Marshal
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2008-07-12T04:11:07Z
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/* Marshal ranks by country */
:''This article is about a title. For other meanings, see [[Marshal (disambiguation)]].''
'''Marshal''' (also sometimes spelled '''marshall''' in [[American English]], but not in [[British English]]) is a word used in several official titles of various branches of society. The word derives from [[Old High German]] ''marah'' "horse" and ''schalh'' "servant",<ref>{{cite book|title=Chambers 20th Century Dictionary|editor=E. M. Kirkpatrick|publisher=W & R Chambers Ltd|location=Edinburgh|date=1983|pages=p.772|isbn=0550102345}}</ref> and originally meant "stable keeper"{{Facts|date=March 2008}}. As marshals became trusted members of the courts of [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] [[Europe]], the title grew in reputation. During the last few centuries, it has been used for the most elevated offices. The American English spelling of the name ("Marshall") is often confused with the spelling of the title ("Marshal"). It is approximate to the position of [[Constable]], of similar etymology.
== Military ==
{{Military ranks}}
In many countries, the rank of Marshal is the highest [[Army]] [[military rank|rank]], outranking [[Field Marshal]]s, [[Grand Admiral]]s and [[General]]s. Marshals are very sparsely appointed, and typically only in war-time (although this need not be the case). The special symbol of a Marshal is a [[baton (symbol)|baton]], and so their insignia often incorporate batons.
In some countries, the word ''Marshal'' is also used instead of ''General'' in the higher [[Air force]] ranks. The four highest [[Royal Air Force]] ranks are '''[[Marshal of the Royal Air Force]]''', '''[[Air Chief Marshal]]''', '''[[Air Marshal]]''' and '''[[Air Vice Marshal]]''' (although the first, which has generally been suspended as a peacetime rank, is the only one which can properly be considered a marshal). The [[5 star rank]] of [[Marshal of the Air Force]] is used by some [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] air forces.
In the French army and some armies based on the French army, Maréchal des logis ( [[Marshal-of-Lodgings]] ) is a cavalry term equivalent to [[sergeant]].
Some historical rulers have used special ''Marshal'' titles to reward certain subjects. Though not strictly military ranks, these honorary titles have been exclusively bestowed upon successful military leaders, such as the famous [[Grand Marshal]] of Ayacucho [[Antonio Jose de Sucre]]. Most famous are the '''[[Marshal of France|Marshals of France]]''' (''Maréchaux de France''), not least under [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]]. Another such title was that of '''[[Reich Marshal]]''' (''Reichsmarschall''), that was bestowed upon [[Hermann Göring]] by [[Adolf Hitler]], although it was never a regular title.
[[Soviet Union]] and [[Russia]] have both [[General of the Army]] and Marshal in their rank system, which leaves the latter as a largely honorary rank.
=== Marshal ranks by country ===
The following articles deal with the rank of Marshal as used by specific countries:
* [[Marshal of Bolivia]]
* [[Marshal of the German Democratic Republic]] ([[East Germany]])
* [[Marshal of Finland]] ([[Finland]])
* [[Marshal of France]] ([[France]])
* [[Marshal-of-Lodgings]] ([[France]])
* [[Marshal (Japan)]]
* [[Marshal of Italy]] ([[Italy]])
* [[Marshal of the Air Force]] ([[New Zealand]])
* [[Marshal of Paraguay]]
* [[Marshal of Peru]]
* [[Marshal of Poland]] ([[Poland]])
* [[Mareşal (Romania)|Mareşal]] ([[Romania]])
* [[Marshal of the Russian Federation]] ([[Russian Federation]])
* [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] ([[Soviet Union]])
* [[Mareşal (Turkey)|Mareşal]] ([[Turkey]])
* [[Marshal of Venezuela]]
* [[Marshal of Yugoslavia]] ([[SFRY|Yugoslavia]])
* [[Mariscal]] and the upper [[Condestable]] ([[Spanish language]] countries)
These non-[[Europe]]an ranks are considered the equivalent to a Marshal
* [[Chom Phon]] ([[Thailand]])
* [[General of the Army]], [[Fleet Admiral]] and [[General of the Air Force]] ([[United States]])
* [[Mushir]] ([[Middle East]])
* [[Wonsu]] ([[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]])
* [[Yuan Shuai]] (China)
* [[Gensui]] (Japan)
== Ceremonial ==
* In feudal times, at many courts one or more of the major dignitaries were styled marshal or a compound such as ''court marshal'' (not related to [[court martial]]) or grand marshal; their functions varied, also in time, but frequently included formally announcing guests at audiences, balls, dinners, etc. Such prestigious office was often made [[hereditary]] in the high nobility, e.g. the English [[Earl Marshal]], or the Scots [[Earl Marischal]].
* The term is still used in modern pageantry; for example, the ''grand marshal'' of a parade is often an honored guest or dignitary
* In the United States, many colleges and universities have marshals. In some cases there is a single "faculty marshal," appointed to the post on a more or less stable basis. In others, there are one or several faculty marshals, and often one or several student marshals appointed for a single occasion. In all cases the post is one of honor given to a senior faculty member or outstanding students, and the functions are generally exclusively involved with the leading of processions or parts of processions during commencement exercises, academic convocations and similar events. Often, they carry maces, staffs or wands of office.
== Law enforcement ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Shanghai Noon]] -->
The word [[Marechaussee]] seems to derive from the old French name Marecheaux given to an ancient court of justice in Paris called the "Tribunal of [[Constable of France|Constable]]s and [[Marshal of France|Marshals of France]]". These constables and marshals were to become members of the [[Gendarmerie]] which served as a model for the police forces of both [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]]. The term Marechaussee was also used for the [[Continental Army]]'s [[military police]] during the [[American Revolution]]. In the [[Netherlands]] today, the [[Koninklijke Marechaussee]] is a national military police service similar to the French [[Gendarmerie]].
===United States===<!-- This section is linked from [[Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States]] -->
Particularly in the [[United States]], ''marshal'' is used for various kinds of law enforcement officers.
====Federal Marshals====
The federal court system in the United States is organized into 94 federal judicial districts, each with a court (and one or several judges), a United States Attorney with assistants as prosecutors and government lawyers, and one marshal, appointed by the president, in charge of federal law enforcement. The courts are part of the independent judicial branch of the government, while the marshals and US attorneys are part of the executive branch Department of Justice.
In actual practice, the US marshal for the district mainly oversees court security, and has a unit of appointed deputies (other law enforcement operations and the federal prison system are handled by a variety of federal police agencies) and Special Deputies.
The '''[[United States Marshals Service]]''' is a professional, [[civil service]] unit of [[federal police]], part of the system of marshals explained above but made up of career law enforcement personnel rather than the appointed district marshals. The US Marshals Service assists with court security and prisoner transport, serves [[arrest warrant]]s and seeks fugitives.
[[Federal Air Marshal Service]] is a separate, armed federal law enforcement service employed to protect commercial airliners from the threat of [[Skyjacking]]. (Though called ''Air Marshals'', they are completely unrelated to the military rank mentioned above, and are not to be confused with it.) These officers, like the above marshals, work for the [[executive branch]] of the [[US government]].
The [[US Supreme Court]] maintains its own, separate Marshal of the Supreme Court who also controls the [[US Supreme Court Police]], a [[security police]] service answerable to the court itself rather than to the president or attorney general. It handles security for the Supreme Court building, for the justices personally, and undertakes whatever other missions the court may require.
====State and Local====
*In many American States marshals could be found acting at the state, local or municipal court level, marshals could be court bailiffs and/or serving process or even full police officers. Although some may be sworn peace officers their job is, in certain cases entirely civil rather than criminal law enforcement. Some communities maintain a Town Marshal who is responsible for general law enforcement as well as court duties, while others are strictly court officers. This is especially true in communities with both police and marshals.
**In the [[American Old West]] (example, Arizona Territory of the 1880s), marshals, usually called the "Town Marshal", or "City Marshal" (since the larger cities were often punctilious about their titles) were appointed or elected [[Chief of police|police officers]] of small communities, with similar powers and duties to that of a police chief, generally with powers ending at the border of the community. By contrast, federal marshals (U.S. marshals) would work in a larger, possibly overlapping area, especially in pioneering country, in an area overlapping with the state or territorial office of county [[sheriff]] (who then, as now, policed communities as well as areas between communities). The word is still used in this sense, especially in the [[Southwest United States]]. (''See'' [[List of Western lawmen]]). Town or City Marshal is still the name for the head officer of some community police forces.
**In [[California]], several counties once maintained separate county marshal's Offices which served as court officers similar to US Marshals. All have been merged into or taken over by the local County Sheriff's Office. California also has Fire Marshals and Deputy Fire Marshals. These individuals may work for the State of California Fire Marshal's Office, or various county, city or special districts throughout the state. Fire Marshals and Deputy Fire Marshals are full-time sworn peace officers throughout the state, with powers of arrest state wide under section 830.37 of the California Penal Code. Responsibilities include fire and arson investigation, bomb and explosives investigation, general law enforcement as well as enforcement of the Fire Code.
**In [[Connecticut]], marshals serve as court officers. They are separated into two classes: ''State Marshals'' are charged with service of process, and ''Judicial Marshals'' perform court security and transport detainees to and from court.
**In [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], the Marshal is a civil law enforcement officer in some counties and may have some patrol duties.
**In [[Indiana]], In towns which still have them, Marshals are responsible for law enforcement in a town. His usual duties are the enforcement of local ordinances and code enforcement. He may also be the town's humane officer.
**In [[Maine]] the State Marshal Service provides physical security and law enforcement duties to the judicial system as well as protection of all state judges. Deputy Marshals are fully sworn state law enforcement officers with statewide authority.
**In [[Missouri]] the State Marshals provides physical security and law enforcement duties to the judicial system as well as protection of all state judges. Deputy Marshals are fully sworn state law enforcement officers with statewide authority.
**At the local level in the State of Missouri, City Marshals are elected Chief Law Enforcement Officers of the city. They have the same police powers as a regular Police Officer within the City limits of their city. The amount of training to be a city Marshal is far less then a regular municipal police officer, as such a Marshal's jurisdiction is strictly limited to the city limits of the city they are elected from. Even if they witness a violation of the Law in their city, they can not pursue a person if they flee beyond the city limits. The position of City Marshal is rare in the State of Missouri and is only found in very small rural cities that do not have the budget to maintain a Police Department. [http://www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/c000-099/0850000610.htm] [http://www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/c000-099/0850000551.htm] [http://www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/c000-099/0790000055.htm]
**In [[California]] Each county maintains a Marshal's Office for duties of general county court security, [[bailiff]] and process of civil service including evictions.
**In [[Colorado]] Cities, towns and villages decide whether to appoint a Marshal, elect a Sheriff or have the board/council/city manager hire a Chief of Police as the top criminal law enforcement for their jurisdiction. Marshals are elected by the trustees to serve a fixed term, sheriffs are elected by the citizens for a fixed term, chiefs of police can be fired at will by whoever hired them just like any other employee.
**In [[New York City, New York]], City Marshals are appointed by the Mayor to 5-year terms, but receive no salary from the city. Instead, the Marshal pays New York City a percentage of the fees he receives for collecting to the judgments. As Public Officials, City marshals may, depending on the court order brought to them by the winning litigant, seize money, moveable property (for instance, inventory from a business), vehicles (<s>as with defaulted car loans</s>), <s>real property</s> return possession of rental premises to the landlord, (they can evict tenants), and so on. Marshals are overseen by the [[Department of Investigation]], a mayoral department.
**In [[Ohio]] the term ''village marshal'' has been used for the same, often without any colleague, directly under the Mayor.
**In [[Texas]], city marshals and deputy city marshals have, by law, the same authority as a municipal (village, town, or city) police officer. However, municipalities that have both a police force as well as a city marshal's office often utilize the police as the general law enforcement agency of the municipality, while court security and process service is provided by the city marshal's office. In municipalities that do not have a police department, the city marshal's office sometimes serves as the agency that provides general law enforcement services to residents.
**In [[Washington]], the City of [[Seattle]] employs Marshals in their Municipal Court, with the senior officer holding the title of Chief Marshal and the subordinate officers being Deputy Marshals.
===Europe===
====France====
In [[France]] the Maréchaussée was the forerunner of the [[French Gendarmerie]]. A military corps having such duties was first created in 1337 and was placed under the command of the [[Constable of France]], and therefore named the ''[[constabulary|connétablie]]''. In 1626 after the aboliton of the title of connétable, it was put under the command of the ''Maréchal of France'', and renamed ''[[marshal|Maréchaussée]]''. Its main mission was protecting the roads from [[highwayman|highwaymen]].
The gens d'armes were originally heavy cavalry in the king's household, the equivalent of the "[[Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms]]".
In 1720 the maréchaussée was subordinated to the gendarmerie; after the [[French Revolution]] the maréchaussée was abolished and the gendarmerie took over its duties in 1791.
It was a mounted [[military police]] force organised and equipped along military lines. While its existence ensured the relative safety of French rural districts and roads, the marechaussee was regarded in contemporary England (which had no effective police force of any nature) as a symbol of foreign tyranny. In 1789, on the eve of the [[French Revolution]], the marechaussee numbered 3,660 men divided into small detachments called brigades. By law dated 16 February 1791 this force was renamed the gendarmerie nationale. Its personnel and role remained unchanged.
====Netherlands====
In the [[Netherlands]] the ''[[Koninklijke Marechaussee]]'' are the ''[[gendarmerie]]'' force. Created by King [[William I of the Netherlands|William I]] to replace the French ''gendarmerie'' on October 26, 1814 . The word ''gendarmerie'' had gained a negative connotation, so William called the new force "''marechaussée''" (''maréchaussée'' is an alternate French word for ''gendarmerie''). At that time, the ''marechaussee'' was part of the army (''landmacht''). The ''marechaussee'' performed police duties for the army, as well as civilian police work as a part of the national police (''rijkspolitie''). The ''marechaussee'' would form the only police force in many small cities like Venlo, especially in the southern provinces of Limburg and North Brabant. As of 1998, the ''marechaussee'' is a separate branch of the Dutch military assigned with military and civilian police tasks.
==Political==
===Poland===
Apart from its military uses, the Polish word ''marszałek'' (marshal) also refers to certain political offices:
*''Marszałek Sejmu'' and ''Marszałek Senatu'': the respective [[speaker (politics)|speakers]] of the lower house ([[Sejm]]) and upper house ([[Senate of Poland|Senate]]) of [[Poland]]'s parliament, usually nominated by the governing party or coalition;
*''marszałek województwa'' (voivodeship marshal): since 1999, the leader of the executive of a [[Voivodeships of Poland|voivodeship]] (one of Poland's 16 provinces), elected by the regional assembly ([[Voivodeship sejmik|sejmik]]), and co-existing with the government-appointed [[voivode]] (governor).
For other historical uses of the word, see [[marszałek]].
== Science fiction ==
===[[Star Wars]]===
The rank of Marshal has made frequent appearances in [[science fiction]] works, both live action productions and literature. In the universe of ''[[Star Wars]]'', the rank of Marshal is conjectured to be connected to the [[TIE fighter]] forces, being ranks held by senior TIE fighter commanders, equivalent to [[Imperial Navy (Star Wars)|Imperial Navy]] Admirals. Several sources of the [[Star Wars Expanded Universe]] have conjectured the following Marshal ranks of the [[starfighter]] service.
* [[Grand Marshal]]
* High Marshal
* Force Marshal
* Chief Marshal
* Marshal
* Vice Marshal
===Others===
In addition to Star Wars, the rank of Marshal may also be found in the novel ''[[Starship Troopers]]'' where the rank of [[Sky Marshal]] is held by the Commander-in-Chief of the military.
Marshal is also a military rank frequently found in the universe of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' where, more often than not, it is held by various [[villain]]s who seek galactic domination through military force.
In the ''[[Riddick]]'' universe, the leader of the diabolic [[Necromonger]] army is called the Lord Marshal.
In the computer game ''[[StarCraft]]'', the major character [[Jim Raynor]] holds the rank of Marshal at the story's outset.
In the ''[[Warhammer 40,000]]'' universe, the [[Black Templars]] [[Space Marines (Warhammer 40,000)|Space Marines]] chapter has Marshals.
In the ''[[Battletech]]'' universe, the British-themed [[Federated Suns]] uses the military rank of Marshal for a commander of a Regimental Combat Team or a Polymorphous Defense Zone, and the rank of Field Marshal for top echelon military commanders, typically encompassing the March Lords and the Prince's Champion.
Another example of the rank of Marshal in science fiction and [[fantasy]] can be found in [[Mercedes Lackey]]'s world of [[Valdemar]]. One of the country's most important ranks is that of [[Lord Marshal]].
In the [[Star Trek: The Next Generation]] episode "[[Hide and Q]]" the entity [[Q (Star Trek)|Q]] took the appearance of a French marshal.
In ''[[Outland (film)|Outland]]'', Sean Connery plays Marshal William T. O'Niel who runs a police force for a mining colony on Io, one of Jupiter's moons.
==Academic==
*A university marshal often leads or guides graduates in a procession to the place where the graduation ceremony will take place.
== Racing and other competitions ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Alain Prost]] -->
* In [[motor racing]], [[rallying]] etc. the [[track marshal]]s wave the [[Racing flags]] and assist crashed or broken down vehicles cars and their drivers, while [[pit marshal]]s watch over the procedures in the pits, and [[fire marshal]]s operate fire extinguisher if needed. The [[FIA]] provides [http://www.fia.com/resources/documents/1653003624__Appendix_H_a.pdf] general rules and recommendations on marshalling. In the [[2000 Italian Grand Prix]] and [[2001 Australian Grand Prix]], track marshals were victims of fatal accidents
* In some organized competitions, such as the endurance sport [[Tough guy]], officials, seeing to the observance of the rules, are styled marshals
* Marshal is the highest playing piece in the board game ''[[Stratego]]''
==References==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
*[[Earl Marshal]]
*[[General of the Army]]
*[[Generalissimo]]
*[[Constable]]
*[[Sheriff]]
*[[Police patch collecting]]
{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}}
[[Category:Marshals]]
[[Category:Sheriffs]]
[[Category:Military ranks]]
[[Category:Legal occupations]]
[[bg:Маршал]]
[[cs:Maršál]]
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[[et:Marssal]]
[[es:Mariscal]]
[[eo:Marŝalo]]
[[fr:Maréchal]]
[[ja:元帥]]
[[id:Marsekal]]
[[it:Maresciallo]]
[[nl:Maarschalk]]
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[[pt:Marechal]]
[[ru:Маршал]]
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