of one of de Sade's escapes] *[http://www.littere.com/lostbooks/engl/enbibliot1.shtm Extensive annotated bibliography], by Marina Pianu *[http://www.heraldique-europeenne.org/Regions/France/Sade.htm Arms of the Sade family] * Bataille on Sade http://www.janushead.org/9-1/Roche.pdf by Geoffrey Roche ===Works online=== ;French * [http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Donatien_Alphonse_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Sade French Wikisource], many public domain works by Sade * [http://desade.free.fr/ desade.free.fr], many works by or about Sade, in several languages. ;English * [http://supervert.com/elibrary/marquis_de_sade Marquis de Sade elibrary] &ndash; Electronic library featuring PDFs of 120 Days of Sodom, Philosophy in the Bedroom, a short story, as well as biographical materials * [http://www.globusz.com/ebooks/120Days/ The 120 Days of Sodom] (online e-book) * [http://www.globusz.com/ebooks/Justine/ Justine] * [http://www.horrormasters.com/Text/a0293.pdf Dialogue Between a Priest and a Dying Man] * [http://readytogoebooks.com/FC-P15.html Florville and Courval] * {{gutenberg author| id=Sade+Marquis+de | name=Marquis de Sade}} {{Enlightenment}} {{Persondata |NAME=de Sade, Marquis |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=de Sade, Donatien Alphonse François |SHORT DESCRIPTION=French writer of pornography and philosophy |DATE OF BIRTH={{birth date|1740|6|2|mf=y}} |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Paris]], [[France]] |DATE OF DEATH={{death date|1814|12|2|mf=y}} |PLACE OF DEATH=[[Saint-Maurice, Val-de-Marne|Charenton-Saint-Maurice]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sade, Marquis de}} [[Category:1740 births]] [[Category:1814 deaths]] [[Category:People from Paris]] [[Category:BDSM writers]] [[Category:Deputies to the French National Convention]] [[Category:French atheists]] [[Category:French dramatists and playwrights]] [[Category:French nobility]] [[Category:French novelists]] [[Category:People sentenced to death in absentia]] [[Category:LGBT writers from France]] [[Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni]] [[Category:Marquesses]] [[Category:Obscenity controversies]] [[Category:Philosophy of sexuality]] [[Category:Sex scandals]] [[Category:French erotica writers]] {{Link FA|el}} {{Link FA|es}} [[bs:Marquis de Sade]] [[br:Markiz Sade]] [[bg:Донасиен Алфонс Франсоа дьо Сад]] [[ca:Marquès de Sade]] [[cv:Маркис де Сад]] [[cs:Donatien Alphonse François de Sade]] [[da:Markis de Sade]] [[de:Donatien Alphonse François de Sade]] [[et:Markii de Sade]] [[el:Μαρκήσιος ντε Σαντ]] [[es:Marqués de Sade]] [[eo:Markizo de Sade]] [[fa:مارکی دوساد]] [[fr:Marquis de Sade]] [[gl:Marqués de Sade]] [[hr:Marquis de Sade]] [[io:Markezo de Sade]] [[id:Marquis de Sade]] [[is:Marquis de Sade]] [[it:Donatien Alphonse François de Sade]] [[he:המרקיז דה סאד]] [[ka:მარკიზ დე სადი]] [[ku:Marquis de Sade]] [[la:Donatianus Alphonsus Franciscus de Sade]] [[lt:Markizas de Sadas]] [[hu:De Sade márki]] [[nl:Markies de Sade]] [[ja:マルキ・ド・サド]] [[no:Markis de Sade]] [[oc:Marqués de Sade]] [[pl:Donatien Alphonse François de Sade]] [[pt:Marquês de Sade]] [[ro:Marchizul de Sade]] [[ru:Маркиз де Сад]] [[simple:Marquis de Sade]] [[sl:Markiz de Sade]] [[sh:Markiz de Sade]] [[fi:Markiisi de Sade]] [[sv:Markis de Sade]] [[th:มาร์กีส์ เดอ ซาด]] [[tr:Marquis de Sade]] [[uk:Маркіз де Сад]] [[zh:薩德侯爵]]