Matthew Shepard
96484
226056001
2008-07-16T17:05:55Z
24.225.103.107
/* ABC's 20/20 report */
{{Infobox Person
| name = Matthew Shepard
| image = Matthew_Shepard_head_shot.jpg
| image_size = 130px
| caption = '''''Matthew Shepard'''''
| birth_date = {{birth date|1976|12|1|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Casper, Wyoming]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1998|10|12|1976|12|1|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Fort Collins, Colorado]]
| occupation = Student
| parents = Dennis and Judy (Peck) Shepard
| website = [http://www.matthewshepard.org/site/PageServer Official Website]}}
'''Matthew Wayne Shepard''' ([[December 1]], [[1976]] – [[October 12]], [[1998]]) was a gay [[United States|American]] student at the [[University of Wyoming]] who was fatally attacked near [[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]] on the night of [[October 6]] – [[October 7]], [[1998]]. Shepard died from severe head injuries at [[Poudre Valley Hospital]] in [[Fort Collins, Colorado]], on [[October 12]], [[1998]]. His murder brought national attention to the issue of [[hate crime]] legislation at the state and federal levels.<ref name=life>{{cite web|url=http://www.matthewshepard.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mat_Matthews_Life|title=Matthew Shepard Foundation webpage}}</ref>
His two assailants, Russell Arthur Henderson and Aaron James McKinney, were convicted of the crime and imprisoned. Henderson is currently serving two consecutive [[Life imprisonment|life sentences]] and McKinney is serving the same but without the possibility of [[parole]].<ref name=cart> {{cite news|last=Cart|first=Julie|title=Killer of Gay Student Is Spared Death Penalty; Courts: Matthew Shepard's father says life in prison shows 'mercy to someone who refused to show any mercy.'|date=[[1999-11-05]]|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|page=A1}}</ref>
==Background==
Shepard, oldest son of Dennis Shepard and Judy Shepard (née Peck), was born in [[Casper, Wyoming]]. He attended Crest Hill [[Elementary School]], Dean Morgan Junior High, and the first two years of [[high school]] at [[Natrona County High School]]. He was a member of St. Mark's Episcopal Church. Shepard spent his junior and senior years of high school at [[The American School In Switzerland]]. After graduating in 1995, he attended [[Catawba College]] and [[Casper College]] before he relocated to [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]]. Shepard then became a first-year [[political science]] major at the University of Wyoming and was chosen as the student representative for the Wyoming Environmental Council.<ref name=life/>
He was described by his parents and good close friend from Orlando, Florida, Frankie J. McGraw, as "...an optimistic and accepting young man ...[who]... had a special gift of relating to almost everyone. He was the type of person that was very approachable and always looked to new challenges. Matthew had a great passion for [[equality]] and always stood up for the acceptance of people's differences."<ref name=life/>
==The attack==
Shortly after midnight on [[October 7]], [[1998]], 21-year-old Shepard met McKinney and Henderson in a bar. McKinney and Henderson posed as gay men and offered Shepard a ride in their car.<ref>{{cite web|title= Killer: Shepard Didn't Make Advances|url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/1999/11/06/witness/index.html|publisher=[[Salon.com]]|accessdate=2007-12-07}}</ref> Subsequently, Shepard was robbed, [[Pistol-whipping|pistol whipped]], tortured, tied to a fence in a remote, [[rural]] area, and left to die. McKinney and Henderson also found out his address and intended to burgle his home. Still tied to the fence, Shepard was discovered eighteen hours later by a cyclist, who at first thought that Shepard was a scarecrow. At the time of discovery, Shepard was still alive, but in a coma.
Shepard suffered a [[fracture]] from the back of his head to the front of his right ear. He had severe [[brain stem]] damage, which affected his body's ability to regulate [[heart rate]], [[body temperature]] and other [[vital signs]]. There were also about a dozen small [[lacerations]] around his head, face and neck. His injuries were deemed too severe for doctors to operate. Shepard never regained consciousness and remained on full life support. As he lay in [[intensive care medicine|intensive care]], candlelight vigils were held by the people of Laramie.<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Wyoming Matthew Shepard Resource Site|url=http://www.uwyo.edu/News/shepard/|publisher=[[University of Wyoming]]|accessdate=2006-11-01}}</ref>
He was pronounced dead at 12:53 A.M. on [[October 12]], [[1998]] at Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins.<ref>{{cite news|title=CNN Coverage of Matthew Shepard|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9810/12/wyoming.attack.03/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|title=Murder charges planned in beating death of gay student||accessdate=2006-11-01
|date=[[1998-10-12]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lacayo|first=Richard|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989406,00.html|work=[[Time Magazine]]|title=The New Gay Struggle|accessdate=2006-11-01|date=[[1998-10-26]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CNN Coverage of Matthew Shepard|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9810/12/wyoming.attack.02/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|title=Beaten gay student dies; murder charges planned |accessdate=2007-01-14
|date=[[1998-10-12]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pourde Valley Health System|url=https://vic.pvhs.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PVHS/PVHS_DOCUMENT_MGMT2/NEWS_REPOSITORY/MATTHEW%20SHEPARD%20MEDICAL%20UPDATE.PDF|work=[[PVHS]]|title=Matthew Shepard Medical Update|accessdate=2007-01-14
|date=[[1998-10-12]]|format=PDF}}</ref> Police arrested McKinney and Henderson shortly thereafter, finding the bloody gun as well as the victim's shoes and [[wallet]] in their truck.<ref name="abcnewspg2">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/2020/Story?id=277685&page=2|title=New Details Emerge in Matthew Shepard Murder|accessdate=2006-05-15||date=[[2004-11-26]]}}</ref>
The two men had attempted to get their girlfriends to provide [[Wiktionary:Alibi|alibis]].<ref>http://www.cnn.com/US/9810/13/wyoming.attack.02/index.html CNN Press Release</ref>.
==The trial==
During court cases both of the defendants used varying stories to defend their actions. They attempted to use the "[[gay panic defense]]", arguing that they were driven to [[temporary insanity]] by Shepard's alleged sexual advances toward them. At another point they stated that they had only wanted to rob Shepard and never intended to kill him.
The prosecutor in the case charged that McKinney and Henderson pretended to be gay in order to gain Shepard's trust to [[Robbery|rob]] him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.courttv.com/archive/trials/henderson/040599_pm_ctv.html|title=Henderson pleads guilty to felony murder in Matthew Shepard case|accessdate=2006-04-06|author=Tuma, Clara, and [[The Associated Press]]|publisher=[[Court TV]]|date=[[April 5]], [[1999]]}}</ref> During the trial, Chastity Pasley and Kristen Price (the pair's then-girlfriends) testified under oath that Henderson and McKinney both plotted beforehand to rob a gay man. McKinney and Henderson then went to the Fireside Lounge and selected Shepard as their target. McKinney alleged that Shepard asked them for a ride home. After befriending him, they took him to a remote area of [[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]] where they robbed him, beat him severely (media reports often contained the graphic account of the pistol whipping and his smashed skull), and tied him to a fence with a rope from McKinney's truck. Both girlfriends also testified that neither McKinney nor Henderson were on drugs at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://homes.thedailycamera.com/extra/shepard/|title=The Daily Camera:Matthew Shepard Murder|accessdate=2006-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailycamera.com/extra/shepard/29bshep.html|title=Girlfriend: McKinney told of killing|last=Black|first=Robert W.|work=The Daily Camera|date=[[1999-10-29]]|accessdate=2006-04-06}}</ref>
Henderson pleaded guilty on [[April 5]], [[1999]], and agreed to testify against McKinney to avoid the [[death penalty]]; he received two consecutive [[life sentence]]s. The jury in McKinney's trial found him guilty of felony murder. As it began to deliberate on the death penalty, Shepard's parents brokered a deal, resulting in McKinney receiving two consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole.<ref name=cart />
Henderson and McKinney were [[incarcerated]] in the Wyoming State Penitentiary in [[Rawlins, Wyoming|Rawlins]] but were transferred to a [[Nevada]] prison due to overcrowding.<ref>http://www.wyonews.com/news/more.asp?StoryID=103925 Wyoming News</ref>
==ABC's ''20/20'' report==
In late 2004, [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC's]] [[Elizabeth Vargas]] reported on an investigation into the murder for the television program ''[[20/20]]''. Though Vargas primarily relied on personal interviews with people involved with the matter, the report was billed as exploring "New Details Emerging in the Matthew Shepard Murder."<ref name="abcnewspg1">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/2020/Story?id=277685&page=1|title=New Details Emerge in Matthew Shepard Murder|accessdate=2006-05-15||date=[[2004-11-26]]}}</ref> At the forefront was the possibility that the murder had in fact been motivated by drugs rather than Shepard's [[sexual orientation]]. McKinney, Henderson and Kristen Price (McKinney's girlfriend) claimed in these interviews that the attack was a result of heavy drug use, a robbery and a beating gone awry.<ref name="abcnewspg3">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/2020/Story?id=277685&page=3|title=New Details Emerge in Matthew Shepard Murder|accessdate=2006-05-15||date=[[2004-11-26]]}}</ref> Price, in her interview with Vargas, ultimately openly remarked: "I do not think it was a hate crime at all. I never did."<ref name=abcnewspg3 /> This statement contradicted Price's first interview with ''20/20'' in 1998, in which she said (of McKinney and Henderson's attack): "They just wanted to beat him bad enough to teach him a lesson, not to come on to straight people, and don’t be aggressive about it anymore,”<ref>{{cite news|url=http://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/recount/article/95/|work=[http://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/recount/]|title=Rewriting the Motives Behind Matthew Shepard’s Murder||accessdate=2007-05-06|date=[[2004-12-08]]}}</ref>. In the report, Price and McKinney's long-time friend Tom O'Conner, on whose property McKinney and Price once lived, also stated that they believed McKinney was [[bisexual]]. However, when Vargas asked McKinney whether he had ever had a sexual experience with another male, he said that he had not.<ref name="abcnewspg4">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/2020/Story?id=277685&page=4|title=New Details Emerge in Matthew Shepard Murder}}</ref>
Retired Police Chief of Laramie, Commander Dave O'Malley — who was also interviewed by ABC and criticized the ''20/20'' report — pointed out that the drug motive does not necessarily disqualify the anti-gay motive: “My feelings have been that the initial contact was probably motivated by robbery because they needed money. What they got was $20 and a pair of shoes ... then something changed and changed profoundly... But, we will never, ever know because Matt’s dead and I don’t trust what [McKinney and Henderson] said.”<ref name="LaramieBoomerang">{{cite web|url=http://www.laramieboomerang.com/news/more.asp?StoryID=102392|title=Former police chief angry about 20/20|accessdate=2007-05-15|date=[[2004-11-26]]}}</ref>
==Hate crime legislation proposed==
{{confusing}}
Henderson and McKinney were not charged with a [[hate crime]], as no Wyoming criminal statute provided for such a charge. The disturbing and brutal nature of Matthew Shepard's murder prompted calls for new legislation addressing hate crime, urged particularly by those who believed that Shepard was targeted on the basis of his [[sexual orientation]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mother of Hate-Crime Victim to Speak at Colby|author=[[Colby College]]|date=[[2006-03-07]]|url=http://www.colby.edu/news/detail/612/|accessdate=2006-04-06}} Press release.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1009867|title=Open phones|accessdate=2006-04-06|work=[[Talk of the Nation]]|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|date=[[1998-10-12]]}} "Denounced nationwide as a hate crime" at 1:40 elapsed time.</ref> Under current [[United States]] federal law<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/civilrights/hate.htm|accessdate=2006-04-06|title=Investigative Programs: Civil Rights: Hate Crimes|publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]}}</ref> and [[Wyoming]] state law,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/provisions.asp|accessdate=2006-04-06|title=Map of State Statutes|publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]}}</ref> crimes committed on the basis of sexual orientation are not prosecutable as hate crimes.
In the following session of the Wyoming Legislature, a bill was introduced defining certain attacks motivated by victim identity as hate crimes, but the measure failed on a 30-30 tie in the [[Wyoming House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The "Hate State" Myth|last=Blanchard|first=Robert O.|url=http://reason.com/9905/fe.rb.the.shtml|accessdate=2006-04-06|date=May 1999|work=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]}}</ref>
At the federal level, then-President [[Bill Clinton]] renewed attempts to extend federal [[hate crime]] legislation to include [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] individuals, women, and people with [[disability|disabilities]]. These efforts were rejected by the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/09/13/hate.crimes/index.html|accessdate=2006-04-07|author=Barrett, Ted, and [[The Associated Press]]|title=President Clinton urges Congress to pass hate crimes bill: GOP aides predict legislation will pass House, but will not become law|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=[[2000-09-13]]}}</ref> In 2000, both houses of [[United States Congress|Congress]] passed such legislation, but it was stripped out in [[conference committee]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Office of House Democratic Leader [[Nancy Pelosi]]|date=[[2004-10-07]]|url=http://democraticleader.house.gov/press/releases.cfm?pressReleaseID=718|accessdate=2006-04-07|title=House Democrats Condemn GOP Rejection of Hate Crimes Legislation}} Press release.</ref>
On [[March 20]], [[2007]], the '''[[Matthew Shepard Act]]''' ({{USBill|110|HR|1592}}) was introduced as federal bipartisan legislation in the U.S. Congress, sponsored by Democrat [[John Conyers]] with 171 co-sponsors. Matthew's parents, Judy and Dennis, were present at the introduction ceremony. The bill passed the House of Representatives on [[May 3]], 2007. Similar legislation passed in the [[United States Senate|Senate]] on September 27, 2007<ref>Simon, R. [http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-hate4may04,0,3438099.story?track=mostviewed-homepage Bush threatens to veto expansion of hate-crime law], [[Los Angeles Times]], [[2007-05-03]]. Retrieved on [[2007-05-03]].</ref> ({{USBill|110|S|1105}}), but [[George W. Bush|President Bush]] has indicated he may [[veto]] the legislation if it reaches his desk.<ref name="nyt">Stout, D. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/04/washington/04hate.html House Votes to Expand Hate Crime Protection], [[New York Times]], [[2007-05-03]]. Retrieved [[2007-05-03]].</ref>
On [[December 10]], [[2007]], congressional powers had failed to get a bipartisan bill passed, which would update the hate crimes legislation, also attached to the Department of Defense Authorization bill. However, [[Nancy Pelosi]], Speaker of the House, says "she is still committed to getting the Matthew Shepard Act passed." Pelosi plans on trying to get the bill passed early in 2008. <ref name="nyt2">[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/opinion/10mon3.html?ref=opinion Caving in on Hate Crimes], [[New York Times]], [[2007-12-10]]. Retrieved [[2007-12-11]].</ref>
==Public reaction and the aftermath==
{{see also|Cultural depictions of Matthew Shepard}}
The [[anti-gay]] [[Westboro Baptist Church]] of [[Topeka]], [[Kansas]], led by [[Fred Phelps]], picketed Shepard's funeral as well as the trial of his assailants,<ref name = "CNN-pleads">{{cite news|title=Suspect pleads guilty in beating death of gay college student|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9904/05/gay.attack.trail.02/|date=[[1999-04-05]]|accessdate=2007-01-18|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref name = "TWWWW">{{cite web|title=The Whole World Was Watching|url=http://www.paraview.com/patterson/index.htm|accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref> displaying signs with [[Anti-gay slogan|slogans]] such as "Matt Shepard rots in Hell", "[[AIDS]] Kills Fags Dead" and "God Hates Fags".<ref>{{cite web|title=Matthew Shepard Online Resources - Hate Speech - Rev. Fred Phelps|url=http://www.hatecrime.org/subpages/hatespeech/phelps.html|accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref> When the Wyoming Supreme Court ruled that it was legal to display any sort of religious message on city property if it was legal for Casper's Ten Commandments display to remain, Phelps made attempts to gain city permits in [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]] and Casper to build a monument "of marble or granite 5 or {{convert|6|ft|m}} in height on which will be a bronze plaque bearing Shepard's picture and the words: ''"MATTHEW SHEPARD, Entered Hell [[October 12]], [[1998]], in Defiance of God's Warning: 'Thou shalt not lie with mankind as with womankind; it is abomination.' [[Leviticus]] 18:22."''<ref>{{cite news|last=Sink|first=Mindy|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Wyoming: Council Votes To Move Ten Commandments From Park|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9905E6DB1430F933A05753C1A9659C8B63|accessdate=2006-04-06|date=[[2003-10-30]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kelly|first=David|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|page=A20|date=[[2003-10-12]]|title=The Nation; Intolerance Chiseled in Stone Hits City Hard; Casper, Wyo., faces the prospect of having to allow a monument that condemns gay murder victim Matthew Shepard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monument dedicated to Matthew Shepard's Entry Into Hell, which WBC intends to erect in Casper City Park as a solemn Memorial that God Hates Fags & Fag-Enablers|url=http://www.godhatesfags.com/main/shepard_monument.html|accessdate=2006-04-06|publisher=[[Westboro Baptist Church]]}} Page includes picture of proposed monument.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.casperstartribune.net/articles/2003/10/03/news/casper/f060e8d5f0ddf401c07f72e2617c79c6.txt|title=Phelps seeks anti-gay marker|last=Burke|first=Brendan|date=[[2003-10-03]]|accessdate=2006-04-06|work=Casper Star-Tribune}}</ref>
As a counterprotest during Henderson's trial, [[Romaine Patterson]], a friend of Shepard's, organized a group of individuals who assembled in a circle around the Phelps group wearing white robes and gigantic wings (resembling [[angel]]s) that blocked the protesters. Police had to create a human barrier between the two protest groups.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/US/9904/05/gay.attack.trail.02/ Angel Protest</ref> While the organization had no name in the initial demonstration, it has since been ascribed various titles, including '[[Angels of Peace]]' and 'Angel Action'.<ref name = "CNN-pleads"/><ref name = "TWWWW"/> The fence to which Shepard was tied and left to die became an impromptu shrine for visitors, who left notes, flowers, and other mementos. It has since been removed by the land owner.
In the years following Shepard's death, his mother Judy has become a well-known advocate for LGBT rights, particularly issues relating to gay youth. She is a prime force behind the [http://www.matthewshepard.org/ Matthew Shepard Foundation], which supports diversity and tolerance in youth organizations.
People in the entertainment industry expressed their own outrage and responded in various ways to the attack:
* [[Ellen DeGeneres]] hosted Shepard's memorial services in [[Washington, D.C.]]
* Three films were made about the Shepard's story: ''[[The Laramie Project (film)|The Laramie Project]]'' (based on the [[The Laramie Project|play of the same name]]), ''[[The Matthew Shepard Story]]'' and ''[[Anatomy of a Hate Crime]].'' ''The Laramie Project'' and ''The Matthew Shepard Story'' both won numerous awards. Shepard can also be seen in the documentary ''[[Dear Jesse]]'' in a brief interview, released to the [[Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival]] on October 10, 2 days before he died.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0150290/releaseinfo IMDB Dear Jesse Release Info</ref>
* [[Coretta Scott King]], widow of [[Dr. Martin Luther King]], wrote to Judy Shepard expressing her sympathy and her belief that civil rights include gay and lesbian rights.
* Radio DJ [[Howard Stern]] invited members of the Westboro Baptist Church on to ''[[The Howard Stern Show]]''. The show's cast and callers proceeded to insult the church's members. The group has appeared on the show several times since; each time Stern makes numerous comments denouncing the group and its cause.<ref >{{cite web |url=http://www.gay.com/news/roundups/package.html?coll=news_feature&sernum=1316&navpath=/channels/news/opinion&page=2 |title=Howard Stern's impact on gay community |accessdate=2008-03-11 |last=Stewart |first=Jenny |publisher=[[PlanetOut Inc]] }}</ref>
*[[Elton John]] and [[Bernie Taupin]] wrote a song about the death of Matthew Shepard entitled "[[American Triangle]]" which is included on John's 2001 album "[[Songs From the West Coast]]"
*[[Tori Amos]] has dedicated her song "Merman" (1999) to Matthew Shepard, a lullaby that can be found on the compilation album [[No Boundaries: A Benefit for the Kosovar Refugees]].
*Metal band [[Trivium (band)|Trivium]] has written a song on their latest album ''[[The Crusade (album)|The Crusade]]'' which is about the story of Matthew Shepard and what happened that night.
* Melissa Etheridge wrote a song about Matthew called 'Scarecrow' on her 'Breakdown' album
* New Jersey band [[Thursday (band)|Thursday]] wrote a song called 'M. Shepard', featuring on their album, [[War All the Time (album)|War All the Time]].
The (lack of) media coverage of the [[Jesse Dirkhising]] and Gary Trzaska cases has been compared<ref>{{cite web|title=Guilty verdict in Dirkhising case|url=http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=22140|accessdate=2008-05-29|last=Dougherty|first=Jon|quote=It was big news in Northwest Arkansas, but the story of Jesse Dirkhising hasn't made a ripple in the national news. I wonder why? I wonder if it's because the victim is not a part of some politically protected sub-group, a special class deserving of extra government privileges? I wonder if it is because the suspects are, indeed, members of such a group.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Murder by any other name|url=http://www.wnd.com/index.php?pageId=2629|accessdate=2008-05-29|last=Farah|first=Elizabeth|quote=They heard Gary was a homosexual. The problem? Gary wasn't killed because of his sexual preference. White victim, black killers – non-starter.}}</ref> to Shepard's as an illustration of [[politically correct]] [[media bias]].
==See also==
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}
* [[Violence against LGBT people]]
* [[Matthew Shepard Foundation]]
* [[Cultural depictions of Matthew Shepard]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
<small>Chronological order of publication (oldest first)</small>
*{{cite book |author=Loffreda, Beth |title=Losing Matt Shepard: life and politics in the aftermath of anti-gay murder |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2000 |pages= |isbn=0-231-11859-7 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
*{{cite book |author=Fondakowski, Leigh; Kaufman, Moises |title=The Laramie project |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-375-72719-1 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
*{{cite book |author=Garceau, Dee; Basso, Matthew; McCall, Laura |title=Across the Great Divide: cultures of manhood in the American West |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-415-92471-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
*{{cite book |author=Swigonski, Mary E. ;Mama, Robin S.;Ward, Kelly |title=From Hate Crimes to Human Rights: A Tribute to Matthew Shepard |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=1-56023-256-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
*{{cite book |author=Campbell, Shannon; Laura Castaneda |title=News and Sexuality: Media Portraits of Diversity |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=1-4129-0998-8 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
*{{cite book |author=Patrick Hinds; Romaine Patterson |title=The Whole World Was Watching: Living in the Light of Matthew Shepard |publisher=Advocate Books |location= |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=1-55583-901-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
==External links==
* [http://www.matthewshepard.org/ The Matthew Shepard Foundation] (official website) – founded by parents Judy and Dennis Shepard to "Replace hate with understanding, compassion, and acceptance through educational, outreach, and advocacy programs and by continuing to tell Matthew's story"
* Matthew Shepard at [http://findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=9481&pt=Matthew%20Shepard Find A Grave]
* [http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=277685&page=1/ ABC News - 2004 Report on the Attack, a "Third Story", and the Trials]
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/shepard1.shtml Criminal complaint against McKinney and Henderson]
* [http://www.readromaine.com/site/ Website for biography "The Whole World Was Watching: Living In The Light of Matthew Shepard"]
* [http://www.uwyo.edu/News/shepard/ Matthew Shepard Resource Site at the University of Wyoming;]
* [http://www.courttv.com/archive/trials/mckinney/gay_panic_ruling_ctv.html "Text of the "Gay Panic" Defense ruling in the Matthew Shepard Murder Trial"], ''[[CourtTV]]''
* Barry Yeoman, [http://www.barryyeoman.com/articles/shepard.html A Mother Finds Her Voice], ''US Weekly''
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3311352962113218240&q=innerviews InnerVIEWS with Ernie Manouse: Judy Shepard] (TV interview with Shepard's mother)
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[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Victims of anti-LGBT hate crimes]]
[[Category:History of LGBT civil rights in the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT people from the United States]]
[[Category:American murder victims]]
[[Category:People from Casper, Wyoming]]
[[Category:People from Laramie, Wyoming]]
[[Category:American Episcopalians]]
[[de:Matthew Shepard]]
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