Merdeka 5553566 215351283 2008-05-27T20:37:12Z RussBot 279219 Robot-assisted fix [[WP:DPL|links to disambiguation page]] Malaya [[Image:Dataran Merdeka.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Dataran Merdeka]], or Independence Square.]] '''Merdeka''' is a word in the [[Malay language]] meaning [[independence]]. It is derived from a [[Sanskrit]] word used to designate former Portuguese and Dutch [[Mardijker|slaves from India in the East Indies]], whence the Malay meaning of "free(dom)" is derived. The term was significant during the anticolonialist and pro-independence movements of the [[colonialism|colonies]] of [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]], in the [[history of Malaysia]], the [[history of Singapore]] and in the [[history of Indonesia]]. It became a battle-cry for those demanding independence from the colonial administrations of the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Netherlands]]. ==Malaysia== Today in [[Malaysia]], in which Malaya, [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]] and [[Singapore]] merged in [[1963]], the term still remains pertinent in the present. It can be seen in the Malaysian national holiday of [[Hari Merdeka]], commemorating Malaya's independence on 31 August 1957, and [[Dataran Merdeka]] (Independence Square) where the first ceremony raising the [[flag of Malaysia|flag of Malaya]] was held following independence. Because Sabah and Sarawak gained their independence on 31 August 1963, Hari Merdeka is a significant date throughout Malaysia. [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], the inaugural [[Malaysian Prime Minister]], declared Malayan independence with seven shouts of "Merdeka"; the cry continues to be featured prominently in Malaysian Hari Merdeka celebrations. ==Singapore== [[Image:Merdeka petition.gif|thumb|240px|right|The top of a [[petition]] in 1956 demanding self-rule for Singapore immediately. It collected over 167,000 signatures.]] [[Image:Merdeka Singapore 1955.jpg|thumb|right|240px|A [[People's Action Party]] Merdeka rally at Farrer Park on 17 August 1955.]] In the context of Singapore, Merdeka usually refers to the gaining of [[self rule|self-rule]] and self-government from the United Kingdom in the 1950s, as [[imperialism in Asia]] slowly declined. It usually does not refer to Singapore's independence from Malaysia in 1965, which followed its merger with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak on [[16 September]], [[1963]] after having held the [[Singapore national referendum, 1962|1962 national referendum]]. The [[Constitution of Singapore]] had been amended in 1953 following recommendations by the ''Rendel Commission'', creating a 51 seat [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore]] to replace the [[Legislative Council of Singapore]]. The Legislative Assembly would become the predecessor to the modern [[Parliament of Singapore]]. The following [[Singapore general election, 1955|Singapore general election of 1955]] had members that were elected by the population for the first time become the majority in Singapore's legislature. Previously, only six members of the Legislative Council were elected — the rest were appointed. This however did not satisfy individuals calling for full self-government at least in the matter of domestic affairs. The call for Merdeka was a growing tension between [[progressivism]] and [[Radicalization|radicalism]], cooperation and hostility towards the British. [[David Saul Marshall]] of the [[Labour Front]] narrowly won the Singapore general election of 1955, but being anticolonialist, tended to be a vocal opponent of the British's rule. As such, the British found it hard to work out a compromise. A [[petition]] was started in 1956 which collected the signatures of 167,000 — a vast portion of the electorate in that era — in a petition that demanded Merdeka. During the '''Merdeka Talks''' of 1956, the year before Malaya's independence, the British agreed to grant Singapore self-government over domestic issues, while the British retained control of finance and the military. This seemed to satisfy Marshall initially, but the negotiation later broke down when the British refused to turn over [[national security|internal security]] to the local government. The British felt that Marshall was not doing enough to counter the threats of the [[communism|communist]] [[insurgency]] and the [[Malayan Communist Party]] (MCP) which had sparked the [[Malayan Emergency]]. The march towards independence was stalled and Marshall resigned in 1956 making good on his earlier pledge that he would step down in the case of failure. Another Labour Front leader [[Lim Yew Hock]] took over as Singapore Chief Minister and continued the effort to push for independence. Lim then undertook harsh measures against the communists demonstrating that his administration was willing to take a tough stance to safeguard internal security. In the [[Chinese middle schools riots]] of 1956, some nine hundred people were arrested. Leading a negotiation delegation consisting of several Singapore political leaders from various parties, Lim managed to convince the British to grant Singapore Merdeka by amending and revamping its Constitution in 1958 to allow for a fully-elected legislature which would form an internal government with complete [[autonomy]] over domestic affairs. This government was formed following the [[Singapore general election, 1959|Singapore general election of 1959]], but ironically the Labour Front lost as Lim Yew Hock's harsh techniques had alienated large portions of the electorate. ==Indonesia== The term merdeka was used in [[Indonesia]] in a similar way to designate freedom from the Dutch colonial government during the struggle for independence in the 1940s. The [[Aceh]]nese and [[West Papua]]n autonomy movements currently use the term to express the concept of [[Freedom (political)|freedom]], and the meaning of the term ranges from greater freedom to outright political independence. The major [[autonomy]] movement in Aceh, the [[Free Aceh Movement]] has the term in its name (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka), as does the major armed independence group in West Papua, the [[Free Papua Movement]] (Organisasi Papua Merdeka). ==External links== *[http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/merdeka.html Our Story - Merdeka (Singapore)] [[Category:History of Malaysia]] [[Category:History of Singapore]] [[Category:Malay words and phrases]] [[Category:Indonesian words and phrases]] [[ms:Merdeka]]