Mediterranean Sea 19006 226112300 2008-07-16T21:39:14Z Synthebot 3658625 robot Modifying: [[ar:البحر الأبيض المتوسط]] {{redirect|Mediterranean}} {{redirect|Mediterranean sea|the oceanographical term|Mediterranean sea (oceanography)}} The '''Mediterranean''' is a '''[[sea]]''' of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] surrounded by the [[Mediterranean region]] and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by [[Europe]], on the south by [[Africa]], and on the east by [[Asia]]. It covers an approximate area of 2.5 million&nbsp;km² (965,000&nbsp;[[square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]), but its connection to the Atlantic (the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]) is only 14 km (9&nbsp;mi) wide. In [[oceanography]], it is sometimes called the ''Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea'' or the ''European Mediterranean Sea'' to distinguish it from [[mediterranean sea (oceanography)|mediterranean seas]] elsewhere. It was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times, allowing for trade and cultural exchange between emergent peoples of the region &mdash; the [[Mesopotamia]]n, [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]], [[Semitic]], [[Persian Empire|Persian]], [[Phoenicia]]n, [[Carthage|Carthaginian]], [[Ancient Greece|Greek]], [[Levantine]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and [[Moors|Moorish]] cultures. The [[history of the Mediterranean region]] is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. [[Image:Mediterranean Sea political map-en.svg|thumb|300px|Composite [[satellite]] image of the Mediterranean Sea.]] {{wiktionary}} ==Name== The term ''Mediterranean'' derives from the [[Latin]] word ''mediterraneus'' meaning, "middle of the Earth" (''medius'', "middle" + ''terra'', "land, earth"). To the [[ancient Romans]], the Mediterranean was the centre of the Earth. The Mediterranean Sea has been known by a number of alternative names throughout human history. It was, for example, commonly called ''[[Mare Nostrum]]'' (Latin, "Our Sea") and occasionally ''Mare Internum'' by the Romans ([[Sallust]], ''Jug.'' 17). The [[Greeks]] name it ''Mesogeios'' (Μεσόγειος), meaning "inland, interior" (μεσο, "middle" + γαιος, "land, earth")<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2366422 entry μεσόγαιος] at [[Liddell & Scott]]</ref>. In the [[Old Testament]], on the west coast of the [[Holy Land]], and therefore behind a person facing the east, it is called the "Hinder Sea", sometimes translated as "Western Sea", ([[Deuteronomy|Deut.]] 11:24; [[Book of Joel|Joel]] 2:20), and also the "Sea of the Philistines" ([[Exodus|Exod.]] 22:81), because that people occupied a large portion of its shores near the [[Israelites]]. Mostly, however, it was the "Great Sea" ([[Book of Numbers|Num.]] 34:6,7; [[Book of Joshua|Josh.]] 1:4, 9:1, 15:47; [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezek.]] 47:10,15,20), or simply "The Sea" ([[1 Kings]] 5:9; ''comp.'' [[1 Macc.]] 14:34, 15:11). In [[Hebrew language|Modern Hebrew]], it is called ''Hayam Hatikhon'' (הַיָּם הַתִּיכוֹן), "the middle sea", a literal adaptation of the German equivalent ''Mittelmeer''. In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], it is ''Akdeniz'', "the white sea". In Arabic, it is ''Al-Baħr Al-Abyad Al-Mutawassit'' (البحر الأبيض المتوسط), "the middle white sea". ==History== {{main|History of the Mediterranean region}} As a sea around which some of the most ancient human civilizations were arranged, it has had a major influence on the history and ways of life of these cultures. It provided a way of trade, colonization and war, and was the basis of life (via fishing and the gathering of other seafood) for numerous communities throughout the ages. The combination of similar-shared climate, geology and access to a common sea has led to numerous historical and cultural connections between the ancient and modern societies around the Mediterranean. ==Geography and climate== [[Image:Strait of gibraltar.jpg|thumb|200px|A satellite image taken from the side of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]. At left, [[Europe]]: at right, [[Africa]].]] The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the [[Atlantic Ocean]] by the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] on the west and to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and the [[Black Sea]], by the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Bosporus]] respectively, on the east. The Sea of Marmara is often considered a part of the Mediterranean Sea, whereas the Black Sea is generally not. The {{convert|163|km|mi|abbr=on}} long man-made [[Suez Canal]] in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the [[Red Sea]]. Large [[island]]s in the Mediterranean include [[Cyprus]], [[Crete]], [[Euboea]], [[Rhodes]], [[Lesbos Island|Lesbos]], [[Chios]], [[Kefalonia]] and [[Corfu]] in the eastern Mediterranean; [[Sardinia]], [[Corsica]], [[Sicily]], and [[Malta]] in the central Mediterranean; and [[Ibiza]], [[Majorca]] and [[Minorca]] (the [[Balearic Islands]]) in the western Mediterranean. The climate is typical [[Mediterranean climate]] with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Crops of the region include [[olive]]s, [[grape]]s, [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s, [[tangerine]]s, and [[cork (material)|cork]]. ==Oceanography== [[Image:MEDCURR.GIF|thumb|300px|left|Predominant currents for June.]] Being nearly landlocked affects the Mediterranean Sea's properties; for instance, [[tide]]s are very limited as a result of the narrow connection with the Atlantic [[Ocean]]. The Mediterranean is characterized and immediately recognized by its deep blue color. [[Evaporation]] greatly exceeds [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] and river runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin.<ref>Pinet, Paul R. (1996) Invitation to Oceanography, St Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., ISBN (3rd ed.), p.202</ref> Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and [[salinity]] to increase eastward.<ref>Pinet, p. 206</ref> This [[pressure gradient]] pushes relatively cool, low-salinity water from the Atlantic across the basin; it warms and becomes saltier as it travels east, then sinks in the region of the [[Levant]] and circulates westward, to spill over the Strait of Gibraltar.<ref>Pinet, pp. 206–7</ref> Thus, seawater flow is eastward in the Strait's surface waters, and westward below; once in the Atlantic, this chemically-distinct "Mediterranean Intermediate Water" can persist thousands of kilometers away from its source.<ref>Pinet, p. 207</ref> ==Bordering countries== [[Image:Mediterranean Relief.jpg|thumb|400px|Map of the Mediterranean Sea.]] Twenty-one modern states have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. They are: *'''[[Europe]]''' (from west to east): [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Monaco]], [[Italy]], the island state of [[Malta]], [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], [[Albania]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], and [[Cyprus]]. *'''[[Asia]]''' (from north to south): [[Turkey]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Israel]]. *'''[[Africa]]''' (from east to west): [[Egypt]], [[Libya]], [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]]. Several other territories also border the Mediterranean Sea (from west to east): * The [[British overseas territory]] of [[Gibraltar]] * The [[Spain|Spanish]] enclaves of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] and nearby islands * The [[UK sovereign base|British sovereign base area]] of [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] * The [[Palestinian National Authority]] [[Andorra]], [[Jordan]], [[Portugal]], [[San Marino]], [[Serbia]], and the [[Vatican City]], although they do not border the sea, are often considered Mediterranean countries in a wider sense due to their Mediterranean climate, fauna and flora, and/or their cultural affinity with other Mediterranean countries. ==Subdivisions== According to the [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO) treaties, the Mediterranean Sea is subdivided into a number of smaller seas, each with their own designation (from west to east): [[Image:BeirutRaouche1.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A view of [[Raouché]] off the coast of [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]].]] [[Image:Strasse von Gibraltar2004.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A view across the [[straits of Gibraltar]].]] [[Image:Mediterranian Sea.jpg|thumb|300px|A point between [[Minorca]] and [[Barcelona]].]] [[Image:Wingate 124.jpg|thumb|300px|Mediterranean coast in [[Israel]].]] * the [[Alboran Sea]], between [[Spain]] and [[Morocco]], * the [[Balearic Sea]], between mainland [[Spain]] and its [[Balearic Islands]]<ref>[http://iodeweb5.vliz.be/oceanteacher/index.php?module=resourcekit&action=content&nodeid=gen11Srv32Nme37_931 IHO Codes for Oceans & Seas, and Other Code Systems] Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication 23, 3rd Edition 1953, published by the International Hydrographic Organization</ref>, * the [[Ligurian Sea]] between [[Corsica]] and [[Liguria]] (Italy), * the [[Adriatic Sea]] between [[Italy]], [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Albania]] * the [[Ionian Sea]] between [[Italy]], [[Greece]], and [[Albania]], * the [[Aegean Sea]] between Greece and Turkey * the [[Sea of Marmara]] between the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Black Sea]] === Other Seas === Although not recognized by the IHO treaties, there are some other seas that are in common use from the ancient times or in present: * the [[Sea of Sardinia]], between [[Sardinia]] and [[Balearic Islands]], as a part of the [[Balearic Sea]] * the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] enclosed by [[Sardinia]], [[Italian peninsula]] and [[Sicily]], * the [[Sea of Sicily]] between [[Sicily]] and [[Tunisia]], * the [[Libyan Sea]] between [[Libya]] and [[Crete]], * In the [[Aegean Sea]], ** the [[Thracian Sea]] in its north, ** the [[Myrtoan Sea]] between the [[Cyclades]] and the [[Peloponnese]], ** the [[Sea of Crete]] north of Crete * the [[Cilicia|Cilician Sea]] between [[Turkey]] and [[Cyprus]] === Other features === Many of these smaller seas feature in local myth and folklore and derive their names from these associations. In addition to the seas, a number of [[Headlands and bays|gulfs]] and [[strait]]s are also recognised: *the [[Saint George Bay]] in Beirut, Lebanon *the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the Mediterranean Sea and separates [[Spain]] from [[Morocco]] *the [[Bay of Gibraltar]], at the southern end of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] *the [[Gulf of Corinth]], an enclosed sea between the Ionian Sea and the [[Corinth Canal]] *the [[Saronic Gulf]], the gulf of [[Athens]], between the Corinth Canal and the [[Mirtoan Sea]] *the [[Thermaic Gulf]], the gulf of [[Thessaloniki]], located in the northern Greek region of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] *the [[Kvarner Gulf]], [[Croatia]] *the [[Gulf of Lion]], south of [[France]] *the [[Gulf of Valencia]], east of [[Spain]] *the [[Strait of Messina]], between [[Sicily]] and the toe of [[Italy]] *the [[Gulf of Genoa]], northwestern Italy *the [[Gulf of Venice]], northeastern Italy *the [[Gulf of Trieste]], northeastern Italy *the [[Gulf of Taranto]], southern Italy *the [[Gulf of Salerno]], southwestern Italy *the [[Gulf of Gaeta]], southwestern Italy *the [[Gulf of Squillace]], southern Italy *the [[Strait of Otranto]], between [[Italy]] and [[Albania]] *the [[Gulf of Haifa]], between [[Haifa]] and [[Akko]], [[Israel]] *the [[Gulf of Sidra]], between [[Tunisia]] and [[Cyrenaica]] (eastern Libya) *the [[Strait of Sicily]], between [[Sicily]] and [[Tunisia]] *the [[Corsica Channel]], between [[Corsica]] and [[Italy]] *the [[Strait of Bonifacio]], between [[Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]] *the [[Gulf of İskenderun]], between [[İskenderun]] and [[Adana]] ([[Turkey]]) *the [[Gulf of Antalya]], between west and east shores of Antalya ([[Turkey]]) *the [[Bay of Kotor]], on the coast of [[Montenegro]] *the [[Malta Channel]], between Sicily and Malta *the [[Gozo Channel]] between Malta and its sister island, Gozo ==Geology== The geology of the Mediterranean is complex, involving the break-up and then collision of the African and Eurasian plates and the [[Messinian Salinity Crisis]] in the late [[Miocene]] when the Mediterranean dried up. The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of {{convert|1500|m|ft|-1}} and the deepest recorded point is 5,267 meters (about 3.27 miles) in the [[Calypso Deep]] in the [[Ionian Sea]]. The coastline extends for {{convert|46000|km|mi|-2}}. A shallow submarine ridge (the [[Strait of Sicily]]) between the island of [[Sicily]] and the coast of [[Tunisia]] divides the sea in two main subregions (which in turn are divided into subdivisions), the Western Mediterranean and the Eastern Mediterranean. The Western Mediterranean covers an area of about 0.85 million km² (0.33 million&nbsp;[[square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]) and the Eastern Mediterranean about 1.65 million km² (0.64 million&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi). ===Geodynamic=== The [[geodynamics|geodynamic]] evolution of the Mediterranean Sea was provided by the convergence of European and African plates. This process was driven by the differential spreading along the Atlantic ridge, which led to the closure of the [[Tethys Ocean]] and eventually to the [[Alpine orogeny|Alpine orogenesis]]. However, the Mediterranean also hosts wide extensional basins and migrating [[plate tectonics|tectonic]] arcs, in response to its land-locked configuration. ===== Eastern Mediterranean ===== In middle [[Miocene]] times, the [[continental drift|collision]] between the [[Arabian plate|Arabian microplate]] and [[Eurasian plate|Eurasia]] led to the separation between the [[Tethys Ocean|Tethys]] and the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] Oceans. This process determined profound changes in the oceanic circulation patterns, which shifted global climates towards colder conditions. The [[Hellenic Arc]], which has a land-locked configuration, underwent a widespread extension for the last 20 Myr due to a slab roll-back process. In addition, the Hellenic Arc experienced a rapid rotation phase during the [[Pleistocene]], with a counterclockwise component in its eastern portion and a clockwise trend in the western segment. ===== Central Mediterranean ===== The opening of small oceanic basins of the central Mediterranean follows a trench migration and back-arc opening process that occurred during the last 30 Myr. This phase was characterized by the counterclockwise rotation of the Corsica-Sardinia block, which lasted until the Langhian (ca.16 Ma), and was in turn followed by a slab detachment along the northern African margin. Subsequently, a shift of this active extentional deformation led to the opening of the Tyrrenian basin. ===== Western Mediterranean ===== Since [[Mesozoic]] to [[Tertiary]] times, during convergence between Africa and Iberia, it developed the Betic-Rif mountain belts. Tectonic models for its evolution include: rapid motion of [[Alboran]] [[microplate]], [[subduction]] zone and radial extentional collapse caused by convective removal of lithosferic mantle. The development of these intramontane Betic and Rif basins led to the onset of two marine gateways which were progressively closed during the late Miocene by an interplay of tectonic and glacio-eustatic processes. ===Paleoclimatic=== Because of its peculiar latitudinal position and its land-locked configuration, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Since the Mediterranean is involved in the deposition of eolian dust from the [[Sahara]] during dry periods, whereas riverine detrital input prevails during wet ones, the Mediterranean marine [[sapropel]]-bearing sequences provide high-resolution climatic information. These data have been employed in reconstructing astronomically calibrated time scales for the last 9 Ma of the earth's history. Furthermore, the exceptional accuracy of these paleoclimatic records improved our knowledge of the earth's orbital variations in the past. ===Paleoenvironmental analysis=== Its semi-enclosed configuration makes the oceanic gateways critical in controlling circulation and environmental evolution in the Mediterranean Sea. [[Water]] circulation patterns are driven by a number of interactive factors, such as climate and bathymetry, which can lead to precipitation of [[evaporites]]. During late Miocene times, a so-called "[[Messinian Salinity Crisis]]" (MSC hereafter) occurred, which was triggered by the closure of the Atlantic gateway. Evaporites accumulated in the [[Red Sea Basin]] (late [[Miocene]]), in the Carpatian foredeep (middle Miocene) and in the whole Mediterranean area ([[Messinian]]). An accurate age estimate of the MSC—5.96 Ma—has recently been astronomically achieved; furthermore, this event seems to have occurred synchronously. The beginning of the MSC is supposed to have been of tectonic origin; however, an astronomical control (eccentricity) might also have been involved. In the Mediterranean basin, diatomites are regularly found underneath the evaporitic deposits, thus suggesting (albeit not clearly so far) a connection between their geneses. The present-day Atlantic gateway, i.e. the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], finds its origin in the early Pliocene. However, two other connections between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea existed in the past: the [[Betic Corridor]] (southern [[Spain]]) and the [[Rifian Corridor]] (northern [[Morocco]]). The former closed during [[Tortonian]] times, thus providing a "Tortonian Salinity Crisis" well before the MSC; the latter closed about 6 Ma, allowing exchanges in the mammal fauna between [[Africa]] and [[Europe]]. Nowadays, evaporation is more relevant than the water yield supplied by riverine water and precipitation, so that salinity in the Mediterranean is higher than in the Atlantic. These conditions result in the outflow of warm saline Mediterranean deep water across Gibraltar, which is in turn counterbalanced by an inflow of a less saline surface current of cold oceanic water. In the last few centuries, mankind has done much to alter Mediterranean geology. Structures have been built all along the coastlines, exacerbating and rerouting erosional patterns. Many pollution-producing boats travel the sea that unbalance the natural chemical ratios of the region. Beaches have been mismanaged, and the overuse of the sea's natural and marine resources continues to be a problem. This misuse speeds along and/or confounds natural processes. The actual geography has also been altered by the building of dams and canals. The Mediterranean was once thought to be the remnant of the [[Tethys Ocean]]. It is now known to be a structurally younger ocean basin known as [[Neotethys]]. Neotethys formed during the Late [[Triassic]] and Early [[Jurassic]] [[rift]]ing of the African and Eurasian [[plate tectonics|plates]]. ==Ecology== As a result of the drying of the sea during the [[Messinian Salinity Crisis]]<ref>[[Kenneth J. Hsu|Hsu K.J.]], "When the Mediterranean Dried Up" ''Scientific American'', Vol. '''227''', December 1972, p32</ref>, the marine biota of the Mediterranean are derived primarily from the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The North Atlantic is considerably colder and more nutrient-rich than the Mediterranean, and the marine life of the Mediterranean has had to adapt to its differing conditions in the five million years since the basin was reflooded. The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean and [[Red Sea|Red]] Seas. The Red Sea is higher than the Eastern Mediterranean, so the canal serves as a [[tidal strait]] that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean. The [[Bitter Lakes]], which are hypersaline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalized with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonize the Eastern Mediterranean. The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient-poor Eastern Mediterranean. Accordingly, Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota, and not vice versa; this phenomenon is known as the [[Lessepsian migration]] (after Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French engineer) or [[Erythrean invasion]]. The construction of the [[Aswan High Dam]] across the [[Nile River]] in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient-rich silt from the Nile into the Eastern Mediterranean, making conditions there even more like the Red Sea and worsening the impact of the [[invasive species]]. Invasive species originating from the Red Sea and [[introduced species|introduced]] into the Mediterranean by the construction of the canal have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the Mediterranean ecology, endangering many local and [[endemism|endemic]] Mediterranean species. Up to this day, about 300 species native to the Red Sea have already been identified in the Mediterranean Sea, and there are probably others yet unidentified. In recent years, the Egyptian government's announcement of its intentions to deepen and widen the canal have raised concerns from [[marine biologist]]s, fearing that such an act will only worsen the invasion of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean, facilitating the crossing of the canal for yet additional species<ref>Galil, B.S. and Zenetos, A. (2002). A sea change: exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, in: Leppäkoski, E. et al. (2002). ''Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impacts and management''. pp. 325-336. </ref>. Pollution in this region has been extremely high in the past couple years. In just one year, 1,000,000 tons of sewage has been dumped directly into the Mediterranean Sea.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Also, many marine species, such as the [[Mediterranean Monk Seal]], have been almost wiped out because of the pollution there. The Monk Seal has been placed as one of the top ten [[endangered species]] in the world.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==See also== * [[Mediterranean Basin]] * [[Mediterranean climate]] * [[Mediterranean diet]] * [[Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub]] * [[Mediterranean Games]] * [[Mediterranean race]] * [[Mediterranean sea (oceanography)]] * [[Mediterranean Union]] * [[Familial Mediterranean fever]] * [[History of the Mediterranean region]] * [[Holy League (Mediterranean)]] * [[Inland Sea]], which is sometimes named after the Japanese Mediterranean Sea * [[List of islands in the Mediterranean]] * [[Suez Canal]] * [[Babelmed]], the site of the Mediterranean cultures * [[Piri Reis]], early Mediterranean maps * [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean]] ==External links== {{commons|Mediterranean Sea}} *[http://www.greenpeace.org/lebanon/en Greenpeace campaign "Defending Our Mediterranean": Threats, Solutions and Photo Petition] *[http://www.planbleu.org/indexUK.html Planblue - Environment and Development in the Mediterranean Region] {{Template group |list = {{Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea}} {{Regions of the world}} {{coor title d|35|N|18|E|type:waterbody_scale:30000000}} }} [[Category:Mediterranean| ]] [[Category:Seas]] [[Category:Marine ecoregions]] [[af:Middellandse See]] [[als:Mittelmeer]] [[am:ሜድትራኒያን ባሕር]] [[ang:Wendelsǣ]] [[ar:البحر الأبيض المتوسط]] [[an:Mar Mediterranio]] [[frp:Mar Mèditèrranê]] [[ast:Mar Mediterraneu]] [[az:Aralıq dənizi]] [[bn:ভূমধ্যসাগর]] [[zh-min-nan:Tē-tiong-hái]] [[ba:Урта диңгеҙ]] [[be:Міжземнае мора]] [[be-x-old:Міжземнае мора]] [[bcl:Dagat Mediterraneo]] [[bs:Sredozemno more]] [[br:Mor Kreizdouar]] [[bg:Средиземно море]] [[ca:Mar Mediterrània]] [[cv:Вăтаçĕр тинĕсĕ]] [[ceb:Dagat Mediteranyo]] [[cs:Středozemní moře]] [[co:Mari Mediterraniu]] [[cy:Y Môr Canoldir]] [[da:Middelhavet]] [[de:Mittelmeer]] [[dsb:Srjejźne mórjo]] [[et:Vahemeri]] [[el:Μεσόγειος Θάλασσα]] [[es:Mar Mediterráneo]] [[eo:Mediteraneo]] [[ext:Mari Mediterráneu]] [[eu:Mediterraneo itsasoa]] [[fa:مدیترانه]] [[fr:Mer Méditerranée]] [[fy:Middellânske See]] [[ga:An Mheánmhuir]] [[gv:Mooir Mediterraneagh]] [[gl:Mar Mediterráneo]] [[hak:Thi-chûng-hói]] [[ko:지중해]] [[hi:भूमध्य सागर]] [[hr:Sredozemno more]] [[io:Mediteraneo]] [[id:Laut Tengah]] [[ia:Mediterraneo]] [[is:Miðjarðarhaf]] [[it:Mar Mediterraneo]] [[he:הים התיכון]] [[jv:Segara Tengah]] [[pam:Mediterranean Dayat Malat]] [[ka:ხმელთაშუა ზღვა]] [[sw:Bahari ya Mediteranea]] [[ku:Deryaya Navîn]] [[la:Mare Mediterraneum]] [[lv:Vidusjūra]] [[lb:Mëttelmier]] [[lt:Viduržemio jūra]] [[lij:Mâ Mediterraneo]] [[ln:Mediterané]] [[hu:Földközi-tenger]] [[mk:Средоземно Море]] [[ml:മധ്യധരണ്യാഴി]] [[mt:Baħar Mediterran]] [[mr:भूमध्य समुद्र]] [[ms:Laut Mediterranean]] [[mn:Газар Дундын тэнгис]] [[nl:Middellandse Zee]] [[nds-nl:Middellaanse Zee]] [[ja:地中海]] [[no:Middelhavet]] [[nn:Middelhavet]] [[nrm:Mé du Mitan]] [[oc:Mar Mediterranèa]] [[om:Gallana Mediterraniani]] [[ug:Ottura dingiz]] [[nds:Middelmeer]] [[pl:Morze Śródziemne]] [[pt:Mar Mediterrâneo]] [[crh:Aq deñiz]] [[ro:Marea Mediterană]] [[qu:Allpapura hatun qucha]] [[ru:Средиземное море]] [[sq:Deti Mesdhe]] [[scn:Mari Meditirràniu]] [[simple:Mediterranean Sea]] [[sk:Stredozemné more]] [[sl:Sredozemsko morje]] [[sr:Средоземно море]] [[sh:Sredozemno more]] [[fi:Välimeri]] [[sv:Medelhavet]] [[tl:Dagat Mediterranean]] [[ta:நடுநிலக் கடல்]] [[th:ทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน]] [[vi:Địa Trung Hải]] [[tr:Akdeniz]] [[uk:Середземне море]] [[ur:بحیرہ روم]] [[vec:Mar Mediteraneo]] [[wa:Mîtrinne Mer]] [[vls:Middellandsche Zêe]] [[wo:Géej gu Diggu]] [[yi:מיטלענדישער ים]] [[zh:地中海]]