Medical college in India
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{{For|introductory information about medical schools and information about medical schools in other countries|Medical school}}
In [[India]], '''Medical College''' refers to an educational institution that provides [[medical education]]. These institutions may vary from stand-alone colleges that train doctors to conglomerates that offer training related in all aspects of medical care. The term is synonymous with '''Medical School''' as used in the USA and some other countries.
==Recognition==
Indian law requires these type of institutions to be recognized by the [[Medical Council of India]].<ref>[http://www.mciindia.org Medical Council of India: Home Page<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Indian government keeps an updated list of these approved medical colleges.<ref>[http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html STATUS OF MEDICAL COLLEGES FOR ADMISSION FOR THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2007-08<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Administration==
Medical colleges in India are owned, funded and administered by one of the three following sources, each having distinct admission processes:
# [[Government of India|The Government of India]]
# State Governments
# Private Organisations
==Eligibility==
===Undergraduate courses===
Prospective students for an undergraduate course leading towards a [[Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery|Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS)]] degree must have completed a [[Higher Secondary (School) Certificate|HSC]] (10+2, or high school) with the Science stream, including the subjects [[Biology]], [[Chemistry]] and [[Physics]] with at least 50% marks.
===Graduate courses===
An MBBS degree with registration by the Medical Council of India is the basic requirement for all graduate courses in the field of medicine and surgery. In India, these courses are often referred to as Post-graduate courses as the MBBS confers "graduate" status. In India, students substitute the four year degree customary in the [[US]], (aka the Bachelors degree) with two intensive years of high school coursework (grades 11-12) and immediately start at medical school. High school graduates in India are usually better prepared in their skills in science than their counterparts in the US (however, in the US, after high school nearly all American students receive 4 additional years of science and non-science education at a University to receive a Bachelor's degree), and their education in India is generally very focused or technical in nature rather than the broad liberal model seen in the US.
==Admission process==
Admission criteria differ from one part of the country to another and even from Institution to Institution. In general, admission is based on one of the following:<br />
1. Rank obtained in an entrance examination conducted by the state/central government or the Institution.<br />
2. Marks obtained in the final examinations of Std. XII.
For post graduate courses, rank obtained in an entrance examination forms the basis for admission. Specific institutions may also require a personal interview of the candidate.
The [[Government of India]] has allocated a number of seats for students from developing countries where facilities for medical education are either inadequate. The exact number and country-based allocation of these reserved seats may vary annually.
Students seeking admission to the reserved seats are required to apply through the Indian missions abroad or through the diplomatic missions of the respective countries in India. The Indian [[Embassy]] or [[High Commission]] in a country will be able to provide more information on request. The last date of submission of application is usually the 28th February of the corresponding year. An international student must have completed 12 years of schooling. [[International student]]s studying in schools in India can apply pending the declaration of their [[Higher Secondary]] (10+2) or equivalent examination results. The marks sheet of the examination should be sent within 10 days from the declaration of the result to: Students Cell, Room No. 1009, [[Ministry of External Affairs]], Akbar Bhavan, [[New Delhi]]. International students can seek university admission to undergraduate courses in Engineering, Medicine (MBBS) and Dentistry (BDS) in private colleges.
==Courses offered==
A Medical College offers the basic undergraduate course [[Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery|MBBS]]. In fact only institutions offering MBBS course in its curriculum are referred to as a Medical Colleges. In Addition, the college may teach Post Graduate as well as Paramedical courses
The MBBS course starts with the basic pre-clinical subjects such as [[biochemistry]], [[physiology]], [[anatomy]], [[microbiology]], [[pathology]] and [[pharmacology]]. The students simultaneously obtain hands-on training in the wards and out-patient departments, where they interact with real patients. The curriculum aims to inculcate good habits of history taking and examination. The student is taught to arrive at a differential diagnosis and to determine what investigations will be useful in a particular case.
===Postgraduate courses===
All the major colleges also have Postgraduate [[academic degree|Degree]] or [[Diploma]] courses in their programmes. The awards conferred are [[MD|Doctor of Medicine (MD)]], [[Master of Surgery|Master of Surgery (MS)]] or [[Diplomate of National Board]] (DNB)). The MD/ MS degrees are offered by the Universities affliated to the [[Medical Council of India]] and the DNB degree is awarded by the [[National Board of Examinations]], an independent autonomous body under the [[Ministry of Health]], [[INDIA]]. They are available in different streams of medical science such as [[General medicine]], [[General surgery]], [[Orthopaedics]], [[Radiodiagnosis]], [[Radiotherapy]], [[ENT]], [[Ophthalmology]], [[Anaesthesia]], [[Paediatrics]], [[Community medicine]], [[Pathology]], [[Microbiology]], [[Forensic medicine]], [[Pharmacology]], [[Anatomy]], etc. Degree courses are of 3 years duration while diploma courses are of 2 years duration. Following post-graduation, students can opt for further sub-specialization in their area of interest by opting for courses called DM or DNB (Doctor of Medicine), or MCh or DNB (Master of Chirurgery/ Surgery) again of 3 years duration.
An MD or a DNB (general medicine or paediatrics) is the basic requirement for specialization in Cardiology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Gastro-enterology, Neurology, etc while an MS or a DNB (general surgery, ENT or Orthopaedic surgery) is the basic requirement for Neurosurgery, Urology, Cardio-thoracic & Vascular Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Paediatric Surgery, Plastic Surgery, etc.
Although [[Family welfare]] is an area of priority, surprisingly no institute offers a Post Graduate Degree in [[Family Medicine]] and only a few [[Institute]]s offer a Diploma in Family Medicine.
[[Post-doctoral fellowship]] courses in Neuro-radiology, Neuro or Cardiac anesthesiology, etc are offered by select institutions.
===Paramedical courses===
The [[paramedical]] courses include
# B.Sc Nursing
# [[B.Sc]] Medical Lab Technology
# [[B.Pharm]]
# [[B.P.T]] ([[Physiotherapy]])
and many more.
==MBBS==
The duration of the MBBS is five and half years, consisting of 4½ years of didactic lectures and clinical clerkship or rotation and One year of hands-on work as an intern or '''house surgeon'''.
===I (First) MBBS===
The pre-clinical course consists of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, and lasts for a year. Prior to 1997 the I MBBS consisted of 1½ years, but this was trimmed to make more time available for clinical exposure. Passing the I MBBS final examination is mandatory to proceed with the course. A candidate failing the first MBBS examination is detained until all the 1st MBBS subjects are cleared. All such candidates together form an "Additional Batch". The Additional Batch is never reunited with the original batch and for the remaining tenure these students are isolated from their parent batch and carry a personal stigma. This is considered a major drawback of the Indian medical education system. Morning session usually consist of an Anatomy lecture followed by dissection, except for one day when a class in biostatistics may be taken. Afternoon sessions consist of a theory class followed by laboratory work in Physiology or Biochemistry
this is a very good degree of mbbs
===II (Second) MBBS===
Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine for one and half years. After clearing all the 4 subjects a student advances to III MBBS. The lecture classes and lab work of these subjects are usually held in the afternoons to enable students to attend the clinical wards and out patient departments in the mornings. Ward postings,usually of 2 months duration, consist of Medicine, Surgery, Ob&Gyn: these are called 1st major postings. These are followed by Short postings (15days duration) in Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy,& Respiratory medicine & TB. This may be followed directly by 2nd major postings or a clinical posting in Community medicine may intervene.
===III (Final) MBBS - Part I===
Part I consists of one year, where Social and Preventive Medicine ([[Community Medicine]]), [[Otolaryngology|Ear Nose and Throat]] and [[Ophthalmology]] form the course subjects.
The lecture classes of these subjects will be in the afternoon.
ENT and Ophthalmology Wards will be in the morning and will form part of the clinical studies.
===III (Final) MBBS - Part II===
One year of focused training in the four basic clinical subjects, namely: Medicine, Surgery (incl. Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. On passing the final MBBS examination, a candidate is awarded provisional registration by the MCI or the State medical council and can start the [[internship]]. Permanent registration (license to practice) and the final Medical degree (i.e., [[MBBS]]) is given ''only'' after successful and satisfactory completion of the [[Compulsory Rotatory Resident Internship]], also called the CRRI.
===Internship===
After successful completion of 4½ year MBBS course, one has to compulsorily work in the hospital attached to the [[medical college]] or in any other approved hospital allowed in some medical colleges, for a period of one year. This posting is called the '''[[Compulsory Rotatory Residential Internship]]''' or the '''House Surgeon''' in India. The student gets the degree only after satisfactory completion of the CRRI. An [[Intern]] (also called an [[Internee]] or a [[CRRI]]) is posted in all the clinical departments of the hospital on a rotation basis. This gives him the basic clinical and practical knowledge about all the disciplines of medicine and makes the medical graduate fit to work in the community as a General Physician. He/ she is also paid a monthly stipend for his work in the hospital which differs in different medical colleges on the basis of the management. The person is licenced to practice medicine only after completion of this internship. And only after finishing internship, one can receive his MBBS degree and can pursue postgraduate studies.
The [[Intern]]ship is different from ''House Officership'' (which may follow Internship), as understood in UK and other countries. The latter is not a compulsory tenure. The [[House Physician]] or [[House Surgeon]] unlike an Intern, works in a particular department of his or her choice and is paid a monthly 'salary' for his work in the hospital (especially, in the UK). The American counterpart is simply called a "Resident" (i.e., a Resident Physician or a Resident Surgeon).
But in India nevertheless, the Internship or the House Surgeoncy or the House Officership - all are considered to be one-&-the-same. Besides, there is no such term as a "House Physician". This is because, in India, the Doctor who is undergoing higher specialty training following Internship is called a "Post-Graduate student" (i.e., a Medicine PG student or a Surgery PG student).
====Responsibility of an intern====
The Interns are entrusted with clinical responsibilities under the supervision of a Medical teacher or a Resident/ PG student/ Senior medical officer. They do not work independently. Interns are not supposed to issue medical certificates, death certificates or medico-legal documents under their own signatures.
==Postgraduate courses==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Subject
! Degree
! Diploma
|-
| Anaesthesia
| [[MD]]/[[DNB]]
| DA
|-
| Neurosurgery
|-
| Anatomy
| MD/DNB
| Not Applicable
|-
| Biochemistry
| MD/DNB
| Not Applicable
|-
| Community Medicine
| MD/DNB
| Not Applicable
|-
| Dermatology
| MD/DNB
| DDVL/DVD
|-
| ENT
| MS/DNB
| DLO
|-
| Forensic Medicine
| MD/DNB
| Not applicable
|-
| General Medicine
| MD/DNB
| Not applicable
|-
| General Surgery
| MS/DNB
| Not applicable
|-
| Microbiology
| MD/DNB
| Not applicable
|-
| Orthopaedics
| MS/DNB
| D Ortho
|-
| Ophthalmology
| MD/DNB
| DO/DOMS
|-
| Obs & Gynaecology
| MS/MD/DNB
| DGO
|-
| Pathology
| MD/DNB
| DCP
|-
| Pharmacology
| MD/DNB
| Not applicable
|-
| Physiology
| MD/DNB
| Not applicable
|-
| Paediatrics
| MD/DNB
| DCH
|-
| Psychiatry
| MD/DNB
| DPM
|-
| Pulmonology
| MD/DNB
| DTCD
|-
| Radiodiagnosis
| MD/DNB
| DMRD
|-
| Radiotherapy
| MD/DNB
| DMRT
|}
==Ranking of medical colleges==
There is no centralized system of ranking medical colleges in the country, that is approved by either the central government or the [[Medical Council of India]]. A number of newspapers and magazines have conducted surveys in the past, ranking the various colleges on the basis of their facilities, patient load, placements achieved by their alumni and so on. While a number of institutions that are controlled or aided by the Central/ State governments have achieved a sort of ''Ivy League'' status (in India), a few privately run institutions also find mention in most of these lists.
As per the [http://www.doctorndtv.com/survey/Medicalinstitutes.asp Doctor NDTV Survey (2007)], the ranking of the Medical Colleges in India is as follows (though other surveys may give other ranks):
# [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences|All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS]]), New Delhi (Central Govt.)
# [[Christian Medical College]] (CMC), Vellore (Pvt.)
# [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER)]], Puducherry (Central Govt.)
# [[Maulana Azad Medical College]] (MAMC), Delhi (State Govt.)
# [[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune|Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC)]], Pune (Ministry of Defence)
# [[Madras Medical College]] (MMC), Chennai (State Govt.)
# [[St. John's Medical College]], Bangalore (Pvt.)
# [[Kasturba Medical College]], Manipal (Pvt.)
# [[Stanley Medical College]], Chennai (State Govt.)
# [[Grant Medical College]], Mumbai
However, for the Surgical branches, the four Municipal/ Government colleges in Mumbai are preferred. These include Grant Medical College, G.S. Medical College, TN Medical College and L.T. Medical College.
==References==
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<references />
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==See also==
*[[Medical education]]
*[[Medical school]]
*[[Madras Medical College]]
*[[Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute]]
*[[North Sichuan Medical College]]
*[[Sarojini Naidu Medical College]]
*[[Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute| SRMC]]
==External links==
*[http://mohfw.nic.in/Amedical.html Medical Colleges] approved by the Indian government
* [http://www.educationindiainfo.com Medical Colleges in India]
[[Category:Schools of medicine in India| ]]
[[Category:Education in India]]