Martial arts 19501 226172181 2008-07-17T03:57:55Z 206.255.209.74 /* Americas */ {{otheruses}} [[Image:Bubishi.svg|thumb|150px|A block print from the [[Wu Pei Chih]] ("Bubishi" in Japanese), an 18th or 19th century text which describes techniques found in [[Chinese martial arts]] (mostly addressing [[Fujian White Crane]] Gong-fu).]] '''Martial arts''' are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for [[combat]]. While they may be studied for various reasons, martial arts share a single objective: to defeat one or more people physically and to defend oneself or others from physical threat. In addition, some martial arts are linked to spiritual or religious beliefs/philosophies such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Daoism]] or [[Shinto]], [[Confucianism]], and even [[Islam]] (by Chinese Muslims) while others have their own spiritual or non-spiritual code of honour. Many arts are also practised competitively most commonly as [[combat sport]]s, but may also be in the form of [[#Dance|dance]]. In popular culture, the term "Martial Arts" often specifically refers to the combat systems that originated in [[Culture of Asia|Asian cultures]]. However, the term actually refers to any sort of codified combat systems, regardless of origin. [[Europe]] is home to many extensive systems of martial arts, both living traditions (e.g. [[Jogo do Pau]] and other stick and sword [[fencing]] and [[Savate]], a [[France|French]] [[kick]]ing style developed by sailors and street fighters) and older systems collectively referred to as [[Historical European martial arts]] that existed until modern times and are now being reconstructed by several organizations. In the Americas, [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] have a tradition of open-handed martial arts, which includes wrestling, and [[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiians]] have historically practiced arts featuring small and large joint manipulation. A mix of origins occur in the athletic movements of [[Capoeira]], a practice that was created in [[Brazil]] by slaves and was based on skills brought with them from [[Africa]]. While each style has unique facets that make it different from other martial arts, a common characteristic is the systemization of fighting techniques. Methods of training vary and may include [[#Testing and competition|sparring]] or forms (''[[kata]]''), which are sets or routines of techniques that are performed alone, or sometimes with a partner, and which are especially common in the Asian and Asian-derived martial arts.<ref>[http://martialarts.about.com/od/formsandkatas/Forms_Katas_Extended_Martial_Arts_Sets.htm Samples of forms from different arts]</ref> The word 'martial' derives from the name of [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], the Roman god of war. The term 'Martial Arts' literally means arts of war. This term comes from 15th century Europeans who were referring to their own fighting arts that are today known as [[Historical European martial arts]]. A practitioner of martial arts is referred to as a ''martial artist''. == Variation and scope == Martial arts vary widely, and may focus on a specific area or combination of areas, but they can be broadly grouped into focusing on [[Strike (attack)|strikes]], [[grappling]], or weapons training. Below is a list of examples that make extensive use of one these areas; it is not an exhaustive list of all arts covering the area, nor are these necessarily the only areas covered by the art but are the focus or best known part as examples of the area: [[Image:800px-MacTakumiKOS.JPG|thumb|Some arts have a very specific focus while others, such as [[Mixed martial arts]], are more [[syncretic]].]] <!-- Please do not add every art here, they are just EXAMPLES, also please ONLY use B-class or above article as examples --> '''[[Strike (attack)|Striking]]''' * [[Punch (strike)|Punching]] - [[Boxing|Boxing (Western)]], [[Wing Chun]] * [[Kick]]ing - [[Capoeira]], [[Savate]], [[Taekwondo]] * Other strikes (e.g. [[Elbow (strike)|Elbows]], [[Knee (strike)|knees]], [[Open-hand strikes|open-hand]]) - [[Muay Thai]], [[Karate]], [[Shaolin Kung Fu]] '''[[Grappling]]''' * [[Throw (grappling)|Throwing]] - [[Glima]], [[Judo]], [[Jujutsu]], [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]], [[Shuai jiao]] * [[Joint lock]] - [[Aikido]], [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]], [[Hapkido]] * [[Pin (wrestling)|Pinning Techniques]] - [[Judo]], [[Wrestling]] '''Weaponry''' * [[Weapon|Traditional Weaponry]] - [[Fencing]], [[Gatka]], [[Kendo]], [[Silambam]] * Modern Weaponry - [[Eskrima]], [[Jogo do Pau]], [[Jukendo]] <!-- Please do not add every art here, they are just EXAMPLES, also please ONLY use B-class or above article as examples --> Many martial arts, especially those from Asia, also teach side disciplines which pertain to medicinal practices. This is particularly prevalent in traditional [[Chinese martial arts]] which may teach [[bone-setting]], [[qigong]], [[acupuncture]], [[acupressure]] ([[tui na]]), and other aspects of [[traditional Chinese medicine]].<ref>[http://www.chiflow.com/html/gas_kungfu.htm Internal Kung Fu]</ref> == History == {{main|History of martial arts}} {{see|Martial arts timeline}} Pictorial records of both [[wrestling]] and armed combat date to the [[Bronze Age]] [[Ancient Near East]], such as the 20th century BC mural in the tomb of [[Amenemhet]] at [[Beni Hassan]], or the 26th century BC "[[Standard of Ur]]". [[Image:Shaolin-wushu.jpg|thumb|220px|Ancient depiction of [[Shaolin]] monks practicing the art of [[self defense]].]] === Asia === ====Early history==== {{main|Asian martial arts (origins)}} The foundation of the [[Asian martial arts]] is likely a blend of early [[Chinese martial arts|Chinese]] and [[Indian martial arts|Indian arts]]. Extensive trade occurred between these nations beginning around 600 BC, with diplomats, merchants, and monks traveling the [[Silk Road]]. During the [[Warring States]] period of [[History of China|Chinese history]] (480-221 BC) extensive development in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, as described by [[Sun Tzu]] in ''[[The Art of War]]'' (c. 350 BC). An early legend in martial arts tells the tale of the [[India]]n monk [[Bodhidharma]] (also called [[Daruma]]), believed to have lived around 550 A.D. The martial virtues of discipline, humility, restraint and respect are attributed to this [[philosophy]].<ref>Reid, Howard and Croucher, Michael. ''The Way of the Warrior-The Paradox of the Martial Arts" New York. Overlook Press: 1983.</ref> Contrary to popular belief, Bodhidharma did not found the [[Shaolin]] temple, which was founded centuries earlier. Nor did he create [[Shaolin Kung Fu]], which again, was created centuries before his arrival. However, Bodhidharma is believed to have introduced breathing exercises and arts such as Yoga to early monks of the temple. The teaching of martial arts in [[Asia]] has historically followed the cultural traditions of teacher-disciple apprenticeship. Students are trained in a strictly hierarchical system by a master instructor: ''[[Sifu]]'' in [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese]] or ''Shifu'' in [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]]; ''[[Guru]]'' in [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], [[Telugu]] and [[Malay language|Malay]]; ''Sensei'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]; ''Sa Bum Nim'' in [[Korean language|Korean]]; ''Kalari Gurukkal'' or ''Kalari Asaan'' in [[Malayalam]]; ''Asaan'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]; ''Achan'' in [[Thai language|Thai]]; ''Guro'' in [[Tagalog]] and ''Saya'' in [[Myanmar]]. ==== Recent history ==== {{main|Modern history of East Asian martial arts}} The Western interest in Asian Martial arts dates back to the late 19th century, due to the increase in trade between America with [[China]] and [[Japan]]. Relatively few Westerners actually practiced the arts, considering it to be mere performance. [[Edward William Barton-Wright]], a railway engineer who had studied [[Jujutsu]] while working in Japan between 1894–97, was the first man known to have taught Asian martial arts in Europe. He also founded an eclectic martial arts style named [[Bartitsu]] which combined jujutsu, judo, boxing, savate and [[stick fighting]]. As Western influence grew in East Asia a greater number of [[Soldier|military personnel]] spent time in China, Japan, and Korea. Exposure to martial arts during the [[Korean war]] was also significant. The later 1970s and 1980s witnessed an increased media interest in the martial arts, thanks in part to Asian and Hollywood [[martial arts movies]]. [[Jackie Chan]] and [[Jet Li]] are prominent movie figures who have been responsible for promoting Chinese martial arts in recent years. === Europe === {{main|Historical European martial arts}} [[Image:NAMA Akrotiri 2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Boxing]] was practiced in the ancient [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] ]] Martial arts existed in [[Classical antiquity|classical]] European civilization, most notably in [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] where sports were integral to the way of life. [[Ancient Greek Boxing|Boxing]] (''pygme'', ''pyx''), Wrestling (''pale'') and [[Pankration]] (from ''pan'', meaning "all", and ''kratos'', meaning "power" or "strength") were represented in the [[Ancient Olympic Games]]. The [[Roman Empire|Romans]] produced [[Gladiator|Gladiatorial combat]] as a public spectacle. A number of [[historical fencing]] forms and manuals have survived, and many groups are working to [[Historical martial arts reconstruction|reconstruct]] older European martial arts. The process of reconstruction combines intensive study of detailed combat treatises produced from 1400–1900 A.D. and practical training or "pressure testing" of various techniques and tactics. This includes such styles as [[sword and shield]], [[two-handed swordfighting]], [[halberd]] fighting, [[jousting]] and other types of melee weapons combat. This reconstruction effort and modern outgrowth of the historical methods is generally referred to as [[Western martial arts]]. Many [[Medieval]] martial arts manuals have survived, the most famous being Johannes [[Lichtenauer]]'s ''Fechtbuch'' (Sword Tome) of the 14th century. Today Lichtenauer's tome forms the basis of the [[German school of swordsmanship]]. In Europe, the martial arts declined with the rise of [[firearms]]. As a consequence, martial arts with historical roots in Europe do not exist today to the same extent as in Asia, since the traditional martial arts either died out or developed into [[sports]]. Swordsmanship developed into [[fencing]]. Boxing as well as forms of wrestling have endured. [[Historical European martial arts|European martial arts]] have mostly adapted to changing technology so that while some traditional arts still exist, military personnel are trained in skills like [[bayonet]] combat and marksmanship. Some European weapon systems have also survived as folk sports and as self-defense methods. These include stick-fighting systems such as [[bataireacht]] of [[Ireland]], [[Jogo do Pau]] of [[Portugal]] and the [[Juego del Palo]] style(s) of the [[Canary Islands]]. Other martial arts evolved into sports that no longer recognized as combative. One example is the [[pommel horse]] event in men's [[gymnastics]], an exercise which itself is derived from the sport of [[Equestrian vaulting]]. [[Cavalry]]riders needed to be able to change positions on their horses quickly, rescue fallen allies, fight effectively on horseback and dismount at a gallop. Training these skills on a stationery barrel evolved into sport of gymnastics' pommel horse exercise. More ancient origins exist for the [[shot put]] and the [[javelin throw]], both weapons utilized extensively by the Romans. === Americas === [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native peoples]] of [[North America]] and [[South America]] had their own martial training which began in childhood. Some [[First Nations]] men, and more rarely some women, were called warriors only after they had proved themselves in battle. Most groups selected individuals for training in the use of bows, knives, blowguns, spears, and war clubs in early adolescence. War clubs were the preferred martial weapon because Native American warriors could raise their [[social status]] by killing enemies in single combat face to face.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Warriors honed their weapons skills and stalking techniques through lifelong training. [[Okichitaw]] is a martial art inspired by the warriors of the Plains Cree of the Canadian Prairies; it specialises in the use of the distinctive gunstock war club, but also incorporates the use of bow, knife, long and short lance, and tomahawk, along with grappling and striking techniques. [[Capoeira]], with roots in Africa, is a [[martial art]] originating in Brazil that involves a high degree of flexibility and endurance. It consists of kicks, elbow strikes, head butts, and sweeps. [[Brazilian Jiu Jitsu]] is an adaptation of pre-[[World War II]] Judo and jujutsu. Created by [[Carlos Gracie]] and his brother [[Hélio Gracie|Hélio]], it was restructured into a sport with a large focus on groundwork. This system has become a popular martial art and proved to be effective in [[mixed martial arts]] competitions such as the [[UFC]] and [[PRIDE]].<ref name=UNCstyles>[http://www.ufc.com/index.cfm?fa=LearnUFC.Styles fighting art used in the UFC]</ref> As of 2003, over 1.5 million US citizens practice martial arts.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/spotlighthealth/-collin_x.htm Martial arts in America]</ref> === Africa === African knives may be classified by shape—typically into the 'f' group and the 'circular' group—and have often been incorrectly described as throwing knives.<ref>{{cite book | last = Spring | first = Christopher | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Swords and Hilt Weapons | publisher = Weidenfeld and Nicolson |date=1989 | location = London | pages = pp. 204-217 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = ISBN }}</ref><!--Is this author correct? An ISBN search turns up Peter Connolly and Michael Coe, depending on where one looks... -->There are also wrestling and grappling techniques found in [[West Africa]]. "Stick fighting" formed an important part of Zulu culture in [[South Africa]]. === Modern history === [[Wrestling]], [[Javelin throw|Javelin]], [[Fencing]] (1896 Summer Olympics), [[Archery]] (1900), [[Boxing]] (1904), and more recently [[Judo]] (1964) and [[Tae Kwon Do]] (2000) are the martial arts that are featured as events in the modern Summer [[Olympic Games]]. Martial arts also developed among military and [[Police|police forces]] to be used as: * arrest and self-defense methods. Examples include: ''[[Kapap]]'' and ''[[Krav Maga]]'': a self-defense system developed by the special armed forces of Israel; ''[[San Shou]]'': developed for Chinese armed forces; ''[[Kombato]]'': developed for the [[Brazilian Armed Forces|Brazilian armed forces]]; and ''[[Rough and Tumble]] (RAT)'': originally developed for the South African special forces ([[Reconnaissance Commandos]]) (now taught in a civilian capacity). * tactical arts for use in close quarter combat warfare, i.e. [[Hand to hand combat|Military Martial arts]] e.g. [[UAC]] (British), [[Marine Corps LINE combat system|LINE]] (USA). Other combative systems having their origins in the modern military include Soviet Bojewoje (Combat) [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]]. == On the modern battlefield == [[Image:ArmyMilCombativesChokehold.jpg|thumb|200px|[[U.S. Army]] Combatives instructor [[Matt Larsen]] demonstrates a [[chokehold]]]] Some traditional martial concepts have seen new use within modern [[military]] training. Perhaps the most recent example of this is [[point shooting]] which relies on [[muscle memory]] to more effectively utilize a [[firearm]] in a variety of awkward situations, much the way an [[iaido]]ka would master movements with their sword. During the World War II era [[William E. Fairbairn]], a [[Shanghai]] policeman and a leading Western expert on Asian fighting techniques, was recruited by the [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) to teach Jujutsu to [[United Kingdom Special Forces|UK]], [[United States Special Operations Forces|U.S.]] and [[Canadian Special Operations Forces Command|Canadian Special Forces]]. The book ''Kill or Get Killed'', written by Colonel [[Rex Applegate]], became a classic military treatise on hand-to-hand combat. This fighting method was called [[Defendu]]. Traditional hand-to-hand, knife, and spear techniques continue to see use in the composite systems developed for today's wars. Examples of this include the [[US Army|US Army's]] [[Combatives]] system developed by [[Matt Larsen]], the [[Israeli army]] trains its soldiers in [[Kapap]], and [[Krav Maga]], the [[US Marine Corps|US Marine Corps's]] ''[[Marine Corps Martial Arts Program]]'' (MCMAP), and Chinese [[San Shou]]. Unarmed dagger defenses identical to that found in the [[Fechtbücher|fechtbuch]] of [[Fiore dei Liberi]] and the [[Codex Wallerstein]] were integrated into the U.S. Army's [[training manual]]s in 1942<ref>{{cite book | last = Vail | first = Jason | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Medieval and Renaissance Dagger Combat | publisher = Paladin Press |date=2006 | location = | pages = pp. 91-95 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> and continue to influence today's systems along with other traditional systems such as [[Eskrima|Kali and [[Eskrima]]. The rifle-mounted [[bayonet]], which has its origin in the [[spear]], has seen use by the [[United States Army]], the [[United States Marine Corps]], and the [[British Army]] as recently as the [[Iraq War]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/06/13/wirq113.xml Bayonet use]</ref> == Testing and competition == Testing or evaluation is important to martial art practitioners of many disciplines who wish to determine their progression or own level of skill in specific contexts. Students within individual martial art systems often undergo periodic testing and grading by their own teacher in order to advance to a higher level of recognized achievement, such as a different [[Belt (clothing)|belt]] color or title. The type of testing used varies from system to system but may include '''forms''' or '''[[sparring]]'''. Various forms and sparring are commonly used in martial art exhibitions and tournaments. Some competitions pit practitioners of different disciplines against each other using a common set of rules, these are referred to as [[mixed martial arts]] competitions. Rules for sparring vary between art and organization but can generally be divided into ''light-contact'', ''medium-contact'', and ''full-contact'' variants, reflecting the amount of force that should be used on an opponent. === Light- and medium-contact === These types of sparring restrict the amount of force that may be used to hit an opponent, in the case of light sparring this is usual to 'touch' contact, e.g. a punch should be 'pulled' as soon as or before contact is made. In medium-contact the punch would not be 'pulled' but not hit with full force. As the amount of force used is restricted, the aim of these types of sparring is not to [[knock out]] an opponent; a point system is used in competitions. A referee acts to monitor for fouls and to control the match, while judges mark down scores, as in boxing. Particular targets may be prohibited (such as the face or groin), certain techniques may be forbidden, and fighters may be required to wear [[Personal protective equipment|protective equipment]]<!-- We need a better article than this to link to --> on their head, hands, chest, groin, shins or feet. In some styles (such as fencing and some styles of taekwondo sparring), competitors score points based on the landing of a single technique or strike as judged by the referee, whereupon the referee will briefly stop the match, award a point, then restart the match. Alternatively, sparring may continue with the point noted by the judges. Some critics of point sparring feel that this method of training teaches habits that result in lower combat effectiveness. Lighter-contact sparring may be used exclusively, for children or in other situations when heavy contact would be inappropriate (such as beginners), medium-contact sparring is often used as training for full-contact. === Full-contact === ''"Full-contact"'' sparring or fighting is considered by many to be requisite in learning realistic unarmed combat. Full-contact sparring is different from light and medium-contact sparring in several ways, including the use of strikes that are not pulled but are thrown with full force, as the name implies. In full-contact sparring, the aim of a competitive match is either to knock out the opponent or to force the opponent to submit. Full-contact sparring may include a wider variety of permitted attacks and contact zones on the body. Where scoring takes place it may be a subsidiary measure, only used if no clear winner has been established by other means; in some competitions, such as the [[UFC 1]], there was no scoring. Due to these factors, full-contact matches tend to be more aggressive in character, but rule sets may still mandate the use of protective gloves and forbid certain techniques or actions during a match, such as punching the back of the head. Nearly all mixed martial arts leagues such as UFC, [[Pancrase]], [[Shooto]] use a form of full-contact rules, as do [[Professional Boxing|professional boxing]] organizations and [[K-1]]. [[Kyokushin]] karate requires advanced practitioners to engage in bare-knuckled, full-contact sparring while wearing only a karate ''gi'' and groin protector but does not allow strikes to the face, only kicks and knees. [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]] and Judo matches do not allow striking, but are full-contact in the sense that full force is applied in the application during grappling and submission techniques. === Sparring debates === Some practitioners believe that sports matches with rules are not a good measure of hand-to-hand combat ability and training for these restrictions may inhibit effectiveness in self defence situations. These practitioners may prefer not to participate in most types of rule-based martial art competition (even one such as [[vale tudo]] where there are minimal rules), electing instead to study fighting techniques with little or no regard to competitive rules or, even perhaps, [[Ethics|ethical]] concerns and the [[law]] (the techniques practiced may include attacking vulnerable spots such as the groin or the eyes). Others maintain that, given proper precautions such as a referee and a ring doctor, sparring, in particular full-contact matches with basic rules, serves as a useful gauge of an individual's overall fighting ability, and that failing to test techniques against a resisting opponent is more likely to impede ability in such situations. [[Image:050907-M-7747B-002-Judo.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Several martial arts, such as [[Judo]], are Olympic sports.]] == Martial sport == Judo and Tae Kwon Do as well as western archery, boxing, javelin, wrestling and fencing are currently events in the [[Summer Olympic Games]]. Chinese [[Wushu (sport)|wushu]] recently failed in its bid to be included, but is still actively performed in tournaments across the world. Practitioners in some arts such as [[kickboxing]] and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu often train for sport matches, whereas those in other arts such as Aikido and Wing Chun generally spurn such competitions. Some schools believe that competition breeds better and more efficient practitioners, and gives a sense of good sportsmanship. Others believe that the rules under which competition takes place have diminished the combat effectiveness of martial arts or encourage a kind of practice which focuses on winning trophies rather than a focus such as cultivating a particular moral character. As part of the response to sport martial arts, new forms of competition are being held such as the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] in the U.S. or Pancrase, and the PRIDE in Japan which are also known as [[mixed martial arts]] (or MMA) events. The original UFC was fought under very few rules allowing all martial arts styles to enter and not be limited by the rule set. Some martial artists also compete in non-sparring competitions such as [[Breaking (martial arts)|breaking]] or choreographed techniques [[poomse]], kata or [[aka (burmese)|aka]]. Modern variations of the martial arts include dance-influenced competitions such as [[tricking]]. Some martial traditions have been influenced by governments to become more sport-like for political purposes. The central impetus for the attempt by the [[People's Republic of China]] in transforming Chinese martial arts into the committee-regulated sport of Wushu was suppressing what they saw as the potentially [[subversive]] aspects of martial training, especially under the traditional system of family lineages.<ref name="Mastering Yang Style Taijiquan">{{cite book |last=Fu |first=Zhongwen |translator=Louis Swaine |title=Mastering Yang Style Taijiquan |year=1996, 2006 |publisher=Blue Snake Books |location=Berkeley, California |isbn= (trade paper)}}</ref> == Dance == As mentioned above, some martial arts in various cultures can be performed in dance-like settings for various reasons, such as for evoking ferocity in preparation for battle or showing off skill in a more stylized manner. Many such martial arts incorporate music, especially strong percussive rhythms. Examples of such '''war dances''' include: [[Image:Capoeira-three-berimbau-one-pandeiro.jpg|thumb|[[Capoeira]] is a martial art traditionally performed with a dance-like flavor and to live musical accompaniment, as seen depicted here.]] :* Buza - From [[Russia]]. :* Panther Dance - Burmese [[Bando]] with swords ([[dha]]) :* [[Gymnopaidiai]] - ancient [[Sparta]] :* European [[Sword dance]] or [[Weapon dance]] of various kinds :* [[Haka]] - [[New Zealand]] :* [[Sabre Dance]] - depicted in [[Aram Khachaturian|Khachaturian]]'s ballet ''[[Gayane]]'' :* [[Maasai]] moran (warrior [[Age set|age-set]]) dances :* Aduk-Aduk - [[Brunei]] :* Ayyalah - [[Qatar]] :* [[Khattak Dance]] - [[Afghanistan]] :* Brazil's [[Capoeira]], as well as some similar [[Afro-Caribbean]] arts :* [[Dirk dance|Dannsa Biodag]] - [[Scotland]] and [[Scottish sword dances]] :* [[Hula]] & Lua - from the traditions of indigenous Hawaiian :* [[Combat Hopak]] - From [[Ukraine]] :* Yolah - From [[Oman]]/[[UAE]] == See also == {{portal}} {{commonscat|Martial arts}} * ''For a time line of martial arts historical milestones, see'' [[Martial arts timeline]] * ''For a detailed list of martial arts weapons, see'' [[List of martial arts weapons]] * ''For other related topics, see'' [[List of martial arts-related topics]] === Styles === Over time, the number of martial arts has grown and multiplied, with hundreds and thousands of schools and organizations around the world currently working towards a myriad of goals and practising a huge variety of styles. * ''For a detailed list of martial arts styles see: [[List of martial arts]]'' * ''For a detailed list of fictional martial arts, see'' [[List of fictional martial arts]] {{Martial arts}} {{manav by country}} == References == {{reflist|2}} ==External links== <!-- Please read the talk archive before adding more link --> * [http://www.akban.org/wiki/ AKBAN-wiki] a community based video Martial arts encyclopedia of martial arts video clips and movies. * [http://www.martial-arts-video.net/ Martial Arts Videos] Database of martial arts video clips and movies. [[Category:Combat sports]] [[Category:Individual sports]] [[Category:Martial arts|*]] [[Category:Performing arts]] [[ar:فنون قتالية]] [[ast:Artes marciales]] [[bs:Borilačke vještine]] [[bg:Бойно изкуство]] [[ca:Art marcial]] [[cs:Bojové umění]] [[da:Kampsport]] [[de:Kampfkunst]] [[el:Πολεμικές τέχνες]] [[es:Arte marcial]] [[eo:Luktosporto]] [[fa:ورزش‌های رزمی]] [[fr:Art martial]] [[fy:Fjochtsport]] [[ga:Ealaín oscartha]] [[gl:Arte marcial]] [[ko:무예]] [[hr:Borilačke vještine]] [[id:Seni bela diri]] [[ia:Arte martial]] [[is:Bardagaíþrótt]] [[it:Arte marziale]] [[he:אמנות לחימה]] [[la:Artes martiales]] [[hu:Harcművészet]] [[mt:Arti marzjali]] [[ms:Seni bela diri]] [[nl:Vechtsport]] [[ja:格闘技]] [[nap:Arte marziale]] [[no:Kampsport]] [[nn:Kampaktivitet]] [[pl:Sztuki walki]] [[pt:Artes marciais]] [[ro:Artă marţială]] [[ru:Единоборства]] [[scn:Arti marziali]] [[simple:Martial art]] [[sk:Bojové umenie]] [[sl:Borilne veščine]] [[sr:Борилачка вештина]] [[sh:Borilačke vještine]] [[fi:Itsepuolustuslaji]] [[sv:Kampsport]] [[th:ศิลปะการต่อสู้ป้องกันตัว]] [[vi:Võ thuật]] [[tr:Savaş sanatları]] [[uk:Бойові мистецтва]] [[cbk-zam:Arte Martial]] [[zh:武術]]