Messina
59705
226182910
2008-07-17T05:37:14Z
24.131.19.81
{{redirect|Messina}}
{{Otheruses4|the city in Sicily, Italy|the city in South Africa|Musina}}
{{Infobox CityIT |
img_coa = Messina-Stemma.png|
official_name = Comune di Messina|
name = Messina|
region = {{flagicon|Sicily}} [[Sicily]] |
province = [[Province of Messina|Messina]] (ME) |
elevation_m = 3 |
area_total_km2 = 211|
population_as_of = [[1 January]] [[2005]]|
population_total = 247592|
population_density_km2 = 1121|
timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+1 |
coordinates = {{coor at dm|38|11|N|15|33|E|region:IT-ME_type:city(250000)}}|
frazioni = See [[Messina#Fractions|list]]|
mapx = 38.192 |
mapy = 15.557 |
telephone = 090|
postalcode = 98100|
gentilic = Messinesi, Peloritani, Mamertini|
saint = Madonna of the Letter|
day = [[3 June]] |
mayor = Giuseppe Buzzanca|
website = [http://www.comune.messina.it www.comune.messina.it] |
}}
'''Messina''' (Missina in [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]) is the third largest city on the island of [[Sicily]], [[Italy]] and the capital of the [[province of Messina]]. It has a population of 250,000 inhabitants in the city proper and about 500,000 in the metropolitan area.
It is located near the North-East corner of Sicily, at the [[Strait of Messina]], just opposite [[Villa San Giovanni]] which is itself north of [[Reggio Calabria]] across the straits, on the mainland.
The main economical resource of the city is the port, both commercial and military, with several shipyards. Agriculture include cultivations of [[lemon]]s, [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s, [[mandarin orange]]s and other fruit, vegetables and wine.
The city has been a Roman Catholic [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela|Archdiocese and Archimandrite]] seat since 1548 and is home to a locally important International Fair.
==History==
[[Image:Denarius Sextus Pompeius-Scilla.jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[Sextus Pompeius]] coin, depicting the Pharos of Messina and [[Scylla]].]]
Founded by [[Greece|Greek]] colonists in the 8th century BC, Messina was originally called '''Zancle''' (a native word for "scythe"—but in legend the name is attributed to King [[Zanclus]]) because of the shape of its natural harbour. (A municipality of its province, located at the southern entrance of the [[Strait of Messina]], is to this day called 'Scaletta Zanclea'.) In the early 5th century BC, [[Anaxilas of Rhegium]] renamed it '''Messene''' in honor of the Greek city [[Messene]] ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Μεσσήνη). See also [[List of traditional Greek place names]]. The city was [[Battle of Messene|sacked in 397 BC]] by the [[Carthage|Carthaginians]], then reconquered by [[Dionysius I of Syracuse]].
In 288 BC the [[Mamertines]] seized the city by treachery, killing all the men and taking the women as their wives. The city became a base from which they ravaged the countryside, leading to a conflict with the expanding regional empire of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]]. [[Hiero II]], tyrant of Syracuse, defeated the Mamertines near [[Mylae]] on the [[Longanus River]] and besieged Messina. [[Carthage]] assisted the Mamertines because of a long-standing conflict with Syracuse over dominance in Sicily. When Hiero attacked a second time in 264 BC, the Mamertines petitioned [[Rome]] for an alliance, hoping for more reliable protection. Although initially reluctant to assist lest it encourage other mercenary groups to mutiny, Rome was unwilling to see Carthaginian power spread further over Sicily and encroach on Italy. Rome therefore entered into an alliance with the Mamertines. In 264 BC, Roman troops were deployed to Sicily, the first time a Roman army acted outside the Italian peninsula.
At the end of the [[first Punic War]] it was a free city allied with Rome. In Roman times Messina, then known as '''Messana''', had an important [[pharos]] (lighthouse). Messana was the base of [[Sextus Pompeius]], during his war against [[Caesar Augustus|Octavian]].
After the fall of the [[Roman Empire]], the city was successively conquered by the [[Goths]], then by the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 535, by the Arabs in 842, and in 1061 by the [[Normans| Norman]] brothers [[Robert Guiscard]] and [[Roger I of Sicily|Roger Guiscard]] (later count Roger I of Sicily). In 1189 the English King [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] stopped at Messina in his path towards the Holy Land and briefly occupied the city after a dispute over the dowry of his sister, who had been married to [[William II of Sicily]].
Messina was most likely the harbour at which the [[Black Death]] entered [[Europe]] in the [[Middle Ages]] (1347): the plague was brought by Genoese ships coming from [[Jaffa]] in [[Palestine]]. In 1548 [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius]] founded here the first [[Jesuit]] [[College]] of the world, which later gave birth to the ''Studium Generale'' (the current [[University of Messina]]).
The Christian ships that won the [[Battle of Lepanto]] (1571) left from Messina: the Spanish author [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]], who took part in the battle, recovered for some time in the Grand Hospital. The city reached the peak of its splendour in the early 17th century, under Spanish domination: at the time it was one of the ten greatest cities in Europe. In 1674 the city rebelled against the foreign garrison. It managed to remain independent for some time, thanks to the help of the French king [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], but in 1678, with the [[Peace of Nijmegen]], it was reconquered by the Spaniards and sacked: the University, the Senate and all the privileges of autonomy it had enjoyed since the Roman times were abolished. A massive fortress was built by the occupants, and thenceforth Messina decayed steadily.
In 1847 it was one of the first cities in Italy where [[Risorgimento]] riots broke out. In 1848 it rebelled openly against the reigning [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]], but was heavily suppressed again. Only in 1860, after the [[Battle of Milazzo]], the [[Garibaldi]]ne troops freed the city. One of the main figure of the [[unification of Italy]], [[Giuseppe Mazzini]], was elected [[Italian Chamber of Deputies|deputy]] at Messina in the general elections of 1866.
[[Image:La nuova cortina del porto di Messina 1 (Luigi Borzì).jpg|thumb|left|Unexecuted [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] plan for the reconstruction of the port, by [[Luigi Borzi]], 1909]]
The city was almost entirely destroyed by an [[1908 Messina earthquake| earthquake]] and associated [[tsunami]] on the morning of [[December 28]], [[1908]], killing about 60,000 people and destroying most of the ancient architecture. The city was largely rebuilt in the following year, according to a more modern and rational plan. Further damage was added by the massive Allied air bombardments of 1943, which caused thousand of deaths. Later, the city gained a Gold Medal for Military Valour and one for Civil Valour in memory of the event and the subsequent effort of reconstruction.
In June 1955, Messina was the location of the [[Messina Conference]] of western [[Europe]]an foreign ministers which led to the creation of the [[European Economic Community]]<ref>[http://www.eu-history.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=10&c=52 ''The Messina Declaration 1955'' final document of ''The Conference of Messina'' 1 to 3 June 1955 - birth of the European Union]</ref>.
[[Image:Gloeden, Wilhelm von (1856-1931) - Sopravvissuti al terremoto di Messina, 1908.jpg|thumb|280px|An image of the refugees from the 1908 earthquake.]]
[[Image:Messina Dome.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Cathedral of Messina (2004).]]
[[Image:Messina Annunziata dei Catalani.jpg|thumb|280px|Church of the Annunziata dei Catalani.]]
[[Image:Portomessina.jpg|thumb|280px|View of Messina's harbour with [[Calabria]] in the background.]]
==Main sights==
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}
===Religious buildings===
*The Cathedral (12th century), containing the remains of [[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad]], king of Germany and Sicily in the 13th century. After the quake of 1908, the cathedral was almost entirely rebuilt in 1919/1920; after a fire in 1943 it had to be rebuilt again. The original Norman structure can be seen in the apsidal area. The façade has three late [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] portals, the central one probably dating from the early 15th century, with noteworthy decorations. The architrave is decorated with a sculpture of ''Christ Among the Evangelists'' and representations of human figures, animals and plants. The [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] is from 1468. The interior has a nave and two equally long aisles divided by files of 28 columns; some of the decorative elements are from the original edifice. Beside of that of Conrad IV, the tombs include those of Archbishop Palmer (died in 1195), Archbishop Guidotto de Abbiate (14th century) and Antonio La Legname (16th century). The mosaics in the apse are reconstructions. Noteworthy is the Chapel of the Sacrament (late 16th century), with scenographic decorations and 14th century mosaics. Very famous as touristic attraction is the clock tower, with several animated mechanical statues which every days at noon show some events of Christian and Messina history.
*The ''Annunziata dei Catalani'' (late 12th-13th century). Dating from the late Norman period, it was transformed in the 13th century when the nave was shortened and the façade added. It has a cylindrical apse and a high dome emerging from a high [[tambour]]. Noteworthy is the external decoration of the [[transept]] and the dome area, with a series of blind arches separated by small columns.
*''Santa Maria degli Alemanni'' (probably from the early 13th century), which belonged to the [[Knights of Malta]].
*Sanctuary of Montevergine, where the [[incorruptibility|incorrupt]] body of [[Saint]] [[Eustochia Smeralda Calafato]] rests.
===Other===
*''Palazzo Calapaj'', near the Cathedral, an example of 18th century Messinese architecture which survived to the 1908 earthquake.
*The Fountain of Orion and the Fountain of Neptune, by [[Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli]] (16th century).
*The Senatory Fountain (1619)
*The Four Fountains
*The ''San Ranieri ''Lighthouse (or Tower), from 1555.
*The [[Orto Botanico "Pietro Castelli" dell'Università di Messina]], a [[botanical garden]]
*The [http://www.regione.sicilia.it/bbccaa/Dirbenicult/musei/musei2/engarmessina.htm Regional Museum], which hosts, among others, paintings from [[Caravaggio]] and [[Antonello da Messina]].
*The [[Pylons of Messina|Pylon]]s, built in 1957 for a 220kV-[[overhead powerline]] across the Strait of Messina. At the time of its construction, the two [[pylons]] were the highest in the world. This powerline has since been replaced by an underwater cable, but the pylons still remain, protected as historical monuments, and freely visitable since 2006 summer by tourists.
==Notable people==
*[[Antonello da Messina]], Italian painter and genius of the Renaissance, was born in Messina in 1430.
*[[Dicaearchus]], Greek philosopher and mathematician, born in Messina 350 BC.
*[[Eustochia Smeralda Calafato]], Italian Saint, was born in Messina in 1434.
*[[Francesco Maurolico]], Italian astronomer and mathematician, was born in Messina in 1494.
*[[Filippo Juvarra]], also spelled [[Filippo Juvarra|Filippo Juvara]], Italian architect and highest exponent of the Baroque, was born in Messina in 1678.
*[[Hannibal Mary Di Francia]], Italian Saint, was born in Messina in 1851.
==Messina in literature==
Many writers set their works in Messina, among them:
*[[Plutarch]] - ''The Life of Pompey'' (40 BC?)
*[[Giovanni Boccaccio]] - ''Decameron'' IV day V novel, ''Lisabetta da Messina'' - IV day IV Novel, ''Gerbino ed Elissa'' (1351)
*[[Matteo Bandello]] - ''Novelliere'' First Part, novel XXII (1554)
*[[William Shakespeare]] - ''[[Much Ado about Nothing]]'' (1598) and [[Antony and Cleopatra]] (1607)
*[[Molière]] Jean Baptiste Poquelin - ''L'Etourdi ou Les Contre-temps'' (1654)
*[[Friedrich Schiller]] - ''Die Braut von Messina'' (''The Bride of Messina'', 1803)
*[[Silvio Pellico]] - ''Eufemio da Messina'' (1818)
*[[Friedrich Nietzsche]] - ''Idyllen aus Messina'' (''Idylls from Messina'', 1882)
*[[Giovanni Pascoli]] - poetry ''L'Aquilone'' (1904)
*[[Elio Vittorini]] - ''Le donne di Messina'' (''Women of Messina', 1949) and ''Conversazione in Sicilia'' (''Conversations in Sicily'', 1941)
*[[Stefano D'Arrigo]] - ''Horcynus Orca'' (1975)
*[[Julien Green]] - ''Demain n'existe pas'' (1985)
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons|Messina}}
*{{it icon}} [http://www.comune.messina.it Official Municipality website]
*{{it icon}} [http://www.granmirci.it Messina website]
*{{it icon}} [http://www.unime.it University website]
*{{it icon}} [http://www.prefettura.messina.it Prefettura website]
*{{it icon}} [http://www.diocesimessina.net Catholic Archdiocese of Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela]
*{{it icon}} [http://www.me.camcom.it Chamber of Commerce website]
*{{it icon}} [http://www.teatrodimessina.it Theater of Messina ''Vittorio Emanuele'']
*{{it icon}} [http://www.aptmessina.it/ Tourism Office website]
*{{it icon}} [http://www.fieramessina.it International Trade Fair website]
*{{it icon}} [http://www.messinasportiva.it All about sport in Messina]
*[http://www.porto.messina.it/index.asp?porto=ME&lingua=ing Messina Port Authority]
*{{it icon}} {{ja icon}} [http://www.fcmessina.it Football Club website]
==See also==
[[F.C. Messina Peloro]]
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{{Province of Messina}}
[[Category:Messina| ]]
[[Category:Settlements established in the 8th century BC]]
[[Category:Coastal cities and towns in Italy]]
[[Category:Municipalities of the Province of Messina]]
[[Category:Euboean colonies of Magna Graecia]]
[[Category:Cumaean colonies]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek cities]]
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