Mascara 432912 225299886 2008-07-12T23:35:59Z Metagraph 6738192 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/JaJaHeyHeyCaCa|JaJaHeyHeyCaCa]] to last version by SchfiftyThree (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{for|the city in [[Algeria]]|Mascara, Algeria}} [[Image:Mascara de pestañas.jpg|thumb|right|A mascara tube and a wand applicator]] '''Mascara''' is a [[Cosmetics|cosmetic]] used to darken, thicken and define [[eyelash]]es. Mascara comes in three forms: liquid, cake, and cream. It also comes in many formulas, tints, and colours. The general purpose of mascara is to emphasise, thicken, lengthen, and define lashes. <!-- Image with disputed fair-use status removed: [[Image:Tammy_Faye.jpg|230px|right|thumb|In the USA, [[Tammy Faye]] is known for her outlandish eye makeup and huge eyelashes]] --> Mascara is available with tube and wand applicators. Ingredients in mascara include water, wax thickeners, film-formers, and preservatives. Mascara brushes can be straight or curved, to curl eye lashes, with fine or thick bristles. Some mascara wands contain [[rayon]] or [[nylon]] fibers to lengthen eyelashes. ==History== The first mascara product was invented by [[Eugene Rimmel]] in the 19th century. The word "rimmel" still means "mascara" in several languages, including [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (''rímel''), [[Turkish language|Turkish]] (''rimel''), [[Romanian language|Romanian]] (''rimel''), [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (''rimel''), etc. [[Image:eye makeup.jpg|thumb|The woman's eye has had mascara applied to the lashes for a fuller effect]] The word mascara derives from the [[Italian language|Italian]] ''maschera,'' which means "mask"<ref>[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/mascara?view=uk Oxford dictionary definition and etymology] </ref>from Middle Latin ''masca'' or Arabic ''Maskhara'' or from Old Occitan ''masco'' <ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mask Online Ethymology Dictionary]</ref>. Modern mascara was created in 1913 by a [[chemist]] named T. L. Williams for his sister, Mabel. This early mascara was made from [[coal dust]] mixed with Vaseline [[petroleum jelly]]. The product was a success with Mabel, and Williams began to sell his new product through the mail. His company [[Maybelline]], a combination of his sister's name and Vaseline, eventually became a leading cosmetics company. Mascara is used to darken and thicken lashes, and was composed of colorants and [[carnauba wax]]. Users wet a brush and rubbed it over the cake, then applied it to the eyes. Mascara is used by women to enhance eyes as well as draw attention to them. The modern tube and wand applicator did not appear until 1957, when it was introduced and founded by [[Helena Rubinstein]]. The modern tube and wand applicator was more appealing to the market than the old "cake" mascara. ==Composition== Modern mascaras can be divided in two groups: water resistant mascaras (often labeled ''waterproof'') and non-water resistant mascaras. Water resistant mascaras have a composition based on a volatile solvent (isododecane - an [[isomer]] of [[dodecane]]), animal-derived waxes ([[beeswax]]), vegetal based waxes ([[carnauba wax]], rice bran wax, candelila wax), mineral origin wax ([[ozokerite]], [[paraffin]]), pigments (iron oxide, ultramarine) and filmifying polymers. These mascaras do not contain water-sensitive moieties, offering an excellent resistance to tears, sweat or rain. As a result, these mascaras can only be removed with a specific make-up remover, able to dilute the dried mascara film. Non water-resistant mascaras are based on water, soft surfactants (like [[triethanolamine]] stearate), animal-derived waxes ([[beeswax]]), vegetal based waxes ([[carnauba wax]], rice bran wax, candelilla wax), mineral origin waxes (ozokerite, [[paraffin]]), pigments (iron oxide, ultramarine), thickening polymers (arabic gum, hydrophobically modified cellulose) and on preservatives. These mascaras can run under the effect of tears, but are easily removed with some soap and water. Polymers in a water dispersed form (latexes) can bring some level of water resistance to the group of normally non-water resistant mascaras. Waterproof mascaras are similar to oil-based or solvent-based paints. Non water-resistant mascaras behave like water based paints. For intermediate water sensitivity, mascaras and latex-based paints (acrylates) contain polymer dispersions. ==Use== [[Image:Green mascara.jpg|thumb|250px|Green mascara|left]] Mascara may be used on all eyelashes, from inner to outer corners. The mascara wand is dipped into a clean tube of mascara, applied close to the base of the lashes and worked out to the tips. Mascara wands are made of plastic and should never be shared. Mascara can be applied to the top eyelashes for a 'heavy-lidded' look, or to the bottom lashes to widen the eyes. It is usually applied to [[eyelash curler|curled lashes]] and may be preceded by a lash primer. The desired lengthening effect is achieved by reapplication of the mascara in 2-3 minutes. The moisture in some mascaras and primers can cause lashes to uncurl during application, which is easily solved by using a waterproof mascara with a drier formula. Mascara that contains nylon fibers can give lashes a fuller and longer appearance because it clings to the lashes like mini extensions. [[Provitamin]] [[Pantothenic acid|B5]] in mascara acts as a conditioner for lashes, giving them a softer and more natural feel. For safety and health issues, mascaras should be discarded 3 months after opened. ==References== {{reflist}} *Vincent J-R Kehoe, ''The Technique of the Professional Make-Up Artist'', ISBN 0-240-80217-9 *Gustafson, John. [http://www.handbag.com/beauty/askjohn/johnfaq9/ "Handbag.com: Beauty"] *Calandra, Alice. [http://cosmetics.geniuschoice.com/cosmetics.html "Eye Makeup Application Technique"] {{cosmetics}} [[Category:Cosmetics]] [[Category:History of cosmetics]] [[Category:English words and phrases of foreign origin|Spanish]] [[Category:Italian loanwords]] [[cs:Řasenka‎]] [[de:Mascara (Kosmetik)]] [[es:Rímel]] [[fr:Mascara]] [[it:Mascara]] [[nl:Mascara (make-up)]] [[new:अजः]] [[ja:マスカラ]] [[pl:Tusz do rzęs]] [[pt:Rímel]] [[ru:Тушь для ресниц]] [[fi:Ripsiväri]] [[sv:Mascara]] [[tr:Rimel]] [[zh:睫毛膏]]