Measuring instrument 20710 225795156 2008-07-15T13:02:19Z ClueBot 4928500 Reverting possible vandalism by [[Special:Contributions/58.69.251.121|58.69.251.121]] to version by UserXresu. False positive? [[User:ClueBot/FalsePositives|Report it]]. Thanks, [[User:ClueBot]]. (440787) (Bot) {{unreferenced|date=June 2008}} [[Image:20000 Nautilus Nemo room.jpg|thumb|[[Captain Nemo]] and Professor Aronnax contemplating measuring instruments in ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea]]'']] [[Image:Love machine.JPG|thumb|right|A Love Meter at a Framingham, Massachusetts Rest Stop.]] In the [[physical science]]s and [[engineering]], [[measurement]] is the activity of obtaining and comparing [[physical quantity|physical quantities]] of real-world [[object (philosophy)|objects]] and [[phenomenon|events]]. Established standard objects and events are used as [[Units of measurement|units]], and the measurement results in a given number for the relationship between the item under study and the referenced unit of measurement. '''Measuring instruments''', and formal [[test method]]s which define their use, are the means by which this translation is made. All measuring instruments are subject to varying degrees of [[instrument error]] and [[measurement uncertainty]]. [[Physicist]]s use a vast range of instruments to perform their measurements. These range from simple objects such as rulers and [[stopwatch]]es to [[electron microscope]]s and [[particle accelerator]]s. [[Virtual instrumentation]] is widely used in the development of modern measuring instruments. ===[[Time]]=== For more information on [[Time|time]], especially standards, also consult the [[Portal:Time|time portal]].{{portal|Time|MontreGousset001.jpg}} [[Image:MontreGousset001.jpg|thumb|right|Time measurement device.]] *[[Transit telescope]] *[[Calendar]] (by counting days) *[[Sundial]] *[[Hourglass]] *[[Egg timer]] *[[Water clock]] *[[Pendulum clock]] *[[Chronometer]], [[Chronograph]] *[[Clock]] *[[Radio clock]] *[[Atomic clock]] *[[Radiometric dating]] [[Timeline of time measurement technology]] For the ranges of time-values see: [[Orders of magnitude (time)]] ===[[Energy]]=== {{Portal|Energy|Crystal 128 energy.png}} [[Image:Orontes.jpg|thumb|right|Changing energy carriers, linear momentum to angular momentum. No measurement primarily intended.]] Example: In a plant that furnishes [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity]], [[mechanical work]] and [[electrical work]] is done by machines like electrically operated pumps and generators. The pumped water stores mechanical work. The amounts of work do balance, only if one includes losses due to friction (mechanical and hydrodynamical). Nobody seems to have reproducably observed that more work could be extracted from that system, than the amount of work that entered the system. Such examples suggested the derivation of some unifying concepts: Instead of discerning (transferred) forms of work or stored work, one single quantity called energy is introduced. Energy is assumed to have substance-like qualities; energy can be apportioned and transferred. Energy is supposed to be never producable from nothing, or to be annihilated to nothing, thus energy becomes a conserved quantity, when properly balanced. For the transfer of energy two dictions are used, sometimes somewhat interchangingly: ([[energy carrier]]s exchanging energy) Physical interactions occur by carriers (linear momentum, electric charge, entropy) exchanging energy. For example, a generator transfers energy from angular momentum to electric charge. <ref>{{cite book|author= Fuchs, Hans U.|title=The Dynamics of Heat|publisher=Springer|year=1996|id=ISBN 0387946039}}</ref> ([[energy form]]s [[Energy transformation|transforming]] energy) Energy forms are transformed; for example [[mechanical energy]] into [[electrical energy]] by a generator. <ref>{{cite book |author=Callen, Herbert |title=Thermodynamics and an introduction to Thermostatics |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.| year=1985 |id=ISBN 0471610569}}</ref> Often the energy value results from multiplying two related quantities: (a generalized) [[potential]] (relative velocity, voltage, temperature difference) times some substance-like quantity (linear momentum, electrical charge, entropy). — Thus energy has to be measured by first choosing a carrier/form. The measurement usually happens indirectly, by obtaining two values (potential and substance-like quantity) and by multiplying their values. * (see any measurement device for energy below) For the ranges of energy-values see: [[Orders of magnitude (energy)]] ===[[Power]] ([[current]] of energy)=== * (see any measurement device for power below) For the ranges of power-values see: [[Orders of magnitude (power)]]. ===[[Action (physics)|Action]]=== *[[phototube]] A voltage measurement permits to calculate the quantized action ([[Planck constant]]) of light. Also see [[photoelectric effect]]. ==[[Mechanics]]== This includes basic quantities found in [[Classical mechanics|Classical]]- and [[continuum mechanics]]; but strives to exclude temperature-related dependences or quantities. ===[[Length]] (distance)=== [[Image:Steel ruler closeup.jpg|thumb|right|A steel ruler – an instrument for measuring length.]] *[[Altimeter]], height *[[Architect's scale]] *[[Caliper]] *[[Engineer's scale]] *[[Gauge blocks]] *[[Interferometer]] *[[Micrometer]] *[[Odometer]] *[[Opisometer]] *[[Ruler|Rule]] *[[Surveyor's wheel]] *[[Tachymeter]] *[[Tape measure]] *[[Taximeter]], measure usually includes a time component as well *[[Electronic distance meter]] *[[Ultrasound distance measure]], indirect by [[runtime measurement]] of sound waves ([[sonar]], [[Echo sounding]]) *[[Laser rangefinder]], indirect by [[runtime measurement]] of coherent electromagnetic waves around the visible light region ([[lidar]]) *[[Radar antenna]], indirect by [[runtime measurement]] of electromagnetic waves around the microwave region ([[radar]]) *[[Global Positioning System|GPS]], indirect by [[runtime measurement]] of electromagnetic waves in the GHz-range see also [[Distance measuring equipment]] For the ranges of length-values see: [[Orders of magnitude (length)]] ===[[Area]]=== *[[Planimeter]] For the ranges of area-values see: [[Orders of magnitude (area)]] ===[[Volume]]=== [[Image:Simple Measuring Cup.jpg|thumb|right|A measuring cup, a common instrument used to measure volume.]] *[[Graduated cylinder]] (liquids) *[[Pipette]] (liquids) *[[Measuring cup]] (liquids, grained solids) *[[Flow measurement]] devices (liquids) *[[pneumatic trough]] (gases) *[[overflow trough]] (solids) *[[bouyant weight]] (solids) (if the mass density of a solid is known, weighing allows to calculate the volume) For the ranges of volume-values see: [[Orders of magnitude (volume)]] ===Mass- or Volume [[Flow measurement]]=== *[[Water Meter]] *[[Gas Meter]] *[[Metering pump]] *[[Mass flow meter]] ===[[Speed]] ([[current]] of length)=== *[[Speedometer]] *[[Tachometer]] (speed of rotation) *[[Tachymeter#On watches|Tachymeter]] *[[Airspeed indicator]] *[[Variometer]] *[[Radar gun]], a [[Doppler radar]] device, using the [[Doppler effect]] for indirect measurement of velocity. For the ranges of speed-values see: [[Orders of magnitude (speed)]] ===[[Acceleration]]=== *[[Accelerometer]] ===[[Mass]]=== [[Image:Balance à tabac 1850.JPG|thumb|right|A pair of scales: An instrument for measuring mass in a force field — actually balancing forces!]] *[[weighing scale|Balance]] *[[Weighing scale]]s *[[Check weigher | Automatic checkweighing machines]] *[[Mass spectrometer]] *[[Katharometer]] For the ranges of mass-values see: [[Orders of magnitude (mass)]] ===[[Linear momentum]]=== *[[Ballistic pendulum]] ===[[Force]] ([[current]] of linear momentum)=== *[[Spring scale]] *[[Torsion balance]] *[[Strain gauge]] *[[Tribometer]] [[Image:Prinzip Torricelli.jpg|thumb|right|Measuring absolute pressure in an [[Accelerated reference frame|accelerated reference frame]]: The principle of a [[mercury (element)|mercury]] (Hg) [[barometer]] in the [[gravitational field]] of the earth.]] ===[[Pressure]] ([[current density]] of linear momentum)=== Current density is also called [[flux]]. *[[Barometer]] used to measure the [[atmospheric pressure]]. *[[Manometer]] see [[pressure measurement]] *[[Pitot tube]] (used to determine [[speed]]) *[[Anemometer]] (used to determine wind [[speed]]) *[[Tire-pressure gauge]] in industry and mobility For the ranges of pressure-values see: [[Orders of magnitude (pressure)]] [[Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology]] ===[[Angle]]=== [[Image:Using sextant swing.gif|thumb|right|An instrument for measuring angle: The sextant.]] *[[Cross staff]] *[[Quadrant (instrument)|Quadrant]] *[[Reflecting instrument]]s **[[Octant (instrument)|Octant]] **[[Sextant]] **[[Reflecting instrument#Reflecting circles|Reflecting circles]] *[[Reflecting instrument#Reflecting circles|Repeating circles]] *[[Protractor]] *[[Theodolite]] *[[Graphometer]] *[[Circumferentor]] ===[[angular velocity]] or rotations per time unit=== *[[Stroboscope]] *[[Tachometer]] For the value-ranges of angular velocity see: [[Orders of magnitude (angular velocity)]] For the ranges of frequency see: [[Orders of magnitude (frequency)]] ===[[Angular momentum]]=== ===[[Torque]]=== *[[Torque wrench]] *[[De Prony brake]] *[[Dynamometer]] ===[[Orientation]] in three dimensional space=== See also the section about navigation below. ====[[Level]]==== *[[Spirit level]] *[[Laser line level]] *[[Dumpy level]] *[[Tiltmeter]] ====[[Direction]]==== *[[Gyroscope]] ===[[Energy]] carried by mechanical quantities, [[Mechanical work]]=== *[[Ballistic pendulum]], indirectly by calculation and or gauging ==[[Electricity]], [[Electronics]] and [[Electrical engineering]]== {{portalpar|Electronics|Nuvola_apps_ksim.png}} Considerations related to [[electric charge]] dominate Electricity and Electronics. Electrical charges interact via a [[Electromagnetic field|field]]. That field is called [[electric field|electric]] if the charge doesn't move. If the charge moves, thus realizing an electric current, that field is called [[magnetic field|magnetic]]. Electricity can be given a quality — a [[Electric potential|potential]]. And electricity has a substance-like property, the electric charge. Energy (or power) in electrodynamics is calculated by multipying the potential by the amount of charge (or current) found at that potential: potential times charge (or current). (See [[Classical electromagnetism]] and its [[Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism]]) [[Image:Electroscope.png|thumb|right|An instrument for detecting net charges, the eletroscope.]] ===[[electric charge]]=== *[[Electrometer]] For the ranges of charge values see: [[Orders of magnitude (charge)]] ===[[electric current]] ([[current]] of charge)=== *[[Ammeter]] (part of a [[multimeter]]) *[[Galvanometer]] *[[Clamp meter]] ===[[voltage]] ([[electric potential]] difference)=== *[[Voltmeter]] (part of a [[multimeter]]) *[[Oscilloscope]] allows to quantify time depended voltages ===[[electric resistance]]=== *[[Ohmmeter]] (part of a [[multimeter]], [[LCR meter]]) *[[Wheatstone bridge]] *[[Time-domain reflectometer]] characterizes and locates faults in metallic cables by [[runtime measurement]]s of electric signals. ===[[electric capacitance]]=== *[[Capacitance meter]] (part of a [[LCR meter]]) ===[[electric inductance]]=== *[[Inductance meter]] (part of a [[LCR meter]]) ===[[Energy]] carried by [[Electricity]] or [[electric energy]]=== *[[Electric energy meter]] *[[Electricity meter]] ===[[Power]] carried by [[Electricity]] ([[current]] of energy)=== *[[Wattmeter]] : These are instruments used for measuring electrical properties. Also see [[meter (electronics)]]. ===[[Electric Field]] (negative [[gradient]] of electric potential)=== *[[Field mill]] ===[[Magnetic Field]]=== See also the relevant section in the article about the [[Magnetic_field#Measuring the magnetic B field|magnetic field]]. *[[Compass]] *[[Hall effect sensor]] *[[Magnetometer]] *[[Proton magnetometer]] *[[SQUID]] For the ranges of [[magnetic flux]] see: [[Orders of magnitude (magnetic flux density)]] ==[[Thermodynamics]]== [[Temperature]]-related considerations dominate Thermodynamics. There are two distinct thermal properties: A [[thermal potential]] — the temperature. For example: A glowing coal has a different thermal quality than a non-glowing one. And a substance-like property, — the [[entropy]]; for example: One glowing coal won't heat a pot of water, but a hundred will. Energy in thermodynamics is calculated by multipying the thermal potential by the amount of entropy found at that potential: temperature times entropy. Entropy can be created by friction but not annihilated. ===[[Amount of substance]] (or [[Mole (unit)|Mole number]])=== :Usually determined indirectly. If mass and substance type of the sample are known, then [[Atomic mass|atomic]]- or [[molecular mass]]es (taken from a [[periodic table]], masses measured by [[mass spectroscopy]]) give direct access to the value of the amount of substance. See also the article about [[Molar mass|molar mass]]es. If specific molar values are given, then the amount of substance of a given sample may be determined by measuring volume, mass or concentration. [[Image:Thermometer (PSF).png|thumb|right|Thermometer]] ===[[Temperature]]=== *[[Triple Point|Triple Point cell]] used for calibrating thermometers. *[[Thermometer]] *[[Galileo thermometer]] *[[Liquid crystal thermometer]] *[[solid thermometer]] principle: relation between temperature and length of a solid ([[Coefficient of thermal expansion]]). **[[Bi-metallic strip]] *[[liquid thermometer]] principle: relation between temperature and volume of a liquid ([[Coefficient of thermal expansion]]). **[[Mercury-in-glass thermometer]] **[[Alcohol thermometer]] *[[Gas thermometer]] principle: relation between temperature and volume or pressure of a gas ([[Gas laws]]). **[[constant volume gas thermometer]] **[[constant pressure gas thermometer]] *[[Resistance thermometer]] principle: relation between temperature and electrical resistance of metals (platinum) ([[Electrical resistance]]), range: 10 kelvins to 1000 kelvins, application in physics and industry *[[Thermistor]]s principle: relation between temperature and electrical resistance of ceramics or polymers, range: from about 0.01 kelvin to 2,000 kelvins (-273.14°C to 1,700°C) {| class="wikitable" |- ! unit ! overall range ! approximate precision |- | kelvin | 0.01-2,000 | row 1, cell 3 |- | celsius | -273.14-1,700 | row 2, cell 3 |} *[[Thermocouple]]s principle: relation between temperature and voltage of metal junctions ([[Seebeck effect]]), range: from about -200 °C to +1350 °C *[[Thermopile]] is a set of connected [[thermocouple]]s *[[Pyrometer]]s principle: temperature dependence of spectral intensity of light ([[Planck's law]]), i.e. the color of the light relates to the temperature of its source, <!-- could be no entirely right -->range: from about -50°C to +4000°C, note: measurement of [[radiation|thermal radiation]] (instead of [[Heat conduction|thermal conduction]], or [[convection|thermal convection]]) means no physical contact necessary in temperature measurement ([[pyrometry]]). note: thermal space resolution found in [[Thermography]] *[[Electromagnetic spectroscopy]] *[[Pyranometer]] principle: solar radiation flux density relates to surface temperature ([[Stefan–Boltzmann law]]) <!-- could be no entirely right --> ====[[Imaging technology]]==== *[[Thermography|Thermographic camera]] uses a [[microbolometer]] for detection of heat-radiation. See also [[Temperature measurement]] and [[:Category:Thermometers]]. More technically related may be seen [[Thermal analysis|thermal analysis]] methods in [[materials science]]. For the ranges of temperature-values see: [[Orders of magnitude (temperature)]] ===[[Energy]] carried by [[Entropy]] or [[Thermal energy|thermal energy]]=== [[Image:Joule apparatus.png|thumb|right|An active Calorimeter lacking a temperature measurement device.]] This includes [[Thermal capacitance]] or temperature coefficient of energy, [[reaction energy]], [[heat flow]] ... Calorimeters are called passive if gauged to measure emerging energy carried by entropy, for example from chemical reactions. Calorimeters are called active or heated if they heat the sample, or reformulated: if they are gauged to fill the sample with a defined amount of entropy. *[[constant-temperature calorimeter]], phase change calorimeter for example an [[ice calorimeter]] or any other calorimeter observing a phase change or using a gauged phase change for heat measurement. *[[constant-volume calorimeter]], also called bomb calorimeter *[[constant-pressure calorimeter]], enthalpy-meter or coffee cup calorimeter *[[Differential scanning calorimetry|Differential Scanning Calorimeter]] *[[Reaction calorimeter]] *[[Actinometer]] measures the heating power of radiation. : see also [[Calorimeter]] or [[Calorimetry]] ===[[Entropy]]=== Accessible indirectly by measurement of energy and temperature. ====[[Entropy]] transfer==== Phase change calorimeter's energy value divided by absolute temperature give the entropy exchanged. Phase changes produce no entropy and therefore offer themselves as an entropy measurement concept. Thus entropy values occur indirectly by processing energy measurements at defined temperatures, without producing entropy. *[[constant-temperature calorimeter]], phase change calorimeter *[[Heat flux sensor]] uses [[thermopile]]s which are connected [[thermocouple]]s to determine [[current density]] or [[flux]] of entropy. ====[[Entropy content]]==== The given sample is cooled down to (almost) absolute zero (for example by submerging the sample in liquid helium). At absolute zero temperature any sample is assumed to contain no entropy (see [[Third law of thermodynamics]] for further information). Then the following two active calorimeter types can be used to fill the sample with entropy until the desired temperature has been reached: (see also [[Thermodynamic databases for pure substances]]) *[[constant-pressure calorimeter]], enthalpy-meter, active *[[constant-temperature calorimeter]], phase change calorimeter, active ====[[Entropy production]] ==== Processes transferring energy from a non-thermal carrier to heat as a carrier do produce entropy (Example: mechanical/electrical friction, established by [[Benjamin Thompson|Count Rumford]]). Either the produced entropy or heat are measured (calorimetry) or the transferred energy of the non-thermal carrier may be measured. *calorimeter *(any device for measuring the work which will or would eventually be converted to heat and the ambient temperature) Entropy lowering its temperature - without loosing energy - produces entropy (Example: Heat conduction in an isolated rod; "thermal friction"). *calorimeter ===[[temperature coefficient of energy]] or "[[heat capacity]]"=== Concerning a given sample, a proportionality factor relating temperature change and energy carried by heat. If the sample is a gas, then this coefficient depends significantly on being measured at constant volume or at constant pressure. (The terminiology preference in the heading indicates that the classical use of heat bars it from having substance-like properties.) *[[constant-volume calorimeter]], bomb calorimeter *[[constant-pressure calorimeter]], enthalpy-meter ===specific [[temperature coefficient of energy]] or "[[Specific heat|specific heat]]"=== The temperature coefficient of energy divided by a substance-like quantity ([[amount of substance]], [[mass]], [[volume]]) describing the sample. Usually calculated from measurements by a division or could be measured directly using a unit amount of that sample. For the ranges of specific heat capacities see: [[Orders of magnitude (specific heat capacity)]] ===[[Coefficient of thermal expansion]]=== *[[Dilatometer]] *[[Strain gauge]] ===[[Melting point|Melting temperature]] (of a solid)=== *[[Thiele tube]] *[[Kofler bench]] *[[Differential scanning calorimetry|Differential Scanning Calorimeter]] gives melting point and [[enthalpy of fusion]]. See also [[thermal analysis]], [[Heat]]. ==More on [[Continuum Mechanics]]== This includes mostly instruments which measure [[macroscopic]] properties of matter: In the fields of [[solid state physics]]; in [[Condensed matter|condensed matter physics]] which considers [[solid]]s, [[liquid]]s and in-betweens exhibiting for example [[Viscoelasticity|viscoelastic]] behavior. Furthermore [[Fluid mechanics|fluid mechanics]], where liquids, [[gas]]es, [[plasma]]s and in-betweens like [[Supercritical fluid|supercritical fluid]]s are studied. ===[[Density]]=== This refers to [[particle density]] of fluids and compact(ed) solids like crystals, in contrast to [[bulk density]] of grainy or porous solids. *[[resonant frequency and Damping Analyser]] ([[RFDA]]) solids *[[Hydrometer]] liquids *[[Aerometer]] liquids *[[Pycnometer]] liquids *[[Dasymeter]] gases For the ranges of density-values see: [[Orders of magnitude (density)]] ===[[Hardness]] of a solid=== *[[Durometer]] ===Shape and surface of a solid=== *[[resonant frequency and Damping Analyser]] ([[RFDA]]) *[[Holographic interferometry|Holographic interferometer]] *[[Laser]] produced [[Speckle pattern|speckle pattern]] analysed. ===[[Deformation (engineering)|Deformation]] of condensed matter=== *[[Strain gauge]] all below ====[[Elasticity]] of a solid ([[Elastic moduli]])==== *[[resonant frequency and Damping Analyser]] ([[RFDA]]), using the [[impulse excitation technique]]: A small mechanical impulse causes the sample to vibrate. The vibration depends on elastic properties, density, geometry and inner structures (lattice or fissures). ====[[Plasticity (physics)|Plasticity]] of a solid==== *[[Plastometer]] *[[Cam plastometer]] [[Image:Ductility.svg|thumb|right|Measurement results (a) brittle (b) ductile with breaking point (c) ductile without breaking point.]] ====[[Tensile strength]], [[Ductility]] or [[Malleability]] of a solid==== *[[Universal Testing Machine]] ===[[Granularity]] of a solid or a [[Suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]=== *[[Grindometer]] ===[[Viscosity]] of a fluid=== *[[Viscometer]] *[[Rheometer]] ===Deformation of [[gas]], [[Compressibility factor]]=== *[[]] ===[[Optical activity]]=== *[[Polarimetry|Polarimeter]] ===[[Surface tension]] of liquids=== *[[Tensiometer]] ===[[Imaging technology]]=== *[[Wind tunnel]] *[[Tomography|Tomograph]], device and method for non-destructive analysis of multiple measurements done on a geometric object, for producing 2- or 3-dimensional images, representing the inner structure of that geometric object. This section and the following sections include instruments from the wide field of [[:Category:Materials science]], [[Materials science]]. ==More on electric properties of [[Condensed Matter]], [[Gas]]== [[Image:Electrochemical element with salt bridge.png|thumb|right|The electrochemical cell: A device for measuring substance potentials.]] ===[[Substance potential]] or [[Chemical potential]] or molar [[Gibbs energy]]=== A reaction transmuting substances, from [[reactant]]s to [[Product (chemistry)|product]]s, has an overall energy balance which consists of two parts: A balance that accounts for the changed entropy content of the substances. And another one that accounts for the energy freed or taken by that reaction itself, the [[Gibbs energy]] change. The sum of reaction energy and energy associated to the change of entropy content is also called [[enthalpy]]. Often the whole enthalpy is carried by entropy and thus measurable calorimetrically. For standard conditions in chemical reactions either molar entropy content and molar Gibbs energy with respect to some chosen zero point are tabulated. Or molar entropy content and molar enthalpy with respect to some chosen zero are tabulated. (See [[Standard enthalpy change of formation]] and [[Standard molar entropy]]) The substance potential of a [[redox]] [[chemical reaction|reaction]] is usually determined [[Electrochemistry|electrochemically]] using [[reversible cell]]s. *[[Redox electrode]] See also the article on [[Electrochemistry|electrochemistry]]. ==Sub-[[Microstructure|microstructural]] properties of [[Condensed Matter]], [[Gas]]== *[[Radio frequency]] spectrometers for [[Nuclear magnetic resonance]] and for [[Electron paramagnetic resonance]] *[[Raman spectroscopy]] *[[Infrared spectroscopy]] ====[[Crystal structure]]==== * An [[X-ray tube]], a sample [[scattering]] the [[X-ray]]s and a [[photographic plate]] to detect them. This constellation forms the scattering instrument used by [[X-ray crystallography]] for investigating crystal structures of samples. [[Amorphous solid]]s lack a distinct pattern and are identifyable thereby. ====[[Imaging technology]], [[Microscope]]==== *[[Optical microscope]] uses reflectiveness or refractiveness of light to produce an image. *[[Scanning acoustic microscope]] *[[electron microscope]] **[[Transmission electron microscope]] *[[Scanning probe microscopy|Scanning probe microscope]] **[[Scanning electron microscope]] **[[Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy]] (STM) **[[Atomic Force Microscope]] (AFM) *[[X-ray microscope]] ==[[Rays]] ("[[Waves]]" and "[[Particles]]")== ===[[Sound]], compression waves in matter=== *[[Sound level meter]] *[[Laser microphone]] ====[[Sound pressure]]==== *[[microphone]] or [[hydrophone]] properly gauged *[[Shock tube]] [[Image:Prism-rainbow.svg|thumb|right|A device for unmixing sun-light: the prism.]] [[Image:EM Spectrum Properties edit.svg|thumb|right|The [[electromagnetic spectrum]] ]] ===[[Light]] and radiation without a [[rest mass]], [[Non-ionizing radiation|non-ionizing]] === *[[Spectrometer]] *[[Interferometer]] used in the wide field of [[Interferometry]] *[[Antenna (radio)]] *[[Radio telescope]] *[[EMF meter]] *[[Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy|T-ray detectors]] *[[Microwave power meter]] *[[bolometer]] measuring the energy of incident electromagnetic radiation. *[[Phototube]] *[[Photographic plate]] *[[camera]] *[[Photomultiplier]] (for lux meter see the section about human senses and human body) See also [[:Category:Optical devices]] ====[[Photon polarization]]==== *[[Polarizer]] ====[[Pressure]] ([[current density]] of linear momentum)==== *[[Nichols radiometer]] ====[[radiant flux]]==== The measure of the total power of light emitted. [[Image:Cathode ray tube.svg|thumb|right|A Cathode ray tube.]] === [[Radiation]] with a [[rest mass]], [[Particle radiation]]=== ====[[Cathode Ray]]==== *[[Crookes tube]], *[[Cathode ray tube]], a phosphor coated anode ====[[Atom polarization]] and [[electron polarization]]==== *[[Stern-Gerlach experiment]] [[Image:EM-spectrum.png|thumb|right|Another visualization of the [[Non-ionizing radiation|electromagnetic spectrum]]. ]] === Ionizing [[Radiation]] === Ionizing radiation includes rays of "particles" as well as rays of "waves". Especially [[X-ray]]s and [[Gamma ray]]s transfer enough energy in non-thermal, (single) collision processes to separate electron(s) from an atom. [[Image:Physicist Studying Alpha Rays GPN-2000-000381.jpg|thumb|right|A cloud chamber detecting alpha-rays.]] ====particle [[current]]==== *[[Photostimulable phosphors]] *[[Microchannel plate detector]] *[[Geiger counter]] *[[Scintillation counter]],[[Lucas cell]] *[[Cloud chamber]] *[[Bubble chamber]] *[[Semiconductor detector]] *[[Photographic plate]] *[[Dosimeter]], a technical device realizes different working principles. ==Identification and Content== This could include [[chemical substance]]s, rays of any kind, [[elementary particle]]s, [[Quasiparticle|quasiparticle]]s. Many measurement devices outside this section may be used or at least become part of an identification process. For identification and content concerning chemical substances see also [[Analytical chemistry|analytical chemistry]] especially its [[List of materials analysis methods]]. {{portal|Analytical chemistry}} ===[[Chemical substance|Substance]] content in [[mixtures]], Substance identification=== *[[Smoke detector]] *[[gas detector]] *[[oxygen sensor]] (= lambda sond) *[[CO2 sensor]] *[[Ultracentrifuge]], separates mixtures of substances. In a force field of a centrifuge, substances of different densities separate. *[[Refractometer]], indirectly by determining the [[refractive index]] of a substance. *[[mass spectrometry|mass spectrometer]] identifies the chemical composition of a sample on the basis of the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. *[[chromatography| chromatographic device]], [[gas chromatograph]] separates mixtures of substances. Different velocites of the substance types accomplish the separation. *[[Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry|(combination of both above)]], *[[Nephelometer]] or turbidimeter *[[Colorimeter]] (measures [[absorbance]], and thus [[concentration]]) ====[[pH]]: [[Concentration]] of Protons in a Solution==== *[[Saturated calomel electrode]] *[[pH meter]] ====[[Humidity]]==== *[[Hygrometer]] measures the [[density|Density]] of water in air *[[Lysimeter]] measures the balance of water in soil ==[[Human Senses]] and [[Human Body]]== [[Image:Spirometer-grundprinzip.jpg|thumb|right|A spirometer, inhaling into pipe a fills volume b, the rest balances forces.]] *[[Body fat meter]] *[[Medical thermometer]] *[[Sphygmomanometer]], a blood pressure meter used to determine [[blood pressure]] in medicine. See also [[:Category:Blood tests]] *[[Spirometer]] *[[Headphone]], [[loudspeaker]], sound-pressure gauged, for measuring an [[equal-loudness contour]] of a human ear. *[[Electrocardiogram|Electrocardiograph]] *[[Electroencephalography|Electroencephalograph]] ====[[concentration]] or [[partial pressure]] of [[carbon dioxide]] in the respiratory gases==== *[[Capnography|Capnograph]] ====[[power]], [[Mechanical work|work]]==== *[[Ergometer]] ====[[luminuos flux]], [[Photometry]]==== A measure of the perceived power of light, luminous flux is adjusted to reflect the varying sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light. ====[[illuminance]], [[Photometry]]==== *[[Lux meter]] *[[Light meter]] *[[Photometer]] *[[Densitometer]] ====[[Medical imaging]]==== [[Image:Apikal4D.gif|thumb|right|An echocardiogram processed into a three dimensional representation.]] *[[Tomography|Tomograph]], device and method for non-destructive analysis of multiple measurements done on a geometric object, for producing 2- or 3-dimensional images, representing the inner structure of that geometric object. *[[Medical ultrasonography]] *[[Magnetic resonance imaging]] *[[Computed tomography]] *[[Radiology]] See also: [[:Category:Physiological instruments]] and [[:Category:Medical testing equipment]]. ==[[Meteorology]]== See also [[:Category:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment]]. ==[[Navigation]]== See also [[:Category:Navigational equipment]] and [[:Category:Navigation]]. ==[[Astronomy]]== {{portal|Astronomy|Crab Nebula.jpg}} *[[Radiometry|Radio antenna]] *[[Telescope]] See also [[:Category:Astronomical instruments]] and [[:Category:Astronomical observatories]]. ==''Uncategorized, Specialized or Generalized application''== *[[Gauge (engineering)]] A highly precise measurement instrument, also usable to [[Calibration|calibrate]] other instruments of the same kind. Often found in conjunction with defining or applying [[Standard (technical)|technical standard]]s. *[[SWR meter]] check the quality of the match between the [[antenna (radio)|antenna]] and the [[transmission line]]. *[[S meter]] measures the signal strength processed by a [[communications receiver]]. *[[Time-domain reflectometer]] locates faults in metallic cables *[[Spectroscope]] is an important [[tool]] used by physicists. *[[Densitometer]] measures light transmission through processed [[photographic film]] or transparent material or light reflection from a reflective material. *[[Force platform]] measures [[ground reaction force]] *[[Postage meter]] measures postage used from a prepaid account. *[[Parking meter]] measures time a vehicle is parked at a particular spot, usually with a fee. ==Notes== Note that the alternate spelling "[[metre|-metre]]" is never used when referring to a measuring device. ==References== {{reflist}} ==See also== {{Commonscat|Measuring instruments}} *[[List of measuring devices]] for a more comprehensive, alphabetical list of devices and the corresponding [[list of physical quantities]]. *[[Detectors]] *[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Physics/Worklist of central experiments]] *[[History of weights and measures]] *[[Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology]] <!--Categories--> [[Category:Measuring instruments]] [[Category:Measurement]] [[Category:Metrology]] <!--Languages--> [[ar:أجهزة قياس]] [[az:Cihaz]] [[ca:Aparell de mesura]] [[da:Måleinstrument]] [[de:Messgerät]] [[es:Instrumento de medición]] [[fr:Instrument de mesure]] [[id:Alat pengukur]] [[it:Strumento di misura]] [[he:מכשיר מדידה]] [[nl:Meetgereedschap]] [[ja:計測機器の一覧]] [[nn:Måleinstrument]] [[pl:Przyrządy pomiarowe]] [[pt:Instrumento de medida]] [[ru:Измерительный прибор]] [[sk:Merací prístroj]] [[fi:Mittalaite]] [[uk:Вимірювальне устаткування]]