Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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{{redirect|MIT}}
{{Infobox University
|name = Massachusetts Institute of Technology
|image = [[Image:MIT Seal.png|200px]]
|motto = ''Mens et Manus''
|mottoeng = Mind and Hand<ref name="seal">{{cite web | title = Symbols: Seal | work = MIT Graphic Identity | publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology | url = http://web.mit.edu/graphicidentity/symbols/seal.html | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
|established = 1861 (opened 1865)
|type = [[Private university|Private]]
|calendar = 4-1-4
|president = [[Susan Hockfield]]
|chancellor = Phillip Clay
|provost = [[L. Rafael Reif]]
|city = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
|state = [[Massachusetts|Mass.]]
|country = [[United States|U.S.]]
|undergrad = 4,127
|postgrad = 6,126
|faculty = 998
|campus = [[urban area|Urban]], {{convert|154|acre|km2|1}}
|mascot = [[Beaver]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Symbols: Mascot | work = MIT Graphic Identity | publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology | url =http://web.mit.edu/graphicidentity/symbols/mascot.html | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
|athletics = [[Division III]]<br/>41 [[varsity team]]s
|free_label = Nobel Laureates
|free = 72<ref name="nobel">{{cite web | title = Nobel Prize | work = MIT Office of the Provost, Institutional Research | publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology | url = http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/nobel.html | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref>
|website = [http://web.mit.edu web.mit.edu]
|colors = [[Cardinal (color)|Cardinal Red]] and [[Grey|Steel Gray]]<ref>"We examined and discussed many colors. We all desired cardinal red; it has stood for a thousand years on land and sea in England's emblem; it makes one-half of the stripes on America's flag; it has always stirred the heart and mind of man; it stands for 'red blood' and all that 'red blood' stands for in life. But we were not unanimous for the gray; some wanted blue, I recall. But it (the gray) seemed to me to stand for those quiet virtues of modesty and persistency and gentleness, which appealed to my mind as powerful; and I have come to believe, from observation and experience, to really be the most lasting influences in life and history....We recommended 'cardinal and steel gray.'" (Alfred T. Waite, Chairman of School Color Committee, Class of 1879) quoted in {{cite web | title = Symbols: Colors | work = MIT Graphic Identity | publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology | url = http://web.mit.edu/graphicidentity/symbols/colors.html | accessdate = 2008-06-18}}</ref><br/>{{color box|#993333}}{{color box|#666666}}
|endowment = [[United States dollar|US $]]9.98 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]<ref>{{cite news | author = Boston Globe Business Team | title = MIT endowment grows by $1.6b
| url = http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2007/09/mit_endowment_g.html | publisher = Boston Globe | date= September 11, 2007}}</ref>
|logo = [[Image:MIT logo.svg|center|85px|MIT Logo]]
}}
{{Portal|University|Platopainting.jpg}}
The '''Massachusetts Institute of Technology''' ('''MIT''') is a [[private university|private university]] located in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. MIT has five schools and one college, containing 32 academic departments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/academic.shtml |title=MIT Facts 2007: Academic Schools and Departments, Divisions & Sections |accessdate=2007-02-14}}</ref> with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological research. MIT is one of two private [[land-grant university|land-grant universities]] and is also a [[sea grant colleges|sea grant]] and [[space grant colleges|space grant university]].
MIT was founded by [[William Barton Rogers]] in 1861 in response to the increasing [[Technological and industrial history of the United States|industrialization of the United States]]. Although based upon German and French polytechnic models of an [[institute of technology]], MIT's founding philosophy of "learning by doing" made it an early pioneer in the use of laboratory instruction,<ref>1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 4, p. 292: "[MIT] was a pioneer in introducing as a feature of its original plans laboratory instruction in physics, mechanics, and mining."</ref> undergraduate research, and progressive architectural styles. As a [[federally funded research and development center]] during [[World War II]], MIT scientists developed defense-related technologies that would later become integral to [[whirlwind (computer)|computers]], [[radar]], and [[inertial navigation system|inertial guidance]]. After the war, MIT's reputation expanded beyond its core competencies in science and engineering into the social sciences including [[economics]], [[linguistics]], [[political science]], and [[management]]. MIT's endowment and annual research expenditures are among the largest of any American university.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thecenter.ufl.edu/research_data.html |title=TheCenter Research University Data |date=2005 |accessdate=2006-12-15}}</ref> MIT graduates and faculty are noted for their technical [[wiktionary:acumen|acumen]],<ref name="nobel"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/faculty.html|title=MIT Facts 2007: Faculty and Staff}}</ref><ref name="MacArthur">{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/macarthur.html |title=MIT MacArthur Fellows |author=MIT Office of Provost, Institutional Research |accessdate=2006-12-16}}</ref> entrepreneurial vigor,<ref>The aggregated revenues of companies founded by MIT affiliates would make it the twenty-fourth largest economy in the world. {{cite web |title=MIT: The Impact of Innovation |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/founders/Founders2.pdf |date=March 1997 |author=[[Bank of Boston]] Economics Department |accessdate=2006-10-04}}</ref><ref name="MIT 100K">{{cite web|title=MIT 100K: About |url=http://www.mit100k.org/about.php |publisher=MIT |accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref> and irreverence.<ref name="Nightwork">The popular practice of constructing elaborate pranks, or [[MIT hacks|hacking]], often has anti-authoritarian overtones.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Peterson |first=T.F. |title=Nightwork: A History of Hacks and Pranks at MIT |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0262661379 |year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hacks.mit.edu/Hacks/ |title=IHTFP Hack Gallery |accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref>
==History==
{{main|History of MIT}}
===Initial years and vision===
[[Image:MIT Dome night1.jpg|left|thumb|250px|MIT's Great Dome.]]
{{rquote|right|...a school of industrial science [aiding] the advancement, development and practical application of science in connection with arts, agriculture, manufactures, and commerce.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/corporation/charter.html |title=Charter of the MIT Corporation |accessdate=2007-03-22}}</ref>|Act to Incorporate the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ''Acts of 1861, Chapter 183''}}
As early as 1859, the Massachusetts State Legislature was given a proposal for use of newly opened lands in [[Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts|Back Bay]] in Boston for a museum and Conservatory of Art and Science.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kneeland |first=Samuel |url=http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/house260.pdf |title=Committee Report:Conservatory of Art and Science |publisher=Massachusetts House of Representatives, House No. 260 |date=March 1859}}</ref> In 1861, The Commonwealth of Massachusetts approved a charter for the incorporation of the "Massachusetts Institute of Technology and [[Boston Society of Natural History]]" submitted by [[William Barton Rogers]]. Rogers sought to establish a new form of higher education to address the challenges posed by rapid advances in science and technology during the mid-19th century with which [[liberal arts college|classic institutions]] were ill-prepared to deal.<ref>{{cite web |title=MIT Facts 2007: Mission and Origins |url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/mission.shtml |accessdate=2006-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rogers |first=William |publisher=The Committee of Associated Institutions of Science and Arts |url=http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/objects-plan.pdf |title=Objects and Plan of an Institute of Technology: including a Society of Arts, a Museum of Arts, and a School of Industrial Science; proposed to be established in Boston |date=1861}}</ref>
The Rogers Plan, as it came to be known, was rooted in three principles: the educational value of useful knowledge, the necessity of “learning by doing”, and integrating a professional and liberal arts education at the undergraduate level.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Committee on Educational Survey (Lewis Report) |date=December 1949
|url=http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/lewis.pdf |pages=p. 8 |last=Lewis |first=Warren K. |coauthors=Ronald H. Rornett, C. Richard Soderberg, [[Julius A. Stratton]], John R. Loofbourow, et al |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |accessdate =2006-10-04}}</ref><ref> Barton's philosophy for the institute was for "the teaching, not of the manipulations done only in the workshop, but the inculcation of all the scientific principles which form the basis and explanation of them;" {{cite web|url=http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/MIT-birthday/index1.html |title=The Founding of MIT]}}</ref>
Because open conflict in the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] broke out only a few months later, MIT's first classes were held in rented space at the Mercantile Building in downtown [[Boston]] in 1865.<ref>{{cite web |last=Andrews |first=Elizabeth |coauthors=Nora Murphy and Tom Rosko |date=200 |url=http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/wbr-visionary/ |title=William Barton Rogers: MIT's Visionary Founder}}</ref> Construction of the first MIT buildings was completed in Boston's [[Back Bay (Boston)|Back Bay]] in 1866 and MIT would be known as "Boston Tech." During the next half-century, the focus of the science and engineering curriculum drifted towards vocational concerns instead of theoretical programs. [[Charles William Eliot]], the president of [[Harvard University]], repeatedly attempted to merge MIT with Harvard's Lawrence Scientific School over his 30-year tenure: overtures were made as early as 1869<ref> The history montage at the Kendall/MIT T-stop </ref> with other proposals in 1900 and 1914 ultimately being defeated.<ref>{{cite web
|title=National Selection Committee Ballot - Power of the NSC
|url=http://alum.mit.edu/about/elections/nscb/power.html
|accessmonthday=23 November | accessyear=2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Alumni Holds Reunion. Record attendance, novel features. Cooperative plan with Harvard announced by Pres. Maclaurin. Gov. Walsh Brings Best Wishes of the State. |publisher=Boston Daily Globe |date=1914-01-11 |page=117}}<br>
Maclaurin quoted: "in future Harvard agrees to carry out all its work in engineering and mining in the buildings of Technology under the executive control of the president of Technology, and, what is of the first importance, to commit all instruction and the laying down of all courses to the faculty of Technology, after that faculty has been enlarged and strengthened by the addition to its existing members of men of eminence from Harvard's Graduate School of Applied Science."</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Harvard-Tech Merger. Duplication of Work to be Avoided in Future. Instructors Who WIll Hereafter be Members of Both Faculties
|publisher=Boston Daily Globe
|date=1914-01-25
|page=47}}</ref><ref>Canceled by a 1917 State Judicial Court decision.[[Harvard Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences]].</ref>
===Expansion===
[[Image:MIT-eastman.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A plaque of [[George Eastman]], founder of [[Eastman Kodak]], in Building 6. His nose is rubbed by students for good luck.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2002/eastman-0522.html |title="Students hope 'Eastman moment' proves lucky as they head into final exams" |date=2002-05-22 |accessdate=2008-03-12}}</ref>]]
The attempted mergers occurred in parallel with MIT's continued expansion beyond the classroom and laboratory space permitted by its Boston campus. President [[Richard Maclaurin]] sought to move the campus to a new location when he took office in 1909.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=17435 |title=The "New Tech" |date=2006-09-08 |accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref> An anonymous donor, later revealed to be [[George Eastman]], donated the funds to build a new campus along a mile-long tract of swamp and industrial land on the Cambridge side of the Charles River. In 1916, MIT moved into its handsome new [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical campus]] designed by the noted architect [[William W. Bosworth]] which it occupies to this date. The new campus triggered some changes in the stagnating undergraduate curriculum, but in the 1930s President [[Karl Taylor Compton]] and Vice-President (effectively [[Provost (education)|Provost]]) [[Vannevar Bush]] drastically reformed the curriculum by re-emphasizing the importance of "pure" sciences like physics and chemistry and reducing the work required in shops and drafting. Despite the difficulties of the [[Great Depression]], the reforms "renewed confidence in the ability of the Institute to develop leadership in science as well as in engineering."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/lewis.pdf |title=Report of the Committee on Educational Survey |pages=13 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref> The expansion and reforms thus cemented MIT's academic reputation on the eve of [[World War II]] by attracting scientists and researchers who would later make significant contributions in the [[Radiation Laboratory]], [[Charles Stark Draper Laboratory|Instrumentation Laboratory]], and other defense-related research programs.
MIT was drastically changed by its involvement in military research during World War II. Bush was appointed head of the enormous [[Office of Scientific Research and Development]] and directed funding to only a select group of universities, including MIT.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leslie |first=Stuart |title = The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2004-04-15 |id=ISBN 0-231-07959-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zachary|first=Gregg |title=Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of the American Century |publisher= Free Press |date=1997-09-03 |id = ISBN 0-684-82821-9 }}</ref> During the war and in the post-war years, this [[Research funding|government-sponsored research]] contributed to a fantastic growth in the size of the Institute's research staff and physical plant as well as placing an increased emphasis on graduate education.<ref>[http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/pdf/lewis.pdf Report of the Committee on Educational Survey], page 13</ref>
As the Cold War and Space Race intensified and concerns about the [[Sputnik crisis|technology gap]] between the U.S. and the Soviet Union grew more pervasive throughout the 1950s and 1960s, MIT's involvement in the [[military-industrial complex]] was a source of pride on campus.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_078/TECH_V078_S0008_P001.pdf |title=More Emphasis on Science Vitally Needed to Educate Man for A Confused Civilization |date=1958-02-14 |accessdate=2006-11-05}} </ref><ref> {{cite web|url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_078/TECH_V078_S0030_P001.pdf |title=Iron Birds Caged in Building 7 Lobby: Missiles on Display Here |date=1958-02-25 |accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref> However, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, intense protests by student and faculty activists (an era now known as "the troubles")<ref>"At a critical time in the late 1960s, Johnson stood up to the forces of campus rebellion at MIT. Many university presidents were destroyed by the troubles. Only Edward Levi, University of Chicago president, had comparable success guiding his institution to a position of greater strength and unity after the turmoil." {{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1999/johnson-0609.html |title=A tribute to MIT's Howard Johnson |author=David Warsh |publisher=Boston Globe |date=June 1, 1999 |accessdate=2007-04-04}}</ref> against the [[Vietnam War]] and MIT's [[Military funding of science|defense research]] required that the MIT administration to divest itself from what would become the [[Charles Stark Draper Laboratory]] and move all classified research off-campus to the [[Lincoln Laboratory]] facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tension Over Issue Of Defense Research |first=Fred |last=Hechinger |date=November 9, 1969 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=MIT Curb on Secret Projects Reflects Growing Antimilitary Feeling Among Universities' Researchers |first=William |last=Stevens |date=May 5, 1969 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref>
===Challenges and controversies===
[[Image:Ellen S Richards.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Ellen Swallow Richards, the first female student and professor at MIT.]]
MIT has been nominally [[coeducation]]al since admitting [[Ellen Swallow Richards]] in 1870. (Richards also became the first female member of MIT's faculty, specializing in [[environmental health|sanitary chemistry]].)<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/environment/richards.html |author= Chemical Heritage Foundation |title= Ellen Swallow Richards |date= 2005 |work= Chemical Achievers, The Human Face of Chemical Sciences |accessdate= 2006-11-04}}</ref> Female students, however, remained a very small minority (numbered in dozens) prior to the completion of the first wing of a women's dormitory, [[Katherine Dexter McCormick|McCormick Hall]], in 1963.<ref>"In 1959, 158 women were enrolled at MIT." {{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ldq-ZgxszzMC&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=%22the+woman+at+mit%22&source=web&ots=K4UDoqD3GR&sig=Xr8xe1_uCGW5-YgbkyVM-vRr3u0 |title=MIT Campus Planning 1960-2000 |author=O. Robert Simha |date=2001 |page=32 |publisher=MIT |accessdate=2007-04-09}}</ref><ref>"When Drake arrived on campus 50 years ago, she was one of only 16 women in a class of 1,000."{{cite web|url=http://alum.mit.edu/ne/noteworthy/news-features/alumnae-ages.html |title=MIT Panel "Alumnae Through the Ages" Reflects on Changes for Women |author=Lauren Clark |accessdate=2007-04-09}}</ref> By 1993, 32% of MIT's undergraduates were female and in 2006, the number had increased to near-parity (47.5%).<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www-swiss.ai.mit.edu/~hal/women-enrollment-comm/final-report-ch1.html |title= Chapter 1: Male/Female enrollment patterns in EECS at MIT and other schools |date= [[January 3]] 1995 |accessdate= 2006-12-08 |author= EECS Women Undergraduate Enrollment Committee |work = Women Undergraduate Enrollment in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT}}</ref> A 1998 MIT study concluded that a systemic bias against female faculty existed in its college of science,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/fnl/women/women.html |title=A Study on the Status of Women Faculty in Science at MIT |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=1999}}</ref> although the study's methods were controversial.<ref>In 1995, faculty member Nancy Hopkins accused MIT of bias against herself and several of her female colleagues. Hopkins, rather than a third party, investigated her own charges and concluded in 1999 concluded there was "subtle yet pervasive" bias against women at MIT, although no instance of intentional discrimination was found. Despite the study's sealed evidence and its lack of peer review, Vest approved "targeted actions" like the creation of 11 committees and 20% salary increases for women faculty.<br>{{cite web|url=http://www.uaf.edu/northern/mitstudy/ |author=Judith Kleinfeld |title=MIT Tarnishes Its Reputation with Gender Junk Science |accessdate=2007-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/nr_comment/nr_comment041001b.shtml |title=Feminist Mythology |author=Kathryn Jean Lopez |date=April 10, 2001 |publisher=National Review |accessdate=2007-04-10}}</ref> Since the study, the number of women undergraduates increased from 34 percent to 42 percent, women graduate students has increased from 20 percent to 29 percent, and women outnumber men in 10 undergraduate majors. Additionally, women have headed departments within the school of science, engineering, and MIT has appointed no fewer than five female vice presidents.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2003/cmv.html |title=Charles Vest to step down from MIT presidency |date=December 5, 2003 |accessdate=2006-06-28 |publisher=MIT News Office}}</ref> [[Susan Hockfield]], a molecular [[neuroscience|neurobiologist]], became MIT's 16th president on [[December 6]], [[2004]] and is the first woman to hold the post. While the [[MIT#Student body|student body]] has become more balanced in recent years, women are still a [[MIT#Faculty and research|distinct minority among faculty]].
Tenure outcomes have vaulted MIT into the national spotlight on several occasions. The 1984 dismissal of [[David F. Noble]], a historian of technology, became a [[cause celebre]] about the extent to which academics are granted "[[freedom of speech]]" after he published several books and papers critical of MIT's and other research universities' reliance upon financial support from corporations and the military.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE7DF1130F933A2575AC0A960948260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fM%2fMassachusetts%20Institute%20of%20Technology
|title=Professor Sues M.I.T. Over Refusal of Tenure |publisher= The New York Times |year=September 10, 1986 |accessdate=2006-10-03}}</ref> Former materials science professor Gretchen Kalonji sued MIT in 1994 alleging that she was denied tenure because of sexual discrimination.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-MIT professor who was denied tenure files sex bias suit |publisher=The Boston Globe |last=Vaznis |first=James |date=January 15, 1994}}</ref> In 1997, the [[Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination]] issued a probable cause finding supporting James Jennings' allegations that he was not offered reciprocal tenure in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning for a post in MIT's Community Fellow Program after the senior faculty search committee believed that he was not a top black scholar in the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=MCAD supports scholar's claim of bias by MIT; University Offered job, but no tenure |date=October 22, 1997 |publisher=The Boston Globe |last=Dowdy |first=Zachary}}</ref> In 2006-2007, MIT's denial of tenure to African-American biological engineering professor [[James Sherley]] prompted accusations of racism in MIT's tenure process, eventually leading to a protracted public dispute with the administration, a brief [[hunger strike]], and the resignation of Professor [[Frank L. Douglas]] in protest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/02/06/professor_accuses_mit_of_racism/|title=Professor accuses MIT of racism |publisher=The Boston Globe |accessdate=2007-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/06/04/mit_center_director_resigns_in_protest_of_tenure_decision/|title=MIT center director resigns in protest of tenure decision |publisher=The Boston Globe |accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref>
Given the scale and reputation of MIT's [[#Research accomplishments|research accomplishments]], allegations of [[research misconduct]] or improprieties have received substantial press coverage. Professor [[David Baltimore]], a [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Laureate]], became embroiled in an misconduct investigation starting in 1986 that led to Congressional hearings in 1991.<ref>{{cite news|title=Journal Cites New Evidence ex-MIT Scientist Faked Data |last=Saltus |first=Richard |publisher=The Boston Globe |date=September 28, 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Weiss |first=Philip |url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/20/specials/baltimore-mag.html |title=Conduct Unbecoming |publisher=The New York Times |date=October 29, 1989 |accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref> Professor [[Ted Postol]] has accused the MIT administration since 2000 of attempting to [[Whitewash (censorship)|whitewash]] potential research misconduct at the Lincoln Lab facility involving a [[ballistic missile defense]] test, though a final investigation into the matter has not been completed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pierce |first=Charles P. |title=Going Postal |publisher=The Boston Globe |date=October 23, 2005 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/10/23/going_postol/ |accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref> Dean of Admissions [[Marilee Jones]] resigned in April 2007 after she "misrepresented her academic degrees" when she applied to an administrative assistant position in 1979 and never corrected the record despite her subsequent promotions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/breaking_news/2007/04/mit_dean_of_adm.html |title=MIT dean of admissions resigns for falsifying resume |date=2007-04-26 |accessdate=2007-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/admissions-hastings.html |title=Dean of admissions resigns |publisher=MIT News Office |date=April 26, 2007 |accessdate=2007-04-26}}</ref>
The [[Cambridge City Council]] imposed a city-wide moratorium on research into [[recombinant DNA]] in 1976 in response to community concerns that Harvard and MIT researchers may inadvertently release mutant organisms into the ecosystem but the ban was lifted in 1977 after an extensive dialogue between scientists, politicians, and community leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/DJ/Views/Exhibit/narrative/regulation.html |title= The Maxine Singer Papers: Risk, Regulation, and Scientific Citizenship: The Controversy over Recombinant DNA Research |publisher=National Library of Medicine |accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Council Extends DNA Experiment Ban; Wald, Meselson Debate Gene Research |date=September 30, 1976 |first=Anthony |last=Strike |publisher=The Harvard Crimson}}</ref> Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, American politicians and business leaders [[scapegoat|accused]] MIT and other universities of contributing to a [[Late 1980s recession|declining economy]] by [[technology transfer|transferring]] taxpayer-funded research and technology to international — especially [[Economy of Japan|Japanese]] — firms that were competing with [[Business cycle|struggling]] American businesses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/V109/N62/corporate.00n.html |title=MIT corporate ties raise concern |publisher=The Tech |year=1990 |accessdate=2007-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEEDB153FF93AA25751C1A966958260&scp=1&sq=M.I.T.+Deal+with+Japan+Stirs+Fear+on+Competition&st=nyt |title=MIT Deal with Japan Stirs Fear on Competition |last=Kolata |first=Gina |date=December 19, 1990 |accessdate=2008-06-09 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news||title=MIT Criticized for Selling Research to Japanese Firms |publisher=The Washington Post |Date=June 14, 1989 |first=William |last=Booth |accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How Japan Picks America's Brains|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1987/12/21/69996/index.htm |publisher=FORTUNE Magazine |first=Joel |last=Dreyfuss |date=December 21, 1987 |accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref>
The [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] filed an [[Sherman Antitrust Act|antitrust suit]] against MIT and the eight [[Ivy League]] colleges in 1991 for holding "Overlap Meetings" to prevent bidding wars over promising students from consuming funds for need-based scholarships. While the Ivy League institutions [[consent decree|settled]], MIT contested the charges on the grounds that the practice was not anticompetitive because it ensured the availability of aid for the greatest number of students.<ref>{{cite news|title=MIT Ruled Guity in Anti-Trust Case |publisher=The New York Times |date=September 2, 1992 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE1DC1439F930A3575AC0A964958260 |last=DePalma |first=Anthony |accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref> MIT ultimately prevailed when the Justice Department dropped the case in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1994/settlement-0105.html |title=Settlement allows cooperation on awarding financial-aid |publisher=MIT Tech Talk |year=1994 |accessdate=2007-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5DC113BF932A15751C1A965958260 |title=MIT Suit Over Aid May Be Settled |first=William |last=Honan |date=December 21, 1993 |accessdate=2008-07-16 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> In 2001, the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] sued MIT for violating [[Clean Water Act]] and [[Clean Air Act]] with regard to its [[hazardous waste]] storage and disposal procedures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/EPA-WATER/2001/May/Day-03/w11123.htm |title=Notice of Lodging of Consent Decree Pursuant to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Clean Air Act, and the Clean Water Act |publisher=Environmental Protection Agency |date=May 3, 2001 |accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref> MIT settled the suit by paying a $155,000 fine and launching three environmental projects.<ref>{{cite news|title=MIT to create three new environmental projects as part of agreement with EPA |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/epa-0425.html |publisher=MIT News Office |date=April 21, 2001 |first=Robert |last=Sales |accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref>
A number of student deaths in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in considerable media attention to MIT's culture and student life.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://chronicle.com/free/v45/i11/11a05701.htm |title= MIT's Inaction Blamed for Contributing to Death of a Freshman |publisher= Chronicle of Higher Education
|date=October 6, 1998 |accessdate=2006-10-07}}</ref> After the alcohol-related death of Scott Krueger in September 1997 as a new member at the [[Phi Gamma Delta]] fraternity, MIT began requiring all freshmen to live in the dormitory system.<ref>{{cite news|title= Institute Will Pay Kruegers $6M for Role in Death |url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/V120/N42/42krueger.42n.html |accessdate= 2006-10-04 |date=September 15, 2000 |last= Levine |first= Dana |publisher= The Tech}}</ref> The 2000 suicide of MIT undergraduate [[Elizabeth Shin]] drew attention to suicides at MIT and created a controversy over whether MIT had an unusually high suicide rate.<ref>{{cite news |last=Healy |first=Patrick |title=11 years, 11 suicides—Critics Say Spate of MIT Jumping Deaths Show a 'Contagion' |publisher=The Boston Globe |date=February 5, 2001 |pages=A1}}</ref><ref> {{cite news|url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/p021001a.html |title= Prevention on Campus |author= Elizabeth Fried Ellen, LICSW |publisher= Psychiatric Times |year= 2002 |accessdate= 2006-06-26}}</ref> In late 2001 a task force's recommended improvements in student [[mental health]] services<ref>{{cite news|year= 2001 |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/mhtf-facts.html |publisher= MIT New Office |title= MIT Mental Health Task Force Fact Sheet |date=November 14, 2001 |accessdate= 2006-06-25}}</ref> were implemented, including expanding staff and operating hours at the mental health center.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/mhtf-1128.html
|publisher= MIT News Office |title= Clay endorses Mental Health Task Force Recommendations |date= November 28, 2001 |accessdate= 2006-06-25}}</ref> These and later cases were significant as well because they sought to prove the negligence and liability of university administrators [[in loco parentis]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00EED7113FF93BA15757C0A9649C8B63&sec=health&pagewanted=4 |publisher= New York Times |title= Who Was Responsible for Elizabeth Shin?
|date=April 28, 2002 |accessdate= 2006-10-07}}</ref>
==Organization==
:''See also [http://www.mit.edu/research/name/index.html Labs and Centers] and [http://www.mit.edu/education/ Departments]''
MIT is "a university polarized around science, engineering, and the arts."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/inaugurations/killian.html |author=James R. Killian |title=The Inaugural Address |date=1949-04-02 |accessdate=2006-06-02}}</ref> MIT has five schools ([[MIT School of Science|Science]], [[MIT School of Engineering|Engineering]], [[MIT School of Architecture and Planning|Architecture and Planning]], [[MIT Sloan School of Management|Management]], and [[MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences|Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences]]) and one college ([[Whitaker College of Health Sciences and Technology]]), but no schools of law or medicine.<ref>The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technonolgy (HST) offers joint MD, MD-PhD, or Medical Engineering degrees in collaboration with [[Harvard Medical School]].<br>{{cite web|url=http://hst.mit.edu/servlet/ControllerServlet?handler=PublicHandler&action=browse&pageid=231 |title=Harvard-MIT HST Academics Overview |accessdate=2007-08-05}}</ref>
MIT is governed by a 78-member [[board of trustees]] known as the MIT Corporation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/corporation/ |title=MIT Corporation |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> which approve the budget, degrees, and faculty appointments as well as electing the President.<ref> {{cite web |title=A Brief History and Workings of the Corporation |url=http://web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/185/mead.html |accessdate=2006-11-02}}</ref><ref name="BO">{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/catalogue/overv.chap1.shtml |title=MIT Course Catalogue: Overview |publisher=Massachsuetts Institute of Technology |accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref> MIT's [[financial endowment|endowment]] and [[pension|other financial assets]] are managed through a subsidiary MIT Investment Management Company (MITIMCo).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitimco.org/ |title=MIT Investment Management Company |accessdate=2007-01-08}}</ref> The chair of each of MIT's 32 academic departments reports to the dean of that department's school, who in turn reports to the Provost under the President. However, faculty committees assert substantial control over many areas of MIT's curriculum, research, student life, and administrative affairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres05/17.00.pdf |author=Rafael L. Bras |title=Reports to the President, Report of the Chair of the Faculty |date=2004-2005 |accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref>
MIT students refer to both their majors and classes using numbers alone. Majors are numbered in the approximate order of when the department was founded; for example, Civil and Environmental Engineering is Course I, while Nuclear Science & Engineering is Course XXII.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://mit.edu/education/ |title=MIT Education |accessdate=2006-12-03}}</ref> Students majoring in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, the most popular department, collectively identify themselves as "Course VI." MIT students use a combination of the department's course number and the number assigned to the class to identify their subjects; the course which many American universities would designate as "Physics 101" is, at MIT, simply "8.01."<ref>Course numbers are traditionally presented in Roman numerals, e.g. Course XVIII for mathematics. Starting in 2002, the Bulletin (MIT's course catalog) started to use Arabic numerals. Usage outside of the Bulletin varies, both Roman and Arabic numerals being used). This section follows the Bulletin's usage <br/>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/catalogue/degre.intro.shtml |title=MIT Course Catalogue: Degree Programs |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref>
==Campus==
{{main article|Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}
MIT's {{convert|168|acre|ha|1|sing=on}} Cambridge campus spans approximately a mile of the north side of the [[Charles River]] basin. The campus is divided roughly in half by [[Massachusetts Avenue (Cambridge)|Massachusetts Avenue]], with most dormitories and student life facilities to the west and most academic buildings to the east. The bridge closest to MIT is the [[Harvard Bridge]], which is marked off in the fanciful unit – the [[Smoot]]. The [[Kendall/MIT Station (MBTA)|Kendall]] [[Red Line (MBTA)|MBTA Red Line]] station is located on the far northeastern edge of the campus in [[Kendall Square]]. The Cambridge neighborhoods surrounding MIT are a mixture of high tech companies occupying both modern office and rehabilitated industrial buildings as well as socio-economically diverse residential neighborhoods.<ref name="BO"/>
<center>{{wide image|MITfromPru panorama.png|1200px|<center>Northward view of MIT's campus along the [[Charles River]]. Undergraduate dormitories MacGregor House, Burton-Conner House, Baker House, and McCormick Hall, as well as graduate dormitory Ashdown House, can be seen to the west of the [[Harvard Bridge]] and [[Massachusetts Avenue (Cambridge)|Massachusetts Avenue]]. The Maclaurin buildings and Killian Court can be seen at the center of the image. The Green Building, Walker Memorial, Media Lab, and high-rise offices and laboratories in [[Kendall Square]] can be seen to the east.</center>}}</center>
MIT buildings all have a number (or a number and a letter) designation and most have a name as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whereis.mit.edu/ |title=MIT Whereis |accessdate=2007-08-05}}</ref> Typically, academic and office buildings are referred to only by number while residence halls are referred to by name. The organization of building numbers roughly corresponds to the order in which the buildings were built and their location relative (north, west, and east) to the original, center cluster of Maclaurin buildings. Many are connected above ground as well as through an extensive network of underground tunnels, providing protection from the Cambridge weather. MIT also owns commercial real estate and research facilities throughout Cambridge and the greater Boston area.
[[MIT Nuclear Research Reactor|MIT's on-campus nuclear reactor]] is one of the largest university-based [[nuclear reactor]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/catalogue/overv.chap6-nrl.shtml |title=MIT Course Catalog |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> The high visibility of the reactor's containment building in a densely populated area has occasionally caused controversy,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/V105/N59/nucle.59n.html |title=Cambridge evaluates MIT's nuclear reactor |publisher=The Tech |date=January 29, 1986 |accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/LooseNukes/ |title=Loose Nukes: A Special Report |publisher=ABC News |accessdate=2007-04-14}}</ref> but MIT maintains that it is well-secured.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2005/reactor.html |title=MIT Assures Community of Research Reactor Safety |author=MIT News Office |date=October 13, 2005
|accessdate=2006-10-05}}</ref> Other notable campus facilities include a pressurized [[wind tunnel]], a [[ship model basin|towing tank]] for testing ship and ocean structure designs, and a low-emission [[cogeneration]] plant that serves most of the campus electricity and heating requirements. MIT's campus-wide wireless network was completed in the fall of 2005 and consists of nearly 3,000 access points covering {{convert|9400000|sqft|m2|0.1|lk=on}} of campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://senseable.mit.edu/news/on_us/CNN4November2005.htm |title=MIT maps wireless users across campus |date=2005-11-04 |accessdate=2007-03-03}}</ref>
===Architecture===
[[Image:Wfm stata center.jpg|left|thumb|200px|The [[Stata Center]] houses [[CSAIL]], [[MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems|LIDS]], and the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy]]
[[Image:MIT-newton-tower.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Frieze on Building 2 dedicated to [[Isaac Newton]]]]
As MIT's school of architecture was the first in the United States,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://architecture.mit.edu/welcome.html |title=MIT Architecture: Welcome |accessdate=2007-04-04}}</ref> it has a history of commissioning progressive, if stylistically inconsistent, buildings.<ref name="Starchitecture">{{cite web |title=Starchitecture on Campus |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2004/02/22/starchitecture_on_campus/ |date=2004-02-22 |accessdate=2006-10-24}}</ref> The first buildings constructed on the Cambridge campus, completed in 1916, are known officially as the ''Maclaurin buildings'' after Institute president [[Richard Maclaurin]] who oversaw their construction. Designed by [[William Welles Bosworth]], these imposing buildings were built of concrete, a first for a non-industrial — much less university — building in the U.S.<ref>{{Harvard reference|last=Jarzombek |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Jarzombek |title=Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech |place=Boston |year=2004 |publisher=Northeastern University Press |p=50-51}}</ref> The utopian [[City Beautiful movement]] greatly influenced Bosworth's design which features the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]]-esque Great Dome, housing the Barker Engineering Library, which overlooks Killian Court, where annual Commencement exercises are held. The friezes of the limestone-clad buildings around Killian Court are engraved with the names of important scientists and philosophers. The imposing Building 7 atrium along [[Massachusetts Avenue (Cambridge)|Massachusetts Avenue]] is regarded as the entrance to the [[Infinite Corridor]] and the rest of the campus.
[[Alvar Aalto]]'s Baker House (1947), [[Eero Saarinen]]'s Chapel and Auditorium (1955), and [[I.M. Pei]]'s Green, Dreyfus, Landau, and Wiesner buildings represent high forms of post-war [[modern architecture]]. More recent buildings like [[Frank Gehry]]'s [[Stata Center]] (2004), [[Steven Holl]]'s [[Simmons Hall]] (2002), and [[Charles Correa]]'s Building 46 (2005) are distinctive amongst the Boston area's staid architecture<ref>"Boston isn’t yet fully embracing contemporary architecture... it’s far riskier to put an unapologetically modern building in the historic Back Bay, not far from the neighborhood’s Victorian town houses and Gothic Revival columns."{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2007/02/11/stained_glass/ |title=Stained Glass? |date=February 11, 2007 |accessdate=2007-04-04 |author=Rachel Strutt}}</ref> and serve as examples of contemporary campus "starchitecture."<ref name="Starchitecture"/> These buildings have not always been popularly accepted; the Princeton Review includes MIT in a list of twenty schools whose campuses are "tiny, unsightly, or both."<ref>{{cite web|title=2007 361 Best College Rankings: Quality of Life: Campus Is Tiny, Unsightly, or Both|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/college/research/rankings/rankingDetails.asp?CategoryID=6&TopicID=50"|publisher=Princeton Review|year=2006|accessdate=2006-10-09}} It should be noted in this regard that the size of the campus is considerable.</ref>
==Academics==
===Student demographics===
{| style="text-align:center; float: right; margin-left: 2em;" align="center" class="wikitable"
|+ ''Minority representation in MIT student body''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/enrollment.shtml |title=MIT Facts 2007: Enrollments 2006-2007 |accessdate=2007-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/international.shtml |title=MIT Facts 2007: International Students and Scholars |accessdate=2007-02-14}}</ref>
! !! Undergraduate !! Graduate!!U.S. Census<ref>See [[Demographics of the United States]] for references.</ref>
|-
! [[African American]]
| 6.3% || 1.8% || 12.1%
|-
! [[Asian American]]
| 26.4% || 11.7% || 4.3%
|-
! [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic American]]
| 11.6% || 2.9% || 14.5%
|-
! [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]
| 1.3% || 0.3% || 0.9%
|-
! [[International student]]
| 9.2% || 39.3% || (N/A)
|}
MIT enrolls more graduate students (approximately 6,000 in total) than undergraduates (approximately 4,000). In 2007, women constituted 44.5 percent of all undergraduates and 30 percent of graduate students. The same year, MIT students represented all 50 states, the [[District of Columbia]], three [[Incorporated territory#Classification of current U.S. territories|U.S. Territories]], and 113 foreign countries.<ref name="Enrollment">{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/enrollment.html |title=MIT Facts 2008: Enrollments |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref>
The admissions rate for freshmen in 2007 was 11.9% with over 69% of admitted freshmen choosing to enroll. Although graduate admissions are less centralized, they are similarly selective: 19.7% of 16,153 applications were admitted with 61.2% of admitted candidates enrolling.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/admission.shtml |title=MIT Facts 2007: Admission to MIT |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |accessdate=2007-02-14}}</ref>
Undergraduate tuition is $33,400 and graduate tuition is $33,600 per year although 64% of undergraduates receive need-based financial aid and 87% of graduate students are supported by MIT fellowships, research assistantships, or teaching assistantships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/graduate.html |title=MIT Facts 2007: Graduate Education |accessdate=2007-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/tuition.html |title=MIT Facts 2007: Tuition and Financial Aid |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref>
===Classes===
[[Image:Infinitecorridor.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The [[Infinite Corridor]] is the primary passageway through campus.]]
Undergraduates are required to complete an extensive core curriculum called the General Institute Requirements (GIRs). The science requirement, generally completed during freshman year as prerequisites for classes in science and engineering majors, comprises two semesters of physics classes covering [[Classical Mechanics]] and [[electricity and magnetism|E&M]], two semesters of math covering [[calculus|single variable calculus]] and [[multivariable calculus]], one semester of chemistry, and one semester of biology. Undergraduates are required to take a laboratory class in their major, eight [[Humanities]], [[Arts]], and [[Social Sciences]] (HASS) classes (at least three in a concentration and another four unrelated subjects), and non-varsity athletes must also take four [[physical education]] classes. In May 2006, a faculty task force recommended that the current GIR system be simplified with changes to the science, HASS, and Institute Lab requirements.<ref>{{cite web | title=Proposed Revisions to GIRs Are Unveiled | url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/V126/N25/25gir.html |accessdate=2006-06-28}}</ref>
Although the difficulty of MIT coursework has been characterized as "drinking from a fire hose,"<ref>"In the sixties... Students spoke of their undergraduate experiences as 'drinking from a fire hose.'"{{cite book|title=Leadership and Organizational Culture: New Perspectives on Administrative Theory and Practice |editors=Thomas J. Sergiovanni, John Edward Corbally |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=1986 |ISBN=0-252-01347-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0252013476&id=wfjpFezRhuYC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&sig=wQV34XQrsLxQh-qzkwXtFTud3Hs |pages=59}}</ref> the failure rate and freshmen retention rate at MIT are similar to other large research universities.<ref>{{cite web | title=Common Data Set, Enrollment and Persistence | url=http://web.mit.edu/ir/cds/2006/b.html| accessdate=2006-10-06 }}</ref> Some of the pressure for first-year undergraduates is lessened by the existence of the "pass/no-record" grading system. In the first (fall) term, freshmen transcripts only report if a class was passed while no external record exists if a class was not passed. In the second (spring) term, passing grades (ABC) appear on the transcript while non-passing grades are again rendered "no-record."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitadmissions.org/topics/learning/freshman_year_pass_no_record/ |title=Freshman Year Pass / No Record |publisher=MIT Admissions |accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref>
Most classes rely upon a combination of faculty led lectures, graduate student led recitations, weekly problem sets (p-sets), and tests to teach material, though alternative curricula exist, e.g. [[Experimental Study Group]], Concourse, and Terrascope.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/concourse/www/ |title=Concourse Program at MIT |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/terrascope/www/ |title=Terrascope home page |accessdate=2007-01-08}}</ref> Over time, students compile "bibles," collections of problem set and examination questions and answers used as references for later students. In 1970, the then-Dean of Institute Relations, Benson R. Snyder, published ''[[The Hidden Curriculum]],'' arguing that unwritten regulations, like the implicit curricula of the bibles, are often counterproductive; they fool professors into believing that their teaching is effective and students into believing they have learned the material.
===Collaborations===
[[Image:Harvard-MIT-coop.png|right|thumb|120px|The [[Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society]], or "The Coop", is the official bookstore of Harvard and MIT<ref>The Coop Membership Application (2006)</ref>]]
[[Image:Building 7 entrance.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Building 7 (also 77 Massachusetts Avenue) is regarded as the entrance to campus.]]
The university historically pioneered research collaborations between industry and government.<ref>"MIT for a long time... stood virtually alone as a university that embraced rather than shunned industry." <br> {{cite journal |title = A Survey of New England: A Concentration of Talent |journal=The Economist |date=August 8, 1987}}</ref><ref>"The war made necessary the formation of new working coalitions... between these technologists and government officials. These changes were especially noteworthy at MIT." <br> {{cite book|title=MIT: Shaping the Future |author=Edward B. Roberts |chapter=An Environment for Entrepreneurs |publisher=The MIT Press |year=1991 |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=0262631451}}</ref> Fruitful collaborations with industrialists like [[Alfred P. Sloan]] and [[Thomas Alva Edison]] led President Compton to establish an Office of Corporate Relations and an Industrial Liaison Program in the 1930s and 1940s that now allows over 600 companies to [[technology transfer|license research]] and consult with MIT faculty and researchers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilp-www.mit.edu/display_page.a4d?key=P2a |title=MIT ILP - About the ILP |accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref> As [[Vannevar Bush|several]] [[James Rhyne Killian|MIT]] [[Jerome Wiesner|leaders]] served as [[President's Science Advisory Committee|Presidential scientific advisers]] since 1940,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/ostpside-0502.html |title=Nearly half of all US Presidential science advisors have had ties to the Institute |publisher=MIT News Office |date=May 2, 2001 |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> MIT established a Washington Office in 1991 to continue to [[lobbying|lobby]] for research funding and national [[science policy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/dc/ |title=MIT Washington Office |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref>
MIT's proximity<ref>MIT's Building 7 and Harvard's Johnston Gate, the traditional entrances to each school, are {{convert|1.72|mi|km|2}} apart along Massachusetts Avenue.</ref> to [[Harvard University]] has created both a quasi-friendly rivalry ("the other school up the [[Charles River|river]]") as well as a substantial number of research collaborations such as the [[Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology]], [[Broad Institute]], [[Center for Ultracold Atoms]], and Harvard-MIT Data Center.<ref>{{cite web |quote=The US has the world’s top two universities by our reckoning — Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, neighbours on the Charles River. |url=http://www.thes.co.uk/worldrankings/ |title=Times Higher Education Supplement World Rankings 2005 |accessdate=2006-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmdc.harvard.edu/ |title=Harvard-MIT Data Center |accessdate=2007-01-08}}</ref> In addition, students at the two schools can [[cross-registration|cross-register]] without any additional fees, for credits toward their own school's degrees.
A cross-registration program with [[Wellesley College]] has existed since 1969 and a significant undergraduate exchange program with the [[University of Cambridge]] known as the [[Cambridge-MIT Institute]] was also launched in 2002.<ref name="EdPart">{{Cite web |title=MIT Facts 2007: Educational Partnerships |url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/partnerships.shtml |accessdate=2007-02-14}}</ref> MIT has limited cross-registration programs with [[Boston University]], [[Brandeis University]], [[Tufts University]], [[Massachusetts College of Art]], and the [[School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]].<ref name="EdPart"/>
MIT maintains substantial research and faculty ties with independent research organizations in the Boston-area like the [[Charles Stark Draper Laboratory]], [[Whitehead Institute|Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research]], and [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]] as well as international research and educational collaborations through the [[Singapore-MIT Alliance]], MIT-[[University of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]] International Logistics Program,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/zlc/ |title=MIT-Zaragoza International Logistics Program |accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref> MIT Portugal Program,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitportugal.org/ |title=MIT-Portugal |accessdate=2007-08-29}}</ref> and MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/misti/ |title=MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives |accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref>
Students, faculty, and staff are involved in over 50 educational outreach and public service programs through the [[MIT Museum]], Edgerton Center,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/edgerton/ |title=MIT Edgerton Center |accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref> and MIT Public Service Center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/mitpsc/ |title=MIT Public Service Center |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MIT Outreach Database |url=http://ideas.mit.edu/~pscadmin/browsehome.php |accessdate=2006-10-07}}</ref> Summer programs like [[MITES]]<ref>[http://web.mit.edu/mites/www/ Minority Introduction to Engineering and Science Program]</ref> and the Research Science Institute<ref>[http://www.cee.org/rsi/ Research Science Institute]</ref> encourage minority and high school students to pursue science and engineering in college. Project Interphase accelerates incoming freshman whose educational backgrounds did not fully prepare them for MIT coursework.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/ome/programs-services/interphase/ |title=Project Interphase |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref>
The mass-market magazine ''[[Technology Review]]'' is published by MIT through a subsidiary company, as is a special edition that also serves as the Institute's official alumni magazine. The MIT Press is a major university press, publishing over 200 books and 40 journals annually emphasizing science and technology as well as arts, architecture, new media, current events, and social issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/mitpress/history/default.asp |title=History - The MIT Press |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref>
===Rankings===
<!-- ALL RANKINGS ARE POV !!!
Please do not make changes to this section without first proposing or justifying them in the Discussion. -->
[[Image:MIT-barker.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Barker Library, inside the Great Dome]]
In the 2008 [[US News and World Report]] (USNWR) rankings of national universities, MIT's undergraduate program was #7.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1natudoc_brief.php |title=America's Best Colleges 2007: National Universities |accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> The [[MIT Sloan School of Management]] is ranked #2 in the nation at the undergraduate level and #4 among MBA programs by USNWR's 2008 rankings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/topprogs_brief.php |title=America's Best Colleges 2007: Best Undergraduate Business Programs |publisher=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/mba/brief/mbarank_brief.php |title=America's Best Graduate Schools 2008: Top Business Schools |accessdate=2007-05-18 |publisher=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> MIT has more top-ranked graduate programs than any other university in the 2008 USNWR survey and the School of Engineering has been ranked first among graduate and undergraduate programs since the magazine first released the results of its survey in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/phdsci/phdsciindex_brief.php |title=USNWR's Best Graduate Programs in the Sciences |accessdate=2006-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/eng/engindex.php |title=USNWR's Best Graduate Programs in Engineering |accessdate=2006-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=MIT grad programs rank highly | url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2003/usnews.html | accessday= July 30 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref>
Among other outlets in the world university rankings, MIT is ranked #1 in the Globe by [[Webometrics]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webometrics.info/top4000.asp |title=Webometrics Top 4000 World Universities |accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> #1 in technology, #2 in citation, #4 overall, #5 in natural science, and #11 in social science among world universities by the ''[[THES - QS World University Rankings]]'',<ref>Wikipedia's summaries: [[The Times Higher Education Supplement#Top universities overall (worldwide)|Top universities overall (worldwide)]]; [[The Times Higher Education Supplement#Top universities worldwide for technology|Top universities worldwide for technology]]; [[The Times Higher Education Supplement#Top universities worldwide for technology|Top universities worldwide for science]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/ |title=2006 ''The Times'' Higher Educational Supplement ranking of world’s research universities |accessdate=2007-08-05}}</ref> in the top tier of national research universities by TheCenter for Measuring University Performance,<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top American Research Universities: 2006 Annual Report |publisher=TheCenter for Measuring University Performance |url=http://mup.asu.edu/research2006.pdf |accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> #5 among world universities by [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]'s 2006 ''Annual Rankings of World Universities'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2006/ARWU2006_Top100.htm |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2006 |accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> and #1 by [[The Washington Monthly]]'s rankings of social mobility and national service in 2005 and 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.national.html |title=The Washington Monthly College Rankings: National Universities |accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> The [[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]], in a 1995 study ranking research universities in the US, ranked MIT #1 in "reputation" and #4 in "citations and faculty awards."<ref>Diamond, Nancy and Hugh Davis Graham (1995), [http://www.physics.northwestern.edu/graduate/Graham_Diamond.html How should we rate research universities?]</ref>
==Faculty and research ==
{{main article|List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty}}
[[Image:MITKismet.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Kismet (robot)]] was developed to simulate human emotions.]]
MIT has 1008 faculty members, of whom 195 are women and 172 are minorities.<ref>{{cite web|title=MIT Facts 2007: Faculty and Staff |url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/faculty.shtml |accessdate=2007-02-14 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> Faculty are responsible for lecturing classes, advising both graduate and undergraduate students, and sitting on academic committees, as well as conducting original research. Many faculty members also have founded companies, serve as scientific advisers, or sit on the [[Board of Directors]] for corporations. 25 [[Nobel Prize laureates by university affiliation|MIT faculty members]] have won the [[Nobel Prize]].<ref> {{cite web|title=61 MIT-related Nobel Prize winners include faculty, researchers, alumni and staff |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/special/nobels.html |publisher=MIT News Office}}</ref> Among current and former faculty members, there are 51 [[National Medal of Science]] and [[National Medal of Technology|Technology]] recipients,<ref name="MacArthur"/> 80 [[Guggenheim Fellow]]s, 6 [[Fulbright Scholar]]s, 29 [[MacArthur Fellow]]s, 5 [[Dirac Medal]] winners, 5 [[Wolf Prize]] winners, and 4 [[Kyoto Prize]] winners.<ref>{{cite web | title=MIT Facts 2007: Faculty and Staff | url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/faculty.shtml |accessdate=2007-02-14 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> Faculty members who have made extraordinary contributions to their research field as well as the MIT community are granted appointments as [[Institute Professor]]s for the remainder of their tenures.
For fiscal year 2007, MIT spent $598.3 million on on-campus research.<ref name="MIT Facts 2008"> {{cite web|title=MIT Facts 2008 |url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/ |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> The federal government was the largest source of sponsored research, with the [[Department of Health and Human Services]] granting $201.6 million, [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] $90.6 million, [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] $64.9 million, [[National Science Foundation]] $65.1 million, and [[NASA]] $27.9 million.<<ref name="MIT Facts 2008"/> MIT employs approximately 3,500 researchers in addition to faculty. In the 2006 academic year, MIT faculty and researchers disclosed 487 inventions, filed 314 patent applications, received 149 patents, and earned $129.2 million in royalties and other income.<ref>{{cite web |title= TLO Statistics for Fiscal Year 2007 |url=http://web.mit.edu/tlo/www/about/office_statistics.html |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref>
===Research accomplishments===
[[Image:Shockwave.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Strobe photograph taken by an MIT undergraduate in Edgerton's laboratory]]
In electronics, [[magnetic core memory]], [[radar]], [[single electron transistor]]s, and [[inertial guidance]] controls were invented or substantially developed by MIT researchers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/rad_lab.html |title=IEEE History Center: MIT Radiation Laboratory |publisher=IEEE |accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref><ref name="RLE History"/> [[Harold Eugene Edgerton]] was a pioneer in [[high speed photography]]. [[Claude E. Shannon]] developed much of modern [[information theory]] and discovered the application of Boolean logic to [[digital circuit]] design theory.
[[Image:Heckert GNU white.svg|right|thumb|150px|The [[GNU project]] and [[free software movement]] originated at MIT]]
In the domain of computer science, MIT faculty and researchers made fundamental contributions to [[Norbert Wiener|cybernetics]], [[Marvin Minsky|artificial intelligence]], [[Joseph Weizenbaum|computer language]]s, [[Patrick Winston|machine learning]], [[Rodney Brooks|robotics]], and [[Ronald Rivest|public-key cryptography]].<ref name="RLE History">{{cite web|url=http://www.rle.mit.edu/about/about_history.html |title=Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT: History |publisher=MIT |accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Guttag |first=John |title=The Electron and the Bit, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1902-2002 |year=2003}}</ref> [[Richard Stallman]] founded the [[GNU Project]] while at the [[MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|AI lab]] (now [[MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|CSAIL]]). Professors [[Hal Abelson]] and [[Gerald Jay Sussman]] wrote the popular ''[[Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs]]'' textbook and co-founded the [[Free Software Foundation]] with Stallman. [[Tim Berners-Lee]] established the [[W3C]] at MIT in 1994. [[David D. Clark]] made fundamental contributions in developing the [[Internet]]. Popular technologies like [[X Window System]], [[Kerberos (protocol)|Kerberos]], [[Zephyr protocol|Zephyr]], and [[Hesiod (name service)|Hesiod]] were created for [[Project Athena]] in the 1980s. MIT was one of the original collaborators in the development of the [[Multics]] operating system, a highly secure predecessor of [[UNIX]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.multicians.org/history.html |title=Multics History |publisher=Multics |accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref>
The physic faculty have been instrumental in describing subatomic and quantum phenomena like [[Samuel C. C. Ting|elementary particles]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1976/ |title=The 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[electroweak force]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1979/ |title=1979 Nobel Prize in Physics |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Wolfgang Ketterle|Bose-Einstein condensate]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2001/ |title=2001 Nobel Prize in Physics |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[fractional quantum Hall effect]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1998/ |title=1998 Nobel Prize in Physics |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Martin Deutsch|positronium]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2002/deutsch.html |title=Martin Deutsch, MIT physicist who discovered positronium, dies at 85 |date=August 20, 2002 |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Clifford Shull|neutron scattering]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1994/ |title=1994 Nobel Prize in Physics |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Frank Wilczek|asymptotic freedom]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/ |title=2004 Nobel Prize in Physics |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Patrick A. Lee|weak localization]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.ictp.it/~sci_info/awards/Dirac/DiracMedallists/DiracMedal05.html |title=Dirac Medallists 2005 |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics}}</ref> [[Roman Jackiw|quantum field theory]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.ictp.it/~sci_info/awards/Dirac/DiracMedallists/DiracMedal98.html |title=Dirac Medallists 1998 |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics}}</ref> [[Daniel Z. Freedman|super gravity]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.ictp.it/~sci_info/awards/Dirac/DiracMedallists/DiracMedal93.html |title=Dirac Medallists 1993 |publisher=Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Goldstone boson]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.ictp.it/~sci_info/awards/Dirac/DiracMedallists/DiracMedal91.html |title=Dirac Medallists 1991 |publisher=Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Daniel Kleppner|quantum optics]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolffund.org.il/full.asp?id=14 |title=THE 2005 WOLF FOUNDATION PRIZE IN PHYSICS |publisher=Wolf Foundation |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> as well as [[cosmology|cosmological]] phenomena like [[Alan Guth|cosmic inflation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.ictp.it/~sci_info/awards/Dirac/DiracMedallists/DiracMedal02.html |title=Dirac Medallists 2002 |publisher=Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Victor Weisskopf]], in addition to his contributions to [[quantum field theory]], worked as a researcher on the [[Manhattan Project]] and co-founded the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/vweisskopf.html |title=Victor Weisskopf Biographical Memoir |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref>
Members of the chemistry department have discovered number syntheses like [[Richard R. Schrock|metathesis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2005/ |title=2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[K. Barry Sharpless|stereoselective oxidation reactions]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/ |title=2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Julius Rebek|synthetic self-replicating molecules]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://w3.mit.edu/newsoffice/tt/1990/may09/23124.html |title=Self-Reproducing Molecules Reported by MIT Researchers |publisher=MIT News Office |date=May 9, 1990 |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Mario J. Molina|CFC-ozone reactions]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995 |title=1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> and [[John Waugh|nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolffund.org.il/full.asp?id=47 |title=THE 1983/4 WOLF FOUNDATION PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY |publisher=Wolf Foundation |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Penicillin]] was also first synthesized at MIT.<ref>{{cite news|title=Professor John C. Sheehan Dies at 76 |date=April 1, 1992 |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1992/sheehan-0401.html |publisher=MIT News Office |accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref>
MIT biologists have been recognized for their discoveries and advances in [[RNA]], [[Har Gobind Khorana|protein synthesis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/ |title=1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> [[H. Robert Horvitz|apoptosis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/ |title=2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine |publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Phillip Allen Sharp|gene splicing and introns]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1993/ |title=1993 Nobel Prize in Medicine |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> [[Susumu Tonegawa|antibody diversity]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1987/ |title=1987 Nobel Prize in Medicine |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> [[David Baltimore|reverse transcriptase]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1975/ |title=1975 Nobel Prize in Medicine |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> [[Robert Weinberg|oncogenes]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolffund.org.il/full.asp?id=20 |title=THE 2004 WOLF FOUNDATION PRIZE IN MEDICINE |publisher=Wolf Foundation |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Salvador Luria|phage resistance]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/ |title=1969 Nobel Prize in Medicine |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> and [[Jerome Lettvin|neurophysiology]].<ref name="RLE timeline">{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1996/timeline-1030.html |title=An RLE timeline |publisher=MIT News Office |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> MIT researchers discovered the genetic bases for [[Lou Gehrig's disease]] and [[Huntington's disease]].<ref name="MIT Firsts">{{cite web|title=MIT Research and Teaching Firsts |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/special/firsts.html |publisher=MIT |accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref> [[Eric Lander]] was one of the principal leaders of the [[Human Genome Project]].<ref>{{citation |last=Lander |first=Eric |title=Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome |publication=Nature |year=2001 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11237011 |doi=10.1038/35057062 |journal=Nature |volume=409 |pages=860}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eric S. Lander |url=http://www.broad.mit.edu/about/bios/bio-lander.html |publisher=Broad Institute |accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref>
Faculty and researchers belonging to the economics and management departments have contributed to the fields of [[Jay W. Forrester|system dynamics]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/btforr.html |title=A Science Odyessy |publisher=PBS |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Robert C. Merton|financial engineering]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1997/ |title=Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1997 |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> [[Robert Solow|neo-classical growth model]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1987/ |title=Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1987 |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> and [[Paul Samuelson|welfare economics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1970/ |title=Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1970 |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> and developed fundamental financial models like the [[Franco Modigliani|Modigliani-Miller theorem]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1985/ |title=Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1985 |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> and [[Myron Scholes|Black-Scholes]] equation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1997/ |title=Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1997 |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref>
Professors [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Morris Halle]] are both noted linguists,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/Work/KK.html |title=The Anatomy of a Revolution in the Social Sciences: Chomsky in 1962 Professor |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Henry Jenkins]] is prominent in the field of [[media studies]], Professor [[John Harbison]] has won a [[Pulitzer Prize]] and [[MacArthur Fellowship]] for his operatic scores, and former professor [[Marcia McNutt]] is one of the world's most influential ocean scientists.<ref>{{cite web| author= Adam, John| title= Piloting through Uncharted Seas| publisher= Scientific American| url= http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=8&articleID=00042EAF-E463-1C6F-84A9809EC588EF21| date= June 2001| accessdate= 2007-04-28}}</ref>
===UROP===
In 1969, MIT began the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) to enable undergraduates to collaborate directly with faculty members and researchers. The program, founded by [[Margaret MacVicar]], builds upon the MIT philosophy of "learning by doing." Students obtain research projects, colloquially called "UROPs," through postings on the UROP website or by contacting faculty members directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/UROP/ |title=UROP homepage |accessdate=2007-08-05}}</ref> Over 2,800 undergraduates, 70% of the student body, participate every year for academic credit, pay, or on a volunteer basis.<ref>{{cite web|title=MIT Research and Teaching Firsts |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/special/firsts.html |accessdate=2006-10-06}}</ref> Students often become [[scientific journal|published]], file [[patent application]]s, and/or launch [[startup company|start-up companies]] based upon their experience in UROPs.
===Current initiatives===
As part of its [[MIT OpenCourseWare|OpenCourseWare]] project, MIT makes course materials for over 1,800 classes available online without charge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/home/home/index.htm |title=MIT OpenCourseWare |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> Building upon MIT's leadership in the [[free software movement]], [[Nicholas Negroponte]] of the [[MIT Media Lab]] started the [[One Laptop per Child]] initiative to expand computer education and connectivity to children worldwide. Upon taking office in 2004, President Hockfield launched an Energy Research Council to investigate how MIT can respond to the interdisciplinary challenges of increasing global [[energy consumption]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/erc/ |title=Energy Research Council homepage |accessdate=2006-10-24}}</ref>
==Traditions and student activities==
{{main article|Traditions and student activities at MIT|MIT class ring}}
[[Image:Brass Rat 2007 Finger.jpg|thumb|left|A typical "[[Brass Rat]]." The design variation pictured is from the Class of 2007.]]
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The faculty and students body highly value [[meritocracy]] and technical proficiency.<ref>"We are a meritocracy. We judge each other by our ideas, our creativity and our accomplishments, not by who our families are." {{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/admissions/pdf/MITinstructions.pdf |title=MIT freshman application & financial aid information |author=Marilee Jones, former Dean of Admissions |accessdate=2007-01-02 |publisher=MIT Admissions}}</ref><ref>"Mathematical approaches to economics have at times been criticized as lacking in practical value. Yet the MIT Economics Department has trained many economists who have played leading roles in government and in the private sector, including the current heads of four central banks: those of Chile, Israel, Italy, and, I might add, the United States."<br>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/boardDocs/speeches/2006/20060609/default.htm |title=2006 Commencement Speech at MIT |author=Ben S. Bernanke |date=2006-06-09 |accessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref> MIT has never awarded an [[honorary degree]] nor does it award athletic scholarships, [[ad eundem degree]]s, or [[Latin honors]] upon graduation.<ref>"MIT's founder, William Barton Rogers, regarded the practice of giving honorary degrees as 'literary almsgiving ... of spurious merit and noisy popularity....' Rogers was a geologist from the University of Virginia who believed in Thomas Jefferson's policy barring honorary degrees at the university, which was founded in 1819.... When Charles M. Vest... was offered the job of president of MIT in 1990, he met with Wiesner, who also had come to MIT from the University of Michigan. Wiesner, in ten words of concise persuasion, cited three worries of university presidents that Vest would not have at MIT—'No big time athletics. No medical school. No honorary degrees.'"<br>{{cite web|year= 2001 | url = http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/commdegrees.html | title = No honorary degrees is an MIT tradition going back to ... Thomas Jefferson | publisher = MIT News Office | date = June 8, 2001 | accessdate =2006-05-07}}</ref> It does, on rare occasions, award honorary professorships; [[Winston Churchill]] was so honored in 1949 and [[Salman Rushdie]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel C.|last=Stevenson |url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/V113/N61/rushdie.61n.html |title=Rushdie Stuns Audience 26-100 |publisher=The Tech}}</ref>
Students' passion for their subjects is balanced by the perception that their classes are more rigorous than their "grade inflated" peer institutions<ref>While some statistics suggest that MIT pre-medical or pre-law students have lower average GPAs than graduates from peer schools with the same standardized board scores, a Princeton University study cites MIT granting as many "A"s as Ivy League-level colleges {{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5626583/site/newsweek/ |title=Grade Deflation |date=August 2004 |accessdate=2007-01-02 |publisher=Newsweek}}</ref>— a love-hate relationship embodied by the school's informal motto/[[initialism]] IHTFP ("I hate this fucking place," jocularly euphemized as "I have truly found paradise," "Institute has the finest professors," etc.).<ref>{{cite web |last=Bauer |first=M.J. |title=IHTFP |url=http://www.mit.edu/people/mjbauer/ihtfp.html |accessdate=2005-11-23}}</ref>
Current students and alumni wear a large, heavy, distinctive class ring known as the "[[Brass Rat]]."<ref>{{cite book|title=Massachusetts Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities, & Other Offbeat Stuff |publisher=Globe Pequot |date=2004 |isbn=0762730706 |last=Gellerman |first=Bruce |coauthors=Erik Sherman |pages=65-66}}</ref> Originally created in 1929, the ring's official name is the "Standard Technology Ring." The undergraduate ring design (a separate graduate student version exists, as well) varies slightly from year to year to reflect the unique character of the MIT experience for that class, but always features a three-piece design, with the MIT seal and the class year each appearing on a separate face, flanking a large rectangular bezel bearing an image of a [[American Beaver|beaver]].
===Activities===
{{main article|Student activities at MIT}}
{{see also|MIT hacks}}
[[Image:MIT firetruck hack.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A fire truck was placed on the Great Dome by students on September 11, 2006.]]
MIT has over 380 recognized student activity groups,<ref>{{cite web|title=MIT Association of Student Activities |url=http://web.mit.edu/asa/resources/group-list.html |accessdate=2006-11-01}}</ref> including a [[WMBR|campus radio station]], ''[[The Tech (newspaper)|The Tech]]'' student newspaper, the "world's largest open-shelf [[MIT Science Fiction Society|collection of science fiction]]" in English, [[TMRC|model railroad club]], a vibrant [[Tech Squares|folk dance]] scene, weekly screenings of popular films by the [[Student life and culture at MIT#Lecture Series Committee|Lecture Series Committee]], and an annual [[MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition|entrepreneurship competition]].
The [[Student life and culture at MIT#Independent Activities Period|Independent Activities Period]] is a four-week long "term" offering hundreds of optional classes, lectures, demonstrations, and other activities throughout the month of January between the Fall and Spring semesters. Some of the most popular recurring IAP activities are the 6.270, [[6.370 (MIT)|6.370]], and MasLab [[Student life and culture at MIT#Robotics competitions|competitions]], the annual [[MIT Mystery Hunt|"mystery hunt"]], and [[Student life and culture at MIT#Charm School|Charm School]].
Many MIT students also engage in "hacking," which encompasses both the [[Roof and tunnel hacking|physical exploration of areas]] that are generally off-limits (such as rooftops and steam tunnels), as well as [[hack (practical joke)|elaborate practical jokes]]. Recent hacks have included the theft of [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]]'s cannon,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitcannon.com/ |title=Howe & Ser Moving Co. |accessdate=2007-04-04}}</ref> reconstructing a [[Wright Flyer]] atop the Great Dome,<ref>{{cite news|title=Mit Pranksters Wing It For Wright Celebration |publisher=Boston Globe |date=December 18, 2003 |author=MARCELLA BOMBARDIERI |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/cgi-bin/ngate/BG?ext_docid=0FF8A4DEBA245CA5&ext_hed=MIT%20PRANKSTERS%20WING%20IT%20FOR%20WRIGHT%20CELEBRATION&ext_theme=bg&pubcode=BG}}</ref> and adorning the [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]] statue with the [[Master Chief (Halo)|Master Chief's Spartan Helmet]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MIT Hackers & Halo 3 |publisher=The Tech |url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/V127/N41/graphics/halo3.html |accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref>
===Athletics===
[[Image:MITengineerslogo.PNG|right|200px|thumb|Official logo of MIT Athletics.]]
The student athletics program offers 41 varsity-level sports, the largest program in the nation.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=MIT Facts 2007: Athletics and Recreation
|url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/athletics.shtml
|accessdate=2007-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/fofdaper/docs/Varsity-sports-facts.html |title=MIT Varsity Sports fact sheet |accessdate=2007-01-06}}</ref>
MIT participates in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]'s [[Division III]], the [[New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference]], the [[New England Football Conference]], and [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]'s Division I and [[College rowing (United States)#Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges|Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges (EARC)]] for crew.
The Institute's sports teams are called the Engineers, their [[mascot]] since 1914 being a [[American Beaver|beaver]], "nature's engineer." Lester Gardner, a member of the Class of 1898, provided the following justification: {{cquote|The beaver not only typifies the Tech, but his habits are particularly our own. The beaver is noted for his engineering and mechanical skills and habits of industry. His habits are nocturnal. He does his best work in the dark.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alumweb.mit.edu/classes/1993/brassrat.html |title=MIT '93 Brass Rat |accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> }}
MIT fielded several dominant intercollegiate [[Tiddlywinks]] teams through 1980, winning national and world championships.<ref>{{cite web |title=MIT's World Champions
|url=http://www-tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_092/TECH_V092_S0210_P007.pdf |date=1972-04-25 |pages=7 |volume=92 |first=Fred |last=Shapiro |publisher=The Tech |accessdate=2006-10-04}}</ref> The Engineers have won or placed highly in national championships in pistol, track and field, swimming and diving, cross country, crew, fencing, and water polo. MIT has produced 128 [[All-America|Academic All-Americans]], the third largest membership in the country for any division and the highest number of members for Division III.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/athletics.html |title=MIT Facts 2007: Athletics and Recreations |accessdate=2007-02-14}}</ref>
The [[Zesiger sports and fitness center]] (Z-Center) which opened in 2002, significantly expanded the capacity and quality of MIT's athletics, physical education, and recreation offerings to 10 buildings and 26 acres of playing fields. The {{convert|124000|sqft|m2|-2|sing=on}} facility features an Olympic-class swimming pool, international-scale squash courts, and a two-story fitness center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/athletics.html |title=MIT Facts 2007: Athletics and Recreation |accessdate=2007-02-14}}</ref>
===Housing===
{{main article|Housing at MIT}}
[[Image:Baker House, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Detail of Baker House façade onto the [[Charles River]].]]
Undergraduates are guaranteed four-year, [[List of MIT dormitories|dormitory]] housing.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://web.mit.edu/housing/undergrad/faqs.html#Eligibility
|title=MIT Undergraduate Housing FAQ:19 Frequently Asked Questions
|author=MIT Housing Office
|accessdate=2006-10-04
|date=2005-08-25}}</ref> On-campus housing provides live-in graduate student tutors and faculty housemasters who have the dual role of both helping students and monitoring them for medical or mental health problems. Students are permitted to select their dorm and floor upon arrival on campus, and as a result diverse communities arise in living groups; the dorms on and east of Massachusetts Avenue are stereotypically more involved in [[counterculture|countercultural]] activities. MIT also has six graduate student dormitories, which house about one-third of the graduate student population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Graduate Housing Guide - Quick Facts |url=http://web.mit.edu/housing/grad/ghg/quick.html |accessmdate=10-08-2006}}</ref>
MIT has a very active Greek and co-op system. Approximately one-half of MIT male undergraduates and one-third of female undergraduates<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.csail.mit.edu/phw/fsilg/jelke.pdf |title=Consultation Report to Dean Rogers |date=2003-05-23 |accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref> are affiliated with one of MIT's 36 fraternities, sororities, and independent living groups (FSILGs).<ref>{{cite web
|title=MIT Facts 2007: Housing
|url=http://web.mit.edu/facts/housing.html
|accessdate=2007-02-14}}</ref> Most FSILGs are located across the river in the [[Back Bay]] owing to MIT's historic location there, but there are also a few fraternities in MIT's West Campus and in Cambridge. Since 2002, all freshmen are required to live in the dormitory system for the first year before moving into an FSILG.
==Noted alumni==
{{main article|List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni}}
Many of MIT's over 110,000 alumni and alumnae have had considerable success in scientific research, public service, education, and business. Twenty-six MIT alumni have [[List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni#Alumni Nobel laureates|won the Nobel Prize]] and 37 have been selected as [[Rhodes Scholar]]s.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/index.html |title=Awards and Honors |author=MIT Office of Institutional Research |accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref>
Alumni currently in American politics and public service include [[Chairman of the Federal Reserve]] [[Ben Bernanke]], [[List of United States Senators from New Hampshire|New Hampshire Senator]] [[John E. Sununu]], U.S. [[Secretary of Energy]] [[Samuel Bodman]], [[Massachusetts's 1st congressional district|MA-1]] Representative [[John Olver]], [[California's 13th congressional district|CA-13]] Representative [[Pete Stark]]. MIT alumni in international politics include British [[Foreign Minister]] [[David Miliband]], former [[U.N. Secretary General]] [[Kofi Annan]], former [[Iraq]]i Deputy Prime Minister [[Ahmed Chalabi]], and former [[Prime Minister of Israel]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].
MIT alumni founded or co-founded many notable companies, such as [[Robert Noyce|Intel]], [[James Smith McDonnell|McDonnell]] [[Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.|Douglas]], [[Cecil Howard Green|Texas Instruments]], [[Robert Metcalfe|3Com]], [[Andrew Viterbi|Qualcomm]], [[Amar Bose|Bose]], [[Vannevar Bush|Raytheon]], [[Fred C. Koch|Koch Industries]], [[Willard Rockwell|Rockwell International]], [[Robert A. Swanson|Genentech]], and [[John Thompson Dorrance|Campbell Soup]].
MIT alumni have also led other prominent institutions of higher education, including the [[David S. Saxon|University of California]] system, [[Lawrence H. Summers|Harvard University]], [[William R. Brody|Johns Hopkins University]], [[Jared Cohon|Carnegie Mellon University]], [[Larry Bacow|Tufts University]], [[Albert J. Simone|Rochester Institute of Technology]], [[Joseph Aoun|Northeastern University]], [[Shirley Jackson (physicist)|Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]], [[Eugenio Garza Sada|Tecnológico de Monterrey]], and [[Martin C. Jischke|Purdue University]]. Although not alumni, former Provost [[Robert A. Brown]] is President of [[Boston University]], former Provost [[Mark S. Wrighton|Mark Wrighton]] is Chancellor of [[Washington University in St. Louis]], and former Professor [[David Baltimore]] was President of [[Caltech]].
More than one third of the [[List of NASA missions#Human spaceflight|United States' manned spaceflights]] have included [[List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni#Alumni astronauts|MIT-educated astronauts]], among them [[Buzz Aldrin]] (Sc. D XVI '63), more than any university excluding the [[United States service academies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitadmissions.org/topics/pulse/notable_alumni/ |title=Notable Alumni |accessdate=2006-11-04}} </ref>
<center><gallery>
Image:Aldrin.jpg|[[Apollo 11]] astronaut [[Buzz Aldrin]], ScD '63 (Course XVI)
Image:Kofi Annan.jpg|Former UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]], SM '72 (Course XV)
Image:Ben Bernanke.jpg|Federal Reserve Bank Chairman [[Ben Bernanke]], PhD '79 (Course XIV)
Image:Benjamin Netanyahu.jpg|Former Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], SB '76 (Course IV), SM '78 (Course XV)
</gallery></center>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
:''See the [http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/bibliographies/mithistory-sources/index.html bibliography] maintained by MIT's [http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/ Institute Archives & Special Collections]
*{{cite book | first=Stuart W.| last=Leslie| title=The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford | year=1994| publisher=Columbia University Press | id=ISBN 0-231-07959-1}}
*{{cite book | first=William J.| last=Mitchell| title=Imagining MIT: Designing a Campus for the Twenty-First Century | year=2007 | publisher=[[The MIT Press]] | id=ISBN 978-0-262-13479-8}}
*{{cite book | first=Benson R. | last=Snyder| title=The Hidden Curriculum | year=1973 | publisher=[[The MIT Press]] | id=ISBN 978-0-262-69043-0}}
*{{cite book | first=T. F. | last=Peterson| title=Nightwork: A History of Hacks and Pranks at MIT | year=2003 | publisher=[[The MIT Press]] | id=ISBN 978-0-262-66137-9}}
*{{cite book | first=Julius Adams|last=Stratton| authorlink=Julius Adams Stratton|coauthors=Loretta H. Mannix|title=Mind and Hand: The Birth of MIT | year=2005| publisher=[[The MIT Press]] | id=ISBN 978-0-262-19524-9}}
*{{cite book | first=Samuel C.|last=Prescott| authorlink=Samuel Cate Prescott|title=When M.I.T. Was "Boston Tech", 1861-1916 | year=1954| publisher=Technology Press | id=ISBN 978-0-262-66139-3}}
*{{cite book | first=Mark | last=Jarzombek| authorlink=Mark Jarzombek|title=Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech | year=2003 | publisher=Northeastern University Press | id=ISBN 1-55553-619-0}}
*{{cite book | first=O. Robert| last=Simha| title=MIT Campus Planning,: An Annotated Chronology| year=2003 | publisher=[[The MIT Press]] | id=ISBN 978-0-262-69294-6}}
==External links==
{{commons|Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}
* [http://web.mit.edu/ Official MIT Website]
* [http://mitadmissions.org/ Undergraduate Admissions Website]
* [http://alum.mit.edu/ MIT Alumni Association]
* [http://enterpriseforum.mit.edu/ MIT Enterprise Forum]
* [http://www.mit.edu:8001/activities/index.html Activities and Clubs at MIT]
===Publications===
*[http://www.mit.edu:8001/activities/media.html Official List of Campus Media at MIT]
* [http://ocw.mit.edu/ MIT OpenCourseWare] - Free online publication of nearly all MIT course materials
*[http://www-tech.mit.edu/ The Tech] - student newspaper, the world's first newspaper on the web
*[http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/techtalk-info.html Tech Talk] - MIT's official newspaper
*[http://www.technologyreview.com/ Technology Review] - mass market technology and alumni magazine
*[http://mitpress.mit.edu/ MIT Press] - university press & publisher
*[http://mitworld.mit.edu/ MIT World] - video streams of public lectures and symposia
*[http://www.mit.edu:8001/activities/voodoo/voodoo.html VooDoo] - MIT's Journal of Humour since March 1919 ([http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/voodoo/index.html first issue at MIT Libraries])
*[http://counterpoint.mit.edu/ Counterpoint] - MIT/[[Wellesley College|Wellesley]] journal
*''Tech Engineering News'', journal from 1921-1976
===Maps===
*[http://whereis.mit.edu/map-jpg MIT Maps]
*[http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/maps/ Early Maps of both the Boston and Cambridge Campuses] maintained by MIT's [http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/ Institute Archives & Special Collections]{{Geolinks-US-streetscale|42.35982|-71.09211}}
{{MITtemplate}}
{{MIT Presidents}}
{{New England Football Conference}}
{{Colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston}}
{{Association of American Universities}}
{{Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges}}
[[Category:Association of American Universities]]
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