Metro Manila 72340 224912561 2008-07-10T23:39:36Z JParis 166155 {{Refimprove|date=January 2008}} {{for|the capital city of the Philippines|Manila}} {{Infobox Philippine region |name = Metropolitan Manila |map_file = Ph locator ncr.png |center = [[Manila]] |population = 11,553,427<sup>[http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/2007/province.pdf]</sup> (2007) |density_km2 = 18,166 |area_km2 = 636 |provinces = &mdash; |cities = 16 |municipalities = 1 |barangays = 1694 |districts = 27 |languages = [[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[English language|English]], [[Languages of the Philippines|others]] |timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time (North America)|Eastern]] |utc_offset = +8 |area_code = [[Area code 632/632]] latd = 14 |latm = 31 |lats = 0 |latNS = N longd = 121 |longm = 00 |longs = 00 |longEW = E website = [http://w www.mmda.gov.ph] }} '''Metropolitan Manila''' ([[Filipino language|Filipino]]: ''Kalakhang Maynila'', ''Kamaynilaan'') or the '''[[National Capital Region]] (NCR)''' ([[Filipino language|Filipino]]: ''Pambansang Punong Rehiyon'') is the [[Metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] of the city of [[Manila]], the [[national capital]] of the [[Philippines]]. Its residential population as of August 2007 is 11,553,427. Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces ([[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], [[Cavite]], [[Rizal]], [[Bulacan]]) Greater Metro Manila, has a population of approximately 22 million people (''August 2007 census''). Metro Manila is one of the two defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines, the other being [[Metro Cebu]]. In 2005, it ranked as the 42nd richest urban agglomeration in the world with a GDP of $108 billion according to [[PriceWaterhouseCoopers]]. Metro Manila is expected to climb to the 30th spot by 2020 with a GDP of $257 billion and an annual growth rate of 5.9%.<ref name="pwc">{{cite web| url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.asp?MediaDetailsID=863| title="Table 1.2 – Top 30 urban agglomeration GDP rankings in 2005 and illustrative projections to 2020 (using UN definitions and population estimates)"|first="UK Economic Outlook, March 2007", page 5|last=[[PriceWaterhouseCoopers]]|format=PDF | accessdate=2007-08-28}}</ref> As proclaimed by Presidential Decree No. 940, Metro Manila as a whole is the Philippines' [[seat of government]] although only the City of [[Manila]] is the [[capital]].<ref>[http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno940.html Presidential Decree No. 940]</ref> ==Geography== [[Image:Manila Bay Landsat 2000.jpg|right|thumb|Satellite image of Metro Manila and Manila Bay]] Metro Manila is situated on an [[isthmus]] bounded by [[Manila Bay]] to the west and [[Laguna de Bay]] to the south-east and divided by [[Pasig River]] that links the two bodies of water. The city lies on a wide [[flood plain]] that is one of the biggest in the country. The area is bounded by [[Bulacan]] to the north, [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]] to the east, [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] to the south and [[Cavite]] to the southwest. Metro Manila is the general term for the [[metropolitan area]] that contains the city of [[Manila]], as well as fifteen surrounding cities including [[Quezon City]], the capital from 1948 to 1976, and the Municipality of [[Pateros, Metro Manila|Pateros]]. The name "Metro Manila" came about and was generally adapted in the 1980s as previously, cities which are now part of the MM area were part of the neighbouring [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]]. Metro Manila is the political, economic, social, and cultural center of the Philippines, and is one of the more modern metropolises in Southeast Asia. It is much more economically developed compared to the other major cities in the country. Among locals, particularly those from central Manila and those in the surrounding provinces, Metro Manila is often simply referred to as ''Manila''; however locals from other parts of the metropolis may see this as offensive, owing to city pride and also the fact that some cities are actually geographically closer to the neighboring provinces than to Manila itself. Metro Manila is often abbreviated as ''M.M.''. The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority ([[Metro Manila Development Authority|MMDA]]) is a governing body which is made up of the cities and municipalities in the area, located in [[Makati City]]. Metro Manila is the smallest of the country's [[Regions of the Philippines|administrative regions]], but the most populous and the most densely populated, having a population of 11,553,427 (''2007 [[census]]'') in an area of only 636 square kilometers. It is also the only region without any [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]], instead being subdivided into 17 local government areas, with 16 cities and one municipality. The term ''Metro Manila'' should not be confused with the [[Strong Republic Transit System|metro]] rail system of the region, and the word ''metro'' itself always describes the metropolitan area (''as in the metro''). The railways are called by their abbreviations, such as the LRT and the MRT, also known as Light Rail Transit and Metro Rail Transit, respectively. On paper, [[Manila]] is the designated capital and seat of the Philippine government, but in practice, the seats of government are all around Metro Manila. The executive and administrative seat of government is located in Manila, so is the judiciary. The upper house of the legislature (''[[Senate of the Philippines]]'') is located in [[Pasay City]], and the lower house (''[[House of Representatives of the Philippines]]'') in [[Quezon City]]. ==History== Manila was first founded in [[June 24]], [[1571]] by three Spanish [[conquistadors]], led by [[Martín de Goiti]], [[Juan de Salcedo]] and [[Miguel López de Legazpi]]. In 1867, the Spanish Government of the Philippines founded the municipalities and territories south of the District of Morong in Nueva Ecija, north of the Province of Tondo and Imperial Manila, and isolated these from their mother province-Nueva Ecija. The Government created the Province of Manila composed of the Province of Tondo to the south and the isolated territories of Nueva Ecija to the north. The parts of Tondo were Navotas, Malabon, and Caloocan; and the parts of Nueva Ecija were Mariquina, Balintawak, Caloocan, Pasig, San Felipe Neri (presently called Makati), Las Piñas, what had been known as Paranaque, and Muntinlupa were combined to form the Province of Manila. The capital of the Province was [[Intramuros]], then itself called and considered to be Manila, a walled city located along the banks of Pasig River and Manila Bay in the present Manila. In 1897, while the Imperial City of Manila is being prepared for industrialization, most houses in Tondo were demolished to give way to railroad construction. One of those whose house was demolished was Andres Bonifacio, the founder of the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangan, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Supreme and Revered Union of the Children of the Nation) or KKK, a secret organization which aimed towards independence and self-governance away from the Spanish government. In 1896, the Cry of Balintawak was initiated, an event which denounces the Spanish authority by tearing their ''cedulas'' or residence tax slips. On December 30, 1896, [[Jose Rizal]], the Philippine National Hero, was executed by the Spanish government in Bagumbayan, an execution site near Intramuros. This event led to the Filipino uprising against Spain. Likewise, The Province of Manila was the 8th and last Province to revolt against Spain paving the establishment of the Federated Philippine Republics (composed of [[Nueva Ecija]], [[Pampanga]], [[Bulacan]], [[Tarlac]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], [[Batangas]], [[Cavite]] and Manila). The Province remained in existence until 1901, when its territory was subdivided by the Americans. In 1901, the Philippine Assembly created the City of Manila composed of the Municipalities of Ermita, [[Intramuros]] or Imperial City of Manila, [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]], [[Santa Cruz, Manila|Santa Cruz]], [[Sta. Ana, Manila|Sta. Ana]], [[San Nicolas]], [[San Miguel, Manila|San Miguel]], [[Paco, Manila|Paco]], [[Port, Manila|Port Area]], [[Pandacan, Manila|Pandacan]], [[Sampaloc, Manila|Sampaloc]], [[Quiapo, Manila|Quiapo]], [[Binondo, Manila|Binondo]] and others. Some Assemblymen included the municipalities of Caloocan, Marikina, Pasig, Parañaque, Malabon, Navotas, San Juan, Makati, Mandaluyong (San Felipe Neri), Las Piñas, Muntinglupa and Taguig-Pateros to a new province named Rizal. The capital of the province was Pasig. In 1941 as an emergency measure, President [[Manuel L. Quezon]] created the City of Greater Manila, merging the city and municipal governments of Manila, Quezon City, San Juan del Monte, Caloocan, etc. and appointing [[Jorge Vargas]] as Mayor. Existing mayors of the included cities and municipalities served as vice-mayors for their areas. This was in order to ensure Vargas, who was Quezon's principal lieutenant for administrative matters, would have a position of authority that would be recognized under international military law. There were doubts if the Japanese Imperial Army poised to occupy Manila would recognize the authorities of members of the Quezon cabinet. The City of Greater Manila was abolished by the Japanese with the formation of the Philippine Executive Commission to govern the occupied regions of the country. As an administrative concept, however, the City of Greater Manila served as a model for Metro Manila and the position of Metro Manila governor established during the Marcos administration. In 1976, owing a great respect to the history of Manila, President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] issued Presidential Decree 824, creating the Metropolitan Manila Area. The site of the old province of Manila can no longer be used for agricultural purposes and therefore the term 'province' is not applicable. The decree seceded the 12 municipalities and 3 cities of Rizal, the municipality of Valenzuela in Bulacan, Quezon City and Manila. The Metropolitan Manila Commission is created to administer the emerging metropolis. Marcos appointed his wife [[Imelda Marcos]] as governor of Metro Manila. In 1986, after a major government reorganization, President [[Corazon Aquino]] issued Executive Order No. 392 and changed the structure of the Metropolitan Manila Commission and renamed it to Metropolitan Manila Authority. Metro Manila Mayors chose from themselves as chair of the agency. In 1995, through Republic Act 7924, Metro Manila Authority was reorganized and became the [[Metropolitan Manila Development Authority]]. The chair of the agency is appointed by the President and should not have a concurrent elected position such as mayor. ==Geography and climate== [[Image:Metro manila map.png|right|thumb|200px|Map of Metro Manila's municipalities]] [[Image:Pre-Metro Manila map.png|left|thumb|200px|Map of Metro Manila before 1975: {{legend|red|Part of the province of Rizal}} {{legend|green|Part of the City of Manila}} {{legend|blue|Part of the Province of Bulacan}}]] Metro Manila is located at 14°40' N 121°3 E. The [[metropolitan area]] lies entirely on a swampy [[isthmus]] with an average elevation of 10 metres. Manila [[Manila Bay]] lies to the west and [[Laguna de Bay]] to the south-east. It is bordered by the [[province]]s of [[Bulacan]] to the north, [[Rizal]] to the east, [[Cavite]] to the south-west and [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] to the south. Metro Manila's primary waterway is the [[Pasig River]], which bisects the isthmus. It originates in Laguna de Bay, marking the borders between [[Makati City]] and [[Mandaluyong City]], as well as between [[Pasig City]] and [[Taguig]], then passing through [[Manila]] before draining into Manila Bay. The river is severely polluted from municipal waste. Under the [[Köppen climate classification system]], Metro Manila has a [[tropical monsoon]] climate with no distinctive seasons. Together with the rest of the Philippines, Metro Manila lies entirely within the tropics. Its proximity to the [[equator]] means that the temperature range is very small, rarely ever going lower than 20[[°C]] and going higher than 38[[°C]]. However, humidity levels are usually very high which makes it feel much warmer. It has a distinct [[dry season]] from November to May, and a [[wet season]] from June to October, when it is constantly affected by [[typhoon]]s from the [[Pacific Ocean]] (although typhoons rarely directly hit the metropolis, with an average of one hit every 10 years) the last major typhoon, [[Typhoon Xangsane]] or locally known as [[Milenyo]]) to hit just September of 2006 causing major damage to the city as well as surrounding provinces. <center><!--Infobox begins-->{{Infobox Weather |metric_first = Yes |single_line= Yes |location = Metro Manila, Philippines ||Jan_Hi_°C = 30 ||Feb_Hi_°C = 31 ||Mar_Hi_°C = 32 ||Apr_Hi_°C = 33 ||May_Hi_°C = 33 ||Jun_Hi_°C = 32 ||Jul_Hi_°C = 31 ||Aug_Hi_°C = 30 ||Sep_Hi_°C = 31 ||Oct_Hi_°C = 30 ||Nov_Hi_°C = 30 ||Dec_Hi_°C = 30 ||Year_Hi_°C = 31 ||Jan_Lo_°C = 21 ||Feb_Lo_°C = 22 ||Mar_Lo_°C = 22 ||Apr_Lo_°C = 24 ||May_Lo_°C = 25 ||Jun_Lo_°C = 25 ||Jul_Lo_°C = 24 ||Aug_Lo_°C = 23 ||Sep_Lo_°C = 23 ||Oct_Lo_°C = 23 ||Nov_Lo_°C = 23 ||Dec_Lo_°C = 22 ||Year_Lo_°C = 23 |Jan_Precip_inch = |Jan_Precip_cm = 2|Jan_Precip_mm = |Feb_Precip_inch = |Feb_Precip_cm = 1|Feb_Precip_mm = |Mar_Precip_inch = |Mar_Precip_cm = 1|Mar_Precip_mm = |Apr_Precip_inch = |Apr_Precip_cm = 3|Apr_Precip_mm = |May_Precip_inch = |May_Precip_cm =12|May_Precip_mm = |Jun_Precip_inch = |Jun_Precip_cm =26|Jun_Precip_mm = |Jul_Precip_inch = |Jul_Precip_cm =40|Jul_Precip_mm = |Aug_Precip_inch = |Aug_Precip_cm =36|Aug_Precip_mm = |Sep_Precip_inch = |Sep_Precip_cm =34|Sep_Precip_mm = |Oct_Precip_inch = |Oct_Precip_cm =19|Oct_Precip_mm = |Nov_Precip_inch = |Nov_Precip_cm =13|Nov_Precip_mm = |Dec_Precip_inch = |Dec_Precip_cm =6|Dec_Precip_mm = |Year_Precip_inch = |Year_Precip_cm =197|Year_Precip_mm = |source =Weatherbase<ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web |url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=090527&refer= |title =Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Manila, Philippines | publisher=Weatherbase | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-02-04}}</ref> |accessdate = Feb 2007 }}<!--Infobox ends--></center> ==Government== Metro Manila collectively doesn't have political power. The highest political division are the sixteen [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]] and the [[Municipalities of the Philippines|Municipality]] of [[Pateros, Metro Manila|Pateros]] which has political power independent from each other. Each is governed by a mayor who belongs to the Metro Manila Mayor's League, which is part of the [[Metropolitan Manila Development Authority]] (MMDA). Each city is classified as a highly urbanized city, and all {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! !Local government unit !Population<br>(2000 census) !Area <br> ([[square kilometre|km²]]) !Pop. density<br>(per km²) !Annual pop.<br>growth rate !Per capita<br>income !Cityhood |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr caloocan.png|20px]] |[[Caloocan City|Caloocan]] |align=right|1,177,604 |align=right|53.33 |align=right|22,081 |align=right|.97 |align=right|$8,986 |align=right|1962 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr laspinas.png|20px]] |[[Las Piñas City|Las Piñas]] |align=right|528,011 |align=right|41.54 |align=right|12,710 |align=right|1.04 |align=right|$7,978 |align=right|1997 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr makati.png|20px]] |[[Makati City|Makati]] |align=right|444,867 |align=right|27.36 |align=right|16,260 |align=right|-.12 |align=right|$21,259 |align=right|1995 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr malabon.png|20px]] |[[Malabon City|Malabon]] |align=right|338,855 |align=right|15.76 |align=right|21,501 |align=right|1.13 |align=right|$3,634 |align=right|2001 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr mandaluyong.png|20px]] |[[Mandaluyong City|Mandaluyong]] |align=right|278,474 |align=right|11.26 |align=right|24,731 |align=right|-.09 |align=right|$17,258 |align=right|1994 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr manila.png|20px]] |[[Manila]] |align=right|1,581,082 |align=right|38.55 |align=right|41,014 |align=right|-.06 |align=right|$7,867 |align=right|1574 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr marikina.png|20px]] |[[Marikina City|Marikina]] |align=right|391,170 |align=right|33.97 |align=right|11,515 |align=right|.98 |align=right|$9,786 |align=right|1996 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr muntinlupa.png|20px]] |[[Muntinlupa City|Muntinlupa]] |align=right|379,310 |align=right|46.70 |align=right|8,122 |align=right|1.14 |align=right|$11,215 |align=right|1995 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr navotas.png|20px]] |[[Navotas City|Navotas]] |align=right|230,403 |align=right|10.77 |align=right|21,393 |align=right|1.23 |align=right|$4,276 |align=right|2007 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr paranaque.png|20px]] |[[Parañaque City|Parañaque]] |align=right|449,811 |align=right|47.69 |align=right|9,432 |align=right|.99 |align=right|$8,241 |align=right|1998 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr pasay.png|20px]] |[[Pasay City|Pasay]] |align=right|354,908 |align=right|19.00 |align=right|18,679 |align=right|1.43 |align=right|$5,931 |align=right|1947 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr pasig.png|20px]] |[[Pasig City|Pasig]] |align=right|505,058 |align=right|31.00 |align=right|16,292 |align=right|1.32 |align=right|$10,258 |align=right|1995 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr pateros.png|20px]] |[[Pateros, Metro Manila|Pateros]] |align=right|57,407 |align=right|2.10 |align=right|27,337 |align=right|1.46 |align=right|$2,978 |align=right|Not a city |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr quezoncity.png|20px]] |[[Quezon City]] |align=right|2,173,831 |align=right|161.12 |align=right|13,492 |align=right|.78 |align=right|$9,672 |align=right|1939 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr sanjuan.png|20px]] |[[San Juan City|San Juan]] |align=right|117,680 |align=right|5.94 |align=right|19,811 |align=right|.78 |align=right|$13,253 |align=right|2007 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr taguig.png|20px]] |[[Taguig City|Taguig]] |align=right|467,375 |align=right|47.88 |align=right|9,761 |align=right|1.09 |align=right|$10,078 |align=right|2004 |- |[[Image:Ph seal ncr valenzuela.png|20px]] |[[Valenzuela City|Valenzuela]] |align=right|485,433 |align=right|44.58 |align=right|10,889 |align=right|1.23 |align=right|$6,231 |align=right|1998 |- | |'''Total''' |align=right|9,961,279 |align=right|638.55 |align=right|17,942 |align=right|0.90 |align=right|$9,347 |align=right| |} [[Image:Metromaniladistricts.PNG|thumb|150px|Administrative districts of Metro Manila: {{legend|red|1st district}} {{legend|yellow|2nd district}} {{legend|blue|3rd district}} {{legend|green|4th district}}]] Unlike other regions which are divided into [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]], Metro Manila or the National Capital Region (NCR) is divided into four nonfunctioning districts, which are grouped according to geographical basis in reference to the [[Pasig River]]. These districts were created in 1976 but have no local government and no congressional representation, in contrast to that of the provinces. These districts are used mostly for fiscal and statistical purposes. The cities and municipalities within the NCR are grouped into the four districts as follows: {| class="wikitable" |- ! # ! Alternate Name ! City/Cities |- | 1 | The Capital District | '''[[Manila]]''' |- | 2 | Eastern Manila District | [[Mandaluyong City]], [[Marikina City]], [[Pasig City]], [[Quezon City]], and [[San Juan City]] |- | 3 | CAMANAVA District | [[Caloocan City]], [[Malabon City]], [[Navotas City]], and [[Valenzuela City]] |- | 4 | Southern Manila District | [[Las Piñas City]], [[Makati City]], [[Muntinlupa City]], [[Parañaque City]], [[Pasay City]], [[Pateros, Metro Manila|Pateros]], and [[Taguig City]] |} The cities and Pateros are independent from each other politically but several services such as traffic and flood control are handled collectively by the MMDA under the Office of the [[President of the Philippines|President]]. Representation to the two houses of the [[Congress of the Philippines]] is follows: *For the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]], polling is done at-large. *For the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]], each city except for Malabon and Navotas has one representative; Malabon and Navotas has one Congressman, while Pateros' representation is included with the first district of [[Taguig City|Taguig]]. Metro Manila is also a judicial region; as such, all regional trial court judges can be stationed anywhere within the region. ==Economy== [[Image:4ecdcaa9.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Skyline of Ortigas Center in the foreground with Makati in the background on the left]] Metro Manila (statistically designated as the National Capital Region or NCR) is the financial, commercial and industrial center of the Philippines. It accounts for 32% of the Philippines's Gross Domestic Product, around USD 40Bio in 2007. It has a third of the country's bank offices but over two thirds of its deposits. ===Business districts=== [[Makati City]] is the largest financial and economic hub of the metropolitan area. It is one of the major economic centres in Southeast Asia. Now regarded as the city's [[central business district]], several of the Philippines' largest corporations including [[Ayala]], as well as the nation's major banks, are based here. The Makati area is built around the former Nielsen Air Base, an American installation during World War II, and its runways now form the district's main roads, which cross each other at the Makati Triangle, home of the [[Makati Stock Exchange|nation's stock exchange]]. Foreign corporations also have their main Philippine hubs here. The traditional business center of the Chinese-Filipino businessmen and the country's CBD prior to the development of the Makati CBD was the Binondo District in the City of Manila. [[Ortigas Center]] is the second most important [[central business district]] in [[Metro Manila]]. Situated between Mandaluyong and Pasig, it is home to HQ of major Philippine companies such as [[San Miguel Corporation]] and [[Meralco]]. The [[Asian Development Bank]] also has its headquarters in Ortigas. Also posing as a competitor for a vibrant business center are Bonifacio Global City in Taguig, Eastwood City in Quezon City, Manila Bay City Reclamation Area in the cities of Pasay, Parañaque and Las Piñas, and Alabang Estates, Madrigal Business Park & Filinvest Corporate City in Muntinlupa. ===Shopping centers=== Metro Manila currently has a large number of malls in the [[Philippines]], the largest being the [[SM Mall of Asia]], the third-largest mall in the world and now a well-known landmark on the shore of Manila Bay. Prior to its construction the largest was [[SM Megamall]] in Ortigas Center. Other shopping centers in Ortigas Center include Robinson's Galleria, Shangri-La Plaza, and The Podium. Recently opened in Pasig is a new development called Frontera Verde, which currently hosts Tiendesitas, a tiangge-style shopping center; SM Supercenter Pasig, the smallest SM mall to date; and SilverCity AutoMall, the first mall in the Philippines that is dedicated to the automotive market. In the Central Business District of Makati, the [[Ayala Center]] hosts other malls, including Glorietta and the upscale Greenbelt shopping districts. Also in Makati is the Rockwell Center. These places are frequented by members of Metro Manila's upper classes. Taguig City has a mall named ''Market!Market!'', which is strategically located in a transportation hub within [[Fort Bonifacio]] Global City. In the City of Manila, the largest malls include SM City Manila and Robinson's Place-Ermita. Cubao is [[Quezon City]]'s Central Commercial Area that hosts 5 malls that includes the ultra-modern Gateway Mall. Other malls include various SM chains in the metropolis. Aside from Cubao, there is also Eastwood City, located along Libis; [[SM City North EDSA]], located at the junction of EDSA, West Avenue, and North Avenue; SM City Fairview, located in the Novaliches District; and [[TriNoMa]], Ayala Land's newest mall, located in front of SM City North EDSA.. Metro Manila is also full of ''palengke'', the Filipino-style open-air [[wet market]]s. One of these is the Central Market, located in Quiapo district of Manila, and Divisoria Market, also in Manila. Cloverleaf Market in Balintawak, Quezon City supplies most of Metro Manila's fruit and vegetable products. Navotas Port Market supplies most of Metro Manila's fish products. Other smaller markets include the markets of Cubao Farmers, Nepa-Q Mart, Muñoz, Balingasa, Galas, Santa Mesa, Novaliches Talipapa, Baclaran, Pasay Libertad, and Pasay Cartimar, the latter also being one of the finest pet markets in the Philippines. Midway between a mall and a market are the Philippine-only ''tiangge''s, or airconditioned markets selling goods such as clothes, shoes, accessories, computer parts, mobile phones, CDs, VCDs, MP3s, iPods, and DVDs. Among these can be found in [[Greenhills Shopping Center]] in the municipality of San Juan and St. Francis Square in Mandaluyong City. Muntinlupa City also hosts malls like Festival Supermall, Alabang Town Center and Metropolis Star Mall, all located in Alabang. There is also a new SM SuperCenter Muntinlupa in Barangay Tunasan, which opened last November 16, 2007. Las Piñas also has the SM Southmall, the largest based SM Mall South of Metro Manila. Parañaque City also has the SM Sucat and alongside Pasay City, Duty Free Philippines as the mall of the "Balikbayans" or "back at home citizens" here in Metro Manila. ===Wealth extremes=== [[Image:MetroManila.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Aerial view of [[Metro Manila]]]] Metro Manila is a place of economic extremes. It is stated that 97% of the total GDP in the Philippines is controlled by 15% of the population, the majority of which is in the Metro Manila area. Most of the wealthy and upper-middle class in the country reside within [[gated communities]] in places such as [[Forbes Park]] and [[Dasmariñas Village]] in Makati, [[Loyola Heights]] in [[Quezon City]], Greenhills in San Juan, and Ayala Alabang Village in [[Muntinlupa City]]. Other wealthy families opt to live urban lifestyles and instead own large apartments and condominium units such as those in the Rockwell Center in Makati and Fort Bonifacio Global City in Taguig, while some choose to live in bayfront condos/apartments/townhouses along the stretch of Roxas Boulevard. That the area is populated by many of the wealthiest people in the country has also driven up the real estate value of the properties in these areas such that they are unmatched anywhere else. However, practically side-by-side with the residences of Metro Manila's elite are slums and squattered areas, most of which are in the outskirts of the aforementioned gated communities, as well as areas left behind by the rapid development of the rest of Metro Manila, such as Tondo and Sampaloc in Manila, Guadalupe in Makati, some parts of Marikina, Caloocan, and Valenzuela, and most parts of Navotas. Highway roadsides are often crowded with corrugated-steel-roofed huts and straw markets by which livelihood is obtained, in a stark contrast to the gated subdivisions present in Metro Manila. Less than 10% of the population actually lives in the aforementioned neighborhoods, while the rest live in non-gated (normal) neighborhoods in regular houses, apartments, tenements and shacks. However the [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|Macapagal-Arroyo]] government has started to [[gentrification|gentrify]] the area, removing squatters from certain roadsides and even the [[Philippine National Railways|national railway]] and replacing them with green areas. ==Recreation== Located west of Metro Manila, [[Rizal Park]] is the reference point for all kilometer points in the island of [[Luzon]] and the Philippines. Rizal Park features the statue of the Philippine National Hero [[Jose Rizal]], as well as several Philippine flags, a gigantic relief map of the Philippines, scenic Chinese gardens, and the several government offices, such as the Department of Tourism. On the seaside front of Rizal Park are numerous seafood restaurants specializing in Filipino and Asian cuisine. The National Museum of the Filipino People can be also found here. It is a complex of two Greco-Roman buildings which house ancient relics, native mummies, natural treasures and factual galleries about the Philippines and other countries. The museum also boasts a vast collection of artworks and masterpieces crafted by Filipinos which were commended by the [[Louvre]] Museum per se. Similarly, part of the museum complex is the first planetarium in Southeast Asia. Also located here is the [[Quirino Grandstand]], which apart from the regular ''miting de avance'' (Spanish: political gatherings), is also a popular rendezvous of various religious groups, such as the charmismatic Catholic [[El Shaddai]] and popular American-based Protestant movements, such as [[Benny Hinn]] International Ministries. Near the Rizal Park is a 400-year-old Imperial City known as [[Intramuros, Manila|Intramuros]], a walled domain which was once the seat of government during the Spanish Colonial Era and Mid-American Periods. Among the attractions are the [[Fort Santiago]], a timeworn Spanish military fortress which was also the cell for the national hero, Jose Rizal in 1896; Casa Manila, a Spanish colonial villa which is converted into a house gallery; Manila Cathedral, the official seat of the Archbishop of Manila; [[San Agustin Church, Manila|San Agustin Church]] the oldest existing church/building in the Philippines that survived the wars and earthquakes of Manila since 1587; Intramuros Golf Club, a prime golf course outside the walls; and the Clam Shell Tent, an exhibition center of the Department of Tourism. Horse-carriages and tourist buses are also some of the attractions. The rest also includes a walk above the walls surrounding Intramuros, government offices, universities and colonial houses. [[Fort Bonifacio]] is the location of military detachments, cemeteries, international schools, corporate headquarters and world-class dining and shopping facilities. Other local recreation areas include the [[Nayong Pilipino]] (Philippine Village) in Parañaque City, Quezon Memorial Circle and Ninoy Aquino Wildlife Center, both located in Diliman district of Quezon City, the posh Greenbelt Center, located in Makati City, the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex and Bay City, both located in Pasay City. Meanwhile, the Paco Park, Arroceros Botanical Garden, [[Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden|Manila Zoo]], Plaza Rajah Sulayman, Plaza Miranda, new Rizal Avenue Bargain Walkway, the all-steel Gothic Church of San Sebastian, the bars and night clubs of Ermita and Malate districts and the famous Roxas Boulevard Bay Walk which offers a fine view of the legendary Manila Bay sunset and hip-dining of Asian, Western and Filipino cuisine, are all located in Manila. ==Transportation== {{seealso|Transportation in the Philippines}} ===Roadways=== {{main|Major roads in Metro Manila}} <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:F&HBillboard.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Angel Locsin]]'s controvercial Billboard in EDSA [[Guadalupe]], Metro Manila]] --> The metropolis has an extensive system of highways connecting the various cities and municipalities. The major roads include ten radial roads, which branch out from central [[Manila]] and five circumferential roads which form a series of concentric semi-circular arcs around downtown Manila. Most of these roads are very important transportation arteries. One is the C-4 (Circumferential Road 4), also called [[EDSA|Epifanio de los Santos Avenue]] or more popularly as EDSA. It is the major thoroughfare in Metro Manila connecting five cities in Metro Manila, namely Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and Caloocan. The MRT-3 line of Manila's [[metro]] network also divides the two sides of the road. Some other important roads are R-1 (Radial Road 1) ([[Roxas Boulevard]] and [[Manila-Cavite Expressway]]) connecting to [[Cavite]] province in the southwest; R-3 or the [[South Luzon Expressway]] (SLEX) connecting to [[Laguna province]] in the southeast; R-6 (Aurora Boulevard and Marcos Highway) connecting to [[Rizal]] province in the east; and R-8 or the [[North Luzon Expressway]] (NLEX) connecting to [[Bulacan]] province in the north. One of its newest roads, the [[Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard]], running on the [[Land reclamation|reclamation area]] parallel to R-1, is one of the destinations of Manila's elite. Metro Manila is notorious for its traffic jams. A trip that should take 20 minutes will last an hour or more especially during rush hour. Consequently, the [[Metro Manila Development Authority]] (see section below) has constructed many projects to decongest traffic. Such projects of the MMDA for motorists are the construction of [[flyover]]s (elevated roads), [[Road junction|interchanges]], ''loading bays'' for Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs), ''emergency bays'', and ''U-Turn slots'' over various intersections and thoroughfares, and the completion of the comprehensive railway system (see below). It has also been engaged in road widening with the support of the Department of Public Works and Highways. MMDA has also utilized projects for the pedestrians such as the installation of footbridges, waiting sheds, and men's urinals to various roads in the metropolis. The agency has also implemented various schemes for motorists such as the Uniform Vehicular Volume Reduction Scheme (UVVRS), more popularly known as "color coding", where vehicles whose plate numbers end in different digits are banned from traveling on different days, the Yellow Lane scheme, where yellow-plated PUBs (Public Utility Buses) will only use the two outermost lanes in EDSA, and the Organized Bus Route (OBR) for Metro Manila. ===Railways=== {{main|Strong Republic Transit System|Manila Light Rail Transit System|Manila Metro Rail Transit System|Philippine National Railways}} [[Image:Manila MRT3.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Manila Metro Rail Transit]] [[As of 2005]], there are two different [[rapid transit]] systems in Metro Manila: the [[Manila Light Rail Transit System]], or the LRT, and the [[Manila Metro Rail Transit System]], or the MRT. The [[Manila LRT Yellow Line|Yellow Line]] (LRT-1) and the [[Manila LRT Purple Line|Purple Line]] (LRT-2) form the LRT network, while the Blue Line (MRT-3) forms the MRT network, with [[List of Strong Republic Transit System stations#List of LRT stations|29 stations]] on the LRT and [[List of Strong Republic Transit System stations#List of MRT stations|13 stations]] on the MRT . Four more lines are [[Manila Light Rail Transit System#Future expansion|proposed]] and would connect Metro Manila to the provinces of [[Bulacan]], [[Cavite]], [[Laguna province|Laguna]] and [[Rizal]] upon their completion. [[Philippine National Railways]] also operates two main-line railway lines within Metro Manila, all part of the once-flourishing Luzon railway system. The northern line, known as Northrail and connecting [[Manila]] to [[Caloocan City]], is currently closed. Line extensions are proposed to [[Valenzuela City]] and further on to Bulacan and [[Pampanga]]. The trans-Metro Manila portion of the still-open southern line, known as Southrail, commences at Tutuban station in [[Tondo, Manila]], passes through the cities of Manila, [[Makati City|Makati]], [[Taguig City|Taguig]], [[Parañaque City|Parañaque]] and [[Las Piñas City|Las Piñas]], and ends in Barangay Buli, [[Muntinlupa City]], before entering the province of Laguna. ===Airports=== [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]] (NAIA), which straddles the boundary between [[Parañaque City]] and [[Pasay City]], is the country's busiest airport. It consists of a domestic terminal and two international terminals, with a third one awaiting opening. There are two main runways and the hangar of [[Philippine Airlines]] is located near the [[Villamor Air Base]]. ==Demographics== As of the [[census]] of 2000, there were 9,932,560 people and 2,132,989 households residing in Metro Manila. With a population density of 15,617/km², it is by far the most densely populated region of the Philippines. For the period 1995 to 2000, the annual population growth rate was 1.06 percent, lower than that of the 1990 to 1995 period (3.30 percent). The indigenous people of the area now known as Metro Manila were the [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]. Other native [[ethnic groups of the Philippines]] also inhabit the metropolis as a result of migration. The include the [[Visayans]], [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]], [[Bicolano people|Bicolanos]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]], [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]], and even the [[Moro (Philippines)|Moro]]. Tribal groups such as the [[Igorot]] and the [[Bajau]] have also settled. There are also numerous peoples of [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]] and [[Japanese Filipino|Japanese]], [[Indian Filipino|Indian]] descent. Resident [[Filipinos of Spanish descent|Spaniards]], [[Filipinos of American descent|Americans]], and [[Koreans in the Philippines|Koreans]] are also present in large numbers. Metro Manila is classified as a social urban conglomerate, meaning, it is one of the most [[Cultural pluralism|ethnically diverse]] cities in the world. The most common language spoken in households is [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] (94.34%). [[Philippine English|English]] is widely used and understood, and is the main language of the [[upper class]]es and in business. [[Chinese]] is taught in certain [[Chinese schools]]. Other [[languages of the Philippines]] are also spoken, mostly between family members, relatives, or neighbors belonging to the same ethnic group. Among these languages, the most spoken include [[Visayan languages]], [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]], [[Bikol languages]], and [[Kapampangan]]. The large majority of the population of Metro Manila is [[Roman Catholic]] (89%). Other religions include [[Protestant]] (3%), [[Islam]] (5%), and [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] (3%). ==Education== Metro Manila is home to several noteworthy Philippine higher educational institutions. It is the educational seat of the country and many students from the provinces head onto Metro Manila to study. As such, several dormitories, apartments and boarding houses abound. Areas of high number of educational institutions include the so-called "[[University Belt]]" and Taft Avenue in [[Manila]], Katipunan Avenue and Fairview in [[Quezon City]] and Sta. Mesa straddling the Manila, Quezon City and Mandaluyong City borders. ==Police and security== [[Image:Metro Manila police districts.png|thumb|The National Capital Region Police Office of the [[Philippine National Police]] divides Metro Manila into five districts, each with its own police force.]] Police structure in the Philippines is centralized and its command center is located in Camp Rafael Crame in Santolan, Quezon City. Metro Manila is divided into 5 police districts namely Central (Quezon City), Western (City of Manila), Eastern (Mandaluyong, Pasig, Marikina, San Juan), Northern (Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela) and Southern (Makati, Muntinlupa, Las Piñas, Parañaque, Taguig and Pateros). The Armed Forces of the Philippines' command headquarters is located in Camp Emilio Aguinaldo in Murphy, Quezon City. The National Capital Region Command is located in Metro Manila and was created by President [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]] to defend the metropolis from insurgents and terrorist groups. Philippine Army headquarters is located in Fort Bonifacio in Taguig City. Philippine Air Force headquarters is located in Villamor Airbase in Pasay City. Philippine Navy headquarters was once located in Roxas Boulevard in Manila until its transfer by President Arroyo to [[Zamboanga City]]. ==Public utilities== ===Electricity=== Metro Manila's electricity is generated by the state-owned National Power Corporation (Napocor) and other independent power producers across the island of [[Luzon]]. It is transmitted by the state-owned National Transmission Corporation (TransCo) through high tension wires. It is distributed by the [[Manila Electric Company]] (Meralco), the only company allowed to distribute electricity to the metropolis. ===Water=== [[Image:Metro Manila water zones.PNG|thumb|right|125px|Metro Manila and its surrounding areas are divided into two water concessionaires: Maynilad Water (red) and [[Manila Water]] (blue).]] Metro Manila's tap water is sourced from the Angat Dam in [[Norzagaray]], [[Bulacan]]. It is stored in the Novaliches Reservoir and filtered in the La Mesa Dam, both in northeast Quezon City. Metro Manila's water distribution and sewerage system used to be managed by the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage System (MWSS), a state-owned company. In 1997, MWSS awarded concessionare licenses to two private corporations. Metro Manila was sliced into two distribution areas. * '''Maynilad Water Services Inc. (MWSI)'''. It is currently majority-owned by the MWSS, which took it over from Benpres Holdings Company, which also controls MERALCO. It operates in western Quezon City, southern Caloocan City, Manila (excludes Downtown), Valenzuela City, Malabon City, Navotas, Pasay City, Parañaque City, Las Piñas City, and western Muntinlupa City. MWSS is currently bidding out its shares in MWSI and expects to conclude the bidding before the end of the year. * '''Manila Water Company, Inc. (MWC)'''. It is majority-owned by the Ayala Corporation, which also controls Globe Telecom. MWC operates the East Concession Zone, which comprises Makati City, Mandaluyong City, Marikina City, Pasig City, Pateros, San Juan City, Taguig City, eastern Quezon City, and the southeast portions of Manila. ===Communications=== Since 1925, the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company ([[PLDT]]) was the Philippines' only phone carrier. With the passage of the National Telecommunications Act of 1995, the Philippine [[National Telecommunications Commission]] (NTC) granted licenses to new and independent companies to install new phones across the Philippines. The NTC granted 3 new licenses for Metro Manila. * '''[[Bayan Telecommunications|Bayantel]]/ Benpres''' - Northern Metro Manila (Quezon City, northern Caloocan City, Malabon City, Navotas, Valenzuela City, Marikina City, northeastern Manila, and the Ortigas Center in Pasig City) * '''[[Globe Telecom|Globelines/ Innove]]''' - Southern Metro Manila (Makati City, Mandaluyong City, Muntinlupa City, Pasay City, Las Piñas City, Parañaque City, Taguig City, Pateros, San Juan, and Pasig City excluding the Ortigas Center) * '''[[Eastern Telecoms]]''' - Western Metro Manila (Southern Caloocan City and Manila, excluding the northeast part) ===Garbage=== Metro Manila alone produces 4,000 tons of garbage each day and paper wastes account for nearly 14% of the daily total. ==Metropolitan Manila Development Authority== The [[Metropolitan Manila Development Authority]] (MMDA) is the administrative body in charge of the metropolis' development, including traffic management, flood control, garbage disposal and sewage maintenance. It closely coordinates with other organizations such as the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC) and the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), as well as the local government units of the component cities and municipalities. Its agency's head is appointed by the president, which is now presided by Chairman [[Bayani Fernando]]. It is a member of [[Asian Network of Major Cities 21]]. ==See also== * [[Mega Manila]] * [[Imperial Manila]] * [[Manila]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{external links}} * [http://www.mmda.gov.ph Metro Manila Development Authority] * [http://wikitravel.org/en/Metro_Manila Wikitravel Metro Manila travel guide] {{Template group |list = {{Metro Manila}} {{Philippine regions}} {{Luzon lateral}} {{Metro Manila Sports}} {{World's most populated metropolitan areas}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} }} {{coor title dm|14|35|N|121|00|E|region:PH_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Metro Manila| ]] [[Category:Metropolitan areas of the Philippines|Manila]] [[Category:Regions of the Philippines]] [[Category:Capital districts and territories]] [[bcl:Rehiyon Nasyunal na Kapitolyo]] [[br:Metro Manila]] [[de:Metro Manila]] [[es:Gran Manila]] [[ilo:Metro Manila]] [[id:Metro Manila]] [[ia:Metro Manila]] [[it:Regione Capitale Nazionale]] [[pam:Metro Manila]] [[lt:Manilos metropolija]] [[mk:Метро Манила]] [[nl:National Capital Region]] [[ja:メトロ・マニラ]] [[pt:Região Metropolitana de Manila]] [[fi:Metro Manila]] [[sv:Metro Manila]] [[tl:Kalakhang Maynila]] [[vi:Vùng đô thị Manila]] [[cbk-zam:Metro Manila]] [[ko:메트로 마닐라]]