Mexico State
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{{Infobox Settlement
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|name = Mexico State
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|image_flag = Flag State of Mexico (new).png
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|image_shield = Mexico stateflags Estado de Mexico.png
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|map_caption = Location within Mexico
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|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{MEX}}
|subdivision_type1 = Capital
|subdivision_name1 = [[Toluca|Toluca de Lerdo]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Mexico|Municipalities]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[#Municipalities|126]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of cities in Mexico|Largest City]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Ecatepec de Morelos|Ecatepec]]
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|subdivision_type = Demonym
|subdivision_name = Mexiquense
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|leader_title = [[List of Mexican state governors|Governor]]
|leader_name = [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] ([[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI]])
|leader_title1 = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Federal Deputies]]
|leader_name1 = [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI]]: 7<br>[[National Action Party (Mexico)|PAN]]: 11<br>[[Party of the Democratic Revolution|PRD]]: 20<br>[[Convergence (Mexico)|Convergencia]]: 2
|leader_title2 = [[Senate of Mexico|Federal Senators]]
|leader_name2 = [[Yeidckol Polevnsky]] ([[Party of the Democratic Revolution|PRD]]) <br>[[Héctor Miguel Bautista López|Héctor Bautista]] (PRD) <br>[[Ulises Ramírez Núñez|Ulises Ramírez]] ([[National Action Party (Mexico)|PAN]])
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|area_footnotes = </br> [[List of Mexican states by area|Ranked 25th]]
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|population_as_of = 2005
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|population_total = 14,007,495([[List of Mexican states by population|Ranked 1st]])
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| timezone = [[Central Standard Time|CST]]
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|blank_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2004)
|blank_info = 0.7789 - <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span><br>[[List of Mexican states by HDI|Ranked 18th]]
|blank1_name = [[ISO 3166-2]]
|blank1_info = MX-MEX
|blank2_name = Postal abbr.
|blank2_info = Méx.
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|website = [http://www.edomexico.gob.mx/ State of Mexico Government]
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'''Mexico State''' or '''State of Mexico''' (often abbreviated to "'''Méx.'''", from ''Estado de México'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]) is a [[Political divisions of Mexico|state]] in the center of the nation of [[Mexico]]. The state's capital is the city of [[Toluca]].
The [[Pre-Columbian]] ruins of the city of [[Teotihuacan]] are located in the State of México.
==Geography==
The State of Mexico is located in the central part of the [[Mexican Republic]] between 18’ 21’ 29’’ and 20’ 17’ 20’’ north, and 98’35’50’’ and 100’36’3” west, with an altitude that varies from 1,330 meters above sea level to 2,800. The state has a surface of {{convert|22499.95|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, which represents 1.1% of Mexican territory.<ref name="Gobierno">{{cite book |last= Gobierno del Estado de México |title= [[Perfil socioeconómico del Estado de México]] |publisher= [[Gobierno del Estado de México]] |location= México |language= Spanish |year= 1994 |isbn= 27279 }}</ref>
===Political geography===
====Borders====
Mexico State is bounded to the north by [[Hidalgo (Mexico)|Hidalgo]] and [[Querétaro]], to the east by [[Tlaxcala]] and [[Puebla]], to the south by [[Morelos]] and [[Guerrero]], and to the west by [[Michoacán]]. It surrounds to the east, north and west of the [[Mexico City|Mexican Federal District]] and capital [[Mexico City]] and has an area of {{convert|1479|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, which is not in the state of Mexico, but borders it to the west, north and east of the District.<ref>{{cite book |last= Salgado |first= J. |title= [[Estado de México: Evolución socioeconomica]] |publisher= [[UAEM]] |location=México |language= Spanish |year= 1993 |isbn= 058318 }}</ref>
====Political division====
It consists of 121 municipalities, grouped into 8 counties:<ref name="INEGI2001">{{cite book |last=INEGI |first=Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Estado de México/Guía Turística Estatal |year=2001 |publisher=INEGI |location=México |isbn=970-13-3559-7 }}</ref>
* Atlacomulco, which has 9 municipalities.
* Coatepec Harinas, which has 12 municipalities.
* Jilotepec, which has 7 municipalities.
* Tejupilco, which has 5 municipalities.
* Texcoco, which has 25 municipalities.
* Toluca, which has 24 municipalities.
* Valle de Bravo, which has 9 municipalities.
* Zumpango, which has 30 municipalities.<ref name="Gobierno"/>
===Natural geography===
====Features====
Its total surface is {{convert|22499.8|km2|sqmi}}. It is used for agriculture, forest and livestock. 14% of the territory is urban, water and industrial zones.<ref name="CONAPO">{{cite book |last= Conapo |title= [[Situación demográfica del Estado de México]] |publisher= [[Consejo Nacional de Población]] |location=México |language= Spanish |year= 1999 |isbn= 26645 }}</ref>
====Biospheres====
The state is characterized by large plains divided by mountain ranges. To the north is a dry region called "Los Llanos", with vegetation such as mezquites and paddle cactus. In this region there are oak trees and holm oak like in Cuzdha and El Rosal in the municipality of San Miguel Calpulalpan. Toluca and Lerma are in the central valleys, where industrial parks are the source of income. In the surrounding hills, the vegetation consists of pines and oaks. There are white cedars at the National Park of Bancheves. Ocotes, that are aromatic resins, are very common in El Oro, a municipality located in the north-east part of the state. In the central valley are industries and cultivated lands. In the lower, warm elevations to the south, the vegetation is tropical. Here are found guajes (fruits of climber), papelillos (trees whose crust is withdrawed by itself), acacias, palo de Brasil (red tree), guacima (small tree with rounded crown) and amate(tree whose bark is used to paint or write).<ref name="Enciclopedia">{{cite book |last=Enciclopedia Universal de México |title=[[Enciclopedia Universal de México]] |publisher=[[EuroMexico]] |location=México |language=Spanish |year=2001}}</ref>
====Mountains and valleys====
The state is divided into two unequal parts: the cross-sectional volcanic axis, which is formed by peaks, the Mountain Range of Queretaro and Hidalgo, and the Sierra Madre del Sur, which is formed by the depression of the Balsas River, in addition to valleys which begin in Guerrero. Inside this system are included the [[Sierra de Ajusco]] and [[Montes de las Cruces]], which form a wooded ridge across it from east to west, with a general elevation of about 3000 meters above sea-level. These ranges are part of a broken irregular chain which sometimes bears the name of [[Anahuac]].<ref name="Gobierno"/>
The most important summits are the "Sierra Nevada", the "Sierra de las Cruces", “Nevado de Toluca” and the significant valleys are Toluca-Lerma and Cuautitlan- Texcoco.<ref name="CONAPO"/>
====Lakes and rivers====
A considerable part of the northern plateau consists of a broad plain, once the bed of a great lake but now covered with swamps, sodden meadows and lakes. The surrounding country drains into this depression, but an artificial diversion of this water has been created by the opening of the [[Tequixquiac]] tunnel. The plateau drains westward to the [[Pacific Ocean]] via the [[Lerma River]] which has a surface of {{convert|6147.49|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and north-east to the Gulf of South of the [[Sierra de Ajusco]]. The state is roughly mountainous and drains to the Pacific through tributaries of the [[Balsas River]] that has {{convert|8372.14|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. It drains to the Gulf of Mexico through the [[San Juan River (Veracruz)|San Juan]] and [[Panuco River|Panuco]] river that has a surface of {{convert|7980.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Enciclopedia"/>
Within the depression of the north are the lakes of [[Lake Zumpango|Zumpango]], [[Lake San Cristobal|San Cristobal]], [[Lake Xaltocan|Xaltocan]], [[Lake Chalco|Chalco]], [[Lake Xochimilco|Xochimilco]] and [[Lake Texcoco|Texcoco]], the latter three lying partly or wholly in the Federal District.
====Weather====
The most common climates in Mexico State are tempering-humid and tempering sub-humid. 60% of the State has these type of climates. In the highest mountains, the weather is cold.
The annual average temperature in the south-east is about {{convert|20|C|F}}, and in the north is about {{convert|13|C|F}}. The annual rainfall is between 600 and 1800 mm.<ref name="Enciclopedia"/> The weather can variate a lot from one season to another. In the summer, it is very warm but during winter, the temperature can be lower than {{convert|0|C|F}}. It can snow in Mexico.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}
==History==
===Pre-Hispanic===
In the Pre-Hispanic period codices were very important. There were several [[Aztec codices]] about history, religion, tribute’s administration, cartography (maps) from the 16th century. The pre-Columbian codices differ from European codices in that they are largely pictorial; they were not meant to symbolize spoken or written narratives.<ref>Elizabeth Hill Boone, "Pictorial Documents and Visual Thinking in Postconquest Mexico", p. 158.</ref> The colonial era codices not only contain Aztec pictographs, but also [[Classical Nahuatl language|Classical Nahuatl]] (in the [[Latin alphabet]]), [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and occasionally [[Latin language|Latin]]. Examples of these Aztec codices include:as Tlacotepec, Xilotepec codex, Tezcoco-Acampan codex.
Mexico State is part of a cultural area called Valle de México or [[Valley of Mexico]], characterized by homogeneous cultural elements despite the presence of multiple linguistic groups.<ref name="ElColegio">{{cite book |last= El Colegio Mexiquense, A.C.|title= Historia General del Estado de México |year= 1998 |publisher= Corporación Editorial Mac. |location= México |isbn= 970-669-002-6 }}</ref>
Different ethnic groups including the [[Otomi]], [[Mazahua]], [[Matlatzinca]] and [[Chichimeca]] have made the State of Mexico their home.
At the end of the classic period the region was dominated by the [[Tepanec]]as who live in the [[Azcapotzalco]] region, the [[otomi]]es that create the kingdom of [[Xaltocan]], the [[acolhua]]s that live in Coatlichan and a new tribe call the [[Mexicas]] who end being the dominant power of the region. (The mexicas was original name it [[Aztecs]] that means people form [[Aztlan]], the mythical city in the north from who in their tradition they begin his journey, as they travel to the south they change their name to mexicas or mexitin, see [[Aztecs]]).
With the dead of [[Tezozomoc]] from [[Azcapotzalco]] his son [[Maxtla]], king of [[Coyoacan]], assume the power of the region. Maxtla try to submit the mexicas into his direct control. The mexicas forge an alliance with the [[texcoco|tetzcocanos]], another group submitted by Tezozomoc. Their combine forces defeated the [[tepanec]]as.<ref name="Historia general de México (in Spanish)">{{cite book |last=Obra preparada por el Centro de Estudios Históricos |title= Historia general de México versión 2000 |year= 2006 |publisher= El Colegio de México, A.C. |location= México |isbn= 968-12-0969-9 }}</ref>
Some of the more important emperors settled in the Valley of Mexico were [[Tezozomoc]], [[Tlalmanalco]], [[Opochihuacan]] and [[Xaltocan]].
===Colonial period===
The first incursions of [[Spaniard]]s to the State of Mexico were led by [[Andrés de Tapia]] who destroyed the population of [[Malinalco]] in 1521. Later, [[Gonzálo de Sandoval]] arrived in [[Toluca valley]] and defeated the [[Matlazincas]] who were allied with the [[Aztec]]s. After the fall of the Aztec empire, some [[mazahua]]s were taken to rebuild [[Mexico City]]. Evangelization began in 1523 in [[Texcoco]] by Brother [[Pedro de Gante]], who funded the [[Padua]] School. In 1524, the first religious order formed by the [[Franciscans]] came.<ref name="Geografía e Informática">{{cite book |last=Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. |title= Estado de México Guía Turística |year=2001 |publisher= |location=México |isbn=9701335597 }}</ref>
When [[Hernán Cortés]] arrived, the conditions of the political situation were on his side. The heirs of the [[List of rulers of Texcoco|Texcoco crown]] were having a conflict. Cortés took advantage of and conquered what is now the State of Mexico. The Colonial period was when the original inhabitants formed a new world. They established new values, structures and created what now is known as the State of Mexico. This period began with the creation of small villages, territory delimitation, and the most important characteristic: the establishment of the original authority. Since this period, religion has been a very important of Mexican culture. The influence of the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] and [[Augustinians]] was as great important as that of the [[Franciscans]]” left. Education was well organized until “[[Jesus Company]]” arrived. In the 17th century, the native communities’ culture started to fall apart.<ref name="Geografía e Informática"/>
In 1799, the town of [[Toluca]] was declared a city by [[Carlos V]].
In this period Mexico State was too big (107,619 square kilometers). The "Congreso de la Union" decided to take Querétaro, D.F., Guerrero, Tlalpan, Hidalgo, Morelos and Calpulalpan( Total: 86,466 square kilometers) from it. Also the capital D.F. was taken because the "Congreso de la Union" said that the capital must not be part of one state.
===Independence of Mexico (1810-1821)===
At the beginning of the independence movement in 1810, [[Miguel Hidalgo]] visited [[Mexico City]]. On his way there, he passed through many towns of Toluca, gathering supporters among the people of Toluca. On [[October 24]], [[1810]], Hidalgo fought against [[Agustin de Iturbide]] and won. On October 28, Hidalgo entered Toluca with his army and put the army of [[Torcuato Trujillo]] to flight.<ref name="Geografía e Informática"/>
===From the Revolution to 1990===
In this period, State of Mexico’s population increased considerably; to around 12 million inhabitants, and became the state with the largest population.
During this period the State suffered a big transformation of the economic activities. The first type of industrial investment was done during this period. The State of Mexico with a stock-breeder history, transformed itself into an industrial economic Mexican place.<ref name="ElColegio"/> The manufactory industry became the major economic activity and the reason of an economic progress for the state.<ref name="Geografía e Informática"/> Two cities from the state of Mexico, Lerma and Toluca, became the centers of many important industrial activities, not only for the state, but also for the country.
Due to the industrialization the State of Mexico's economic transformation during this period produced a dual society; an urban one and a rural one. The urban society was known as the rich group from the state, which considerably had the highest incomes of the country in comparison to other urban groups from other states. The rural society is characterized of being a population where the presence of poverty is really marked.
One of this period’s consequences is the partition of land. Mexico State gained from the 50’s land partition, after the Mexican Revolution, about {{convert|8000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. In spite of new land for the state, it did not help to decrease the poverty rate.
==Demographics==
In the 2005 census, the state had a population of about 14,007,495 people. (The population in 1900 was 934,468-largely [[Native American (Americas)|Native American]].) The majority of the present-day population in the state is located within the [[Greater Mexico City]] metropolitan area surrounding the [[Mexico City|Distrito Federal]]. The state's population is rapidly increasing due to [[urbanization]]. Mexico State is the most populated state in The Mexican Republic.<ref name="INEGIweb">{{cite web |url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx |title=Estadísticas sociodemográficas |accessdate= |accessmonthday=October 4 |accessyear=2007 |author=INEGI |language=Spanish}}</ref>
Migration is one of the most important problems in the society. The State of Mexico has a very high level of migration to The United States, making up about 75.7% of the total Mexican population that migrates. The three places with the highest population densities in Mexico are: Mexico City (5799 hab/km²), State of Mexico (586 hab/km²) and Morelos (318 hab/km²).<ref name="INEGIweb"/>
The most significant indigenous groups in the State of Mexico are Mazahuas, Otomis and Nahuatls. Approximately 1.6% of the entire population is composed of these cultural groups. Other cultures that can be found in the state include Mixtecos, Zapotecos, Mazatecos, Totonacas and Mixes. 2.2% of Mexico's native population is distributed among the entire state.<ref name="INEGIweb"/>
According to the data from the 2005 census, the rate of growth in State of Mexico is 1.2%. In contrast with past decades, this means that the population growth in the state has decreased considerably, although the state is one of the most populated entities. This is a consequence of the states that are near by the region, as a lot of people migrate to Mexico City because of work and end of living in Mexico.<ref name="INEGIweb"/>
==Economy==
The Principal Productive Activities are manufacturing, construction, commercial activities, restaurants and hotels, financial and non-financial services. Mexico State is a leader in metal products, food, clothes, and chemical products industry.
There are eleven industrial parks and its Gross Internal Product is 49,463,122.23 USD. (2001)<ref name="Estructura">{{cite book |last=Estructura socioeconómica de México |authorlink=Cuauhtémoc Anda Gutiérrez |coauthors= |title= |year=2004 |publisher=Editorial Limusa |location=México |isbn=9681854071 }}</ref>
Outside of the urban areas, the principal industries of the state are agricultural, and principal products are [[cereal]]s, [[sugar]], [[maguey]] (from which ''[[pulque]]'' is made), [[coffee]] and [[fruit]]. Stock-raising has also had a profitable development, owing to the proximity of the national capital. The manufacturing industries produces useful items for community such as cotton and woollen fabrics, flour, dairy products, glass-ware, pottery, bricks, wines and spirits. To contrast, in 1900, the making of ''pulque'' from the sap of the maguey plant (''Agave americana'') was the chief industry of the state, and the product is exported in large quantities to the national capital. Also, the state was traversed by the Central, National, Mexican International and Interoceanic railways, and by short lines from the national capital to neighbouring towns.
Some of the most principal companies in Mexico State are Alpura, Bacardi y CIA., Bic, Bimbo, BMW, Central de Abastos, Comercial Mexicana, Daimler Chrysler, Holiday Inn, Jugos Del Valle, Nestlé, Nextel, Panasonic, Robert Bosch, Telemark and Yakult.<ref name="Estructura"/>
Today, the auto industry is a major industry in the state, and for most people is considered the key activity for the Mexican economy.
==Tourism==
Mexico State has a number of tourist attractions. Visitors have the opportunity to enjoy the most variable landscapes, warm climate; fertile and green valleys; lakes, forest and Great Mountains. The most notable tourist sites are [[Valle de Bravo]] and [[Ixtapan de la Sal]].
Other tourist attractions are the pre-Hispanic monuments of [[Teotihuacan]], a civic and religious center. [[Malinalco]] with its archeological zone carved over the mountain rocks and the archeological zone of [[Teotenango]] “El lugar de la muralla sagrada” (The place of the sacred wall).<ref name="INEGI2001"/>
===Valle de Bravo===
This place was originally named [[Temascaltepec]] and San Francisco del Valle de Temascaltepec later. The peculiar urban physiognomy of this place is given by typical houses of white walls with “guardapolvos” of rust color, wide rooftops and portals and balconies. The sloping streets and cobblestone alleys, reach "Plaza Principal" or beautiful neighborhoods like "Santa Maria" and "El Santuario". Art production in [[Valle de Bravo]] is based on ceramic and fabric. Valle de Bravo since four decades has become one of the most important tourist places in [[Mexico]]. In Valle de Bravo, one can practice golf, equitation, tennis, paragliding and hang-gliding, waterskiing and fishing.<ref name="INEGI2001"/>
===Ixtapan de la Sal===
[[Ixtapan de la Sal]] is located 66 km from [[Toluca]] and 120 km from [[Mexico City]]. Its original name means "over the salt" and it is 1,900 meters above sea level. Its principal attractions are thermal springs and water parks with indoor pools and other services like private pools and spa. The Church of ''El señor del Perdón'' (Lord of Forgiveness) has kept its original facade from the 16th century. 16 km away are located the ''[[Grutas de la Estrella]]'' (Caves of the Star).<ref name="INEGI2001"/>
==Government and politics==
The [[Constitution of the State of Mexico|Constitution of Mexico State]] provides that the [[government]] of the State of Mexico, like the government of every other state in Mexico, consists of three [[political power|powers]]: the [[executive (government)|executive]], the [[legislature|legislative]] and the [[judiciary]].
Executive power rests in the [[Governor of the State of Mexico|Governor of Mexico State]], who is directly elected by the citizens, using a secret ballot, to a 6-year term with no possibility of reelection. Legislative power rests in the [[Congress of the State of México]] which is a [[unicameral legislature]]. Judicial power is invested in the Superior Court of Justice of the State of México.
===Municipalities===
{{main|Municipalities of Mexico State}}
Mexico State is divided into 125 municipalities (counties), each headed by a [[municipal president]] (mayor). Most municipalities are named after the city that serves as municipal seat; e.g. the municipal seat of the Municipality of Nezahualcóyotl is the [[Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl|City of Nezahualcóyotl]] (aka ''Ciudad Neza''). Typically, the city contains the majority of the population within the municipality.
==Major communities==
*[[Chalco]]
*[[Chimalhuacán]]
*[[Ciudad López Mateos|Ciudad López Mateos (Atizapán de Zaragoza)]]
*[[Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl]]
*[[Cuautitlán Izcalli]]
*[[Ecatepec de Morelos]]
*[[Huixquilucan]]
*[[Ixtapaluca]]
*[[La Paz, México|Los Reyes Acaquilpan (Los Reyes La Paz)]]
*[[Naucalpan|Naucalpan (Naucalpan de Juárez)]]
*[[San Francisco Coacalco]]
*[[Tlalnepantla de Baz|Tlalnepantla (Tlalnepantla de Baz)]]
*[[Toluca]] (Toluca de Lerdo)
*[[Valle de Bravo]]
*[[Villa Nicolás Romero]]
*[[Xico, México|Xico]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{es icon}} [http://www.edomexico.gob.mx/ State of Mexico Government]
*{{es icon}} [http://cp.alternativo.net/mex.php Towns, cities, and postal codes in México]
*{{es icon}} [http://www.edomex.gob.mx/portalgem/turismo/ Useful information about the regional art, archeology, exciting places to visit] (Spanish and English)
{{States of Mexico}}
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[[Category:States of Mexico]]
[[Category:State of Mexico|*]]
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[[ca:Estat de Mèxic]]
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[[es:Estado de México]]
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[[fr:État de Mexico]]
[[gl:Estado de México]]
[[ko:멕시코 주]]
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[[it:Messico (stato)]]
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[[ja:メヒコ州]]
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[[fi:Estado de México]]
[[tl:Estado ng México]]
[[uk:Мехіко (штат)]]
[[zh:墨西哥州]]