Michael Collins (astronaut)
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{{otherpersons|Michael Collins}}
{{Infobox Astronaut
|name =Michael Collins
|image =Michael collins.jpg
|type =Astronaut
|status =Retired
|nationality =[[United States|American]]
|date_birth ={{birth date and age|1930|10|31}}
|place_birth =[[Rome]], [[Italy]]
|occupation =[[Test pilot]]
|rank =[[Major General]], USAFR
|selection =[[List of astronauts by selection#1963|1963 NASA Group]]
|time =11d 02h 04m
|mission =[[Gemini 10]], [[Apollo 11]]
|insignia =<center>[[Image:Ge10Patch orig.png|40px]] [[Image:Apollo 11 insignia.png|40px]]
|}}
'''[[Major General]] Michael Collins''' (born [[October 31]], [[1930]]) is a former [[United States|American]] [[astronaut]] and [[test pilot]]. Selected as part of the [[Astronaut Group 3|third group of fourteen astronauts]] in 1963, he flew in space twice. His first spaceflight was ''[[Gemini 10]]'', when he and command pilot [[John Young (astronaut)|John W. Young]] performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and Collins undertook two [[extra-vehicular activity|EVA]]s. His second spaceflight was ''[[Apollo 11]]'' where he served as the command module pilot. While he orbited the Moon, [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]] performed the first manned landing on the lunar surface. He is one of only [[List_of_Apollo_astronauts#People_who_flew_around_the_Moon_without_landing|24 men to have flown to the Moon]].
Prior to becoming an astronaut, he had attended the [[United States Military Academy]], and from there he joined the [[United States Air Force]] and flew [[F-86]]s at [[Chambley-Bussieres Air Base]], [[France]]. He was accepted to the [[U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School|USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School]] at [[Edwards Air Force Base]] in 1960. He unsuccessfully applied for the second astronaut group but was accepted for the third group.
After retiring from NASA in 1970 he took a job in the Department of State as Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs. A year later he became the first director of the [[National Air and Space Museum]]. He held this position until 1978 when he stepped down to become undersecretary of the [[Smithsonian Institution]]. In 1980 he took the job as Vice President of [[LTV Aerospace]]. He resigned in 1985 to start his own business.
He is married to Patricia, and they have three children: [[Kate Collins|Kate]], Ann and Michael, Jr. Kate is an actress, and is best-known for her role as Natalie Marlowe Dillon in the long-running daytime television drama ''[[All My Children]]''.
==Childhood and education==
Michael Collins was born in [[Rome]], [[Italy]] on [[October 31]], [[1930]]. His father, [[United States Army]] [[Major General]] [[James Lawton Collins]], served in the army for 38 years, and during the 17 years in which Michael Collins lived at home, he would call [[Rome]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Governors Island]], [[Puerto Rico]] (their house was reputed to be the second oldest in the [[Western Hemisphere]]) and [[Alexandria, Virginia]] home. He took his first ride in a plane in Puerto Rico aboard a [[Grumman Widgeon]]. His father would often tell of how his first plane ride had in been in 1911 with [[Frank Lahm]] in the [[Philippines]]<ref>{{cite book |last = Collins |first = Michael |coauthors = Charles Lindbergh |year = 2001 |title = Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys |publisher = Cooper Square Press |id = ISBN 0-8154-1028-X |pages = 8–13}}</ref>.
After the United States entered [[World War II]], the family moved to [[Washington, D.C.]] where Collins attended [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]]. His mother wanted him to enter into the diplomatic service, but he decided to follow his father, two uncles, brother and cousin into the armed services, and so went to the [[United States Military Academy]], which also had the advantage of being free. He finished 185th out 527 cadets in the same class as [[Edward Higgins White|Ed White]]. His decision to join the [[United States Air Force]] for his active service was based on both the wonder of what the next fifty years may bring in aeronautics, and also to avoid any accusations of nepotism if he joined the army where, among other things, his uncle, [[J. Lawton Collins]], was the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]].<ref>Ibid, pages 7–8</ref>
==Military service==
After entering the Air Force, Collins completed flight training at [[Columbus, Mississippi]] in [[T-6 Texan]]s, then moved to [[San Marcos, Texas|San Marcos]] and [[Waco, Texas]]. He was chosen for advanced day fighter training at [[Nellis Air Force Base]], flying [[F-86 Sabre]]s. This was followed by an assignment to the [[21st Fighter-Bomber Wing]] at the [[George AFB|George Air Force Base]], where he learned how to deliver nuclear weapons. He transferred with the 21st when it was relocated to [[Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base]], [[France]] in June of 1954.
During a [[NATO]] exercise in the summer of 1956, Collins was forced to eject from an F-86 after a fire started aft of the cockpit. He was safely rescued and returned to Chaumont AB, where a wait of several hours ensued, as the base's doctor had joined search parties looking for the pair.
Collins met Patricia Finnegan, his future wife, in an officers' mess. She was from [[Boston, Massachusetts]], and was working for the Air Force service club. After getting engaged, they had to overcome a difference in religion. Collins was nominally [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopalian]], while Finnegan came from a staunchly [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] family. Collins's father had been raised a Catholic, but converted to Protestantism when he married. The rest of his family remained Catholic. After seeking permission to marry from Finnegan's father, and delaying their wedding when Collins was redeployed to [[West Germany]] during the [[1956 Hungarian Revolution]], they married in the summer of 1957<ref>{{cite book |last = Hansen |first = James |year = 2005 |title = First Man: The Life of Neil Armstrong |publisher = Simon & Schuster |id = ISBN 0-7432-5631-X |pages = 346–347}}</ref>.
After Collins was reassigned back to the United States, he attended an aircraft maintenance officer course at [[Chanute Air Force Base]]. He would later describe this school as "dismal" in his autobiography<ref>{{cite book |last = Collins |first = Michael |coauthors = Charles Lindbergh |year = 2001 |title = Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys |publisher = Cooper Square Press |id = ISBN 0-8154-1028-X |pages = 8–13}}</ref>. Upon completing the course, he was posted to a Mobile Training Detachment (MTD) and travelled to Air Force bases, training mechanics on the servicing of new aircraft.
===Test pilot===
With the help of his time as a member of an MTD, Collins accumulated over 1500 hours of flying, the minimum required for the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base. He successfully applied and reported on [[August 29]], [[1960]], becoming a member of Class 60-C (which included [[Frank Borman]] and [[Jim Irwin]]). Following months of intensive training, Collins was one of the few chosen for fighter ops.<ref>Ibid, pages 13–17</ref>
The turning point for Michael Collins in his decision to become an astronaut was the [[Mercury Atlas 6]] flight of [[John Glenn]] on [[February 20]], [[1962]], and the thought of being able to circle the Earth in 90 minutes. He immediately applied for the second group of astronauts that year. To try and raise their numbers, the Air Force sent their best applicants to a "charm school". Among other things they learned was that men should always have their thumbs to the rear when they have their hands on their hips. Following medical examinations at [[Brooks Air Force Base]] and interviews at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston. In mid-September he found that he had not been accepted, something that was a blow even though he did not really expect to be accepted. Collins still rates the second group of nine as the best group of astronauts ever selected by NASA.<ref>Ibid, pages 25–33</ref>
That same year the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School became the USAF Aerospace Research Pilot School, as the Air Force tried to enter into the research of space. Collins applied for a new course offered into the basics of spaceflight (other students included [[Charles Bassett]], [[Edward Givens]] and [[Joseph H. Engle|Joe Engle]]). Along with classwork they also flew up to about 90,000 feet in [[F-104 Starfighter]]s. As they passed through the top of their huge arc, they would experience a brief period of weightlessness. Finishing this course he returned to fighter ops in May 1963.<ref>Ibid, pages 34–40</ref>
At the start of June of that year, NASA once again called for astronaut applications. Collins went through the same process as with his first applications, though didn't take the psychiatric evaluation. He was at [[Randolph Air Force Base]] on [[October 14]] when [[Deke Slayton]] called and asked if he was still interested in becoming an astronaut. Charlie Bassett was also accepted in the same group.<ref>Ibid, pages 40–46</ref>
==Space program==
[[Image:Michael Collins suiting up Apollo 11.jpg|thumb|Michael Collins suiting up for the ''Apollo 11'' flight]]
For the third group, training began with a 240-hour course of the basics of spaceflight. Geology was devoted 58 hours of this, something that Collins could not understand, and never became too interested in.<ref>Ibid, pages 72–73</ref> At the end, [[Alan Shepard]], who was head of the astronaut office asked the fourteen to rank their fellow astronauts in the order they would want to fly with them in space. Collins picked [[David Scott]] in the number one position.<ref>Ibid, page 77</ref>
After this basic training, the third group were assigned specializations, with Collins receiving his first choice of pressure suits and EVA. His job was to monitor the development and act as something of a go-between for the astronaut office and the contractors.<ref>Ibid, page 114</ref> As such he was annoyed when during the secretive planning of Ed White's EVA on ''[[Gemini 4]]'', he was not involved.
In late June 1965, Collins received his first crew assignment, the backup pilot for ''[[Gemini 7]]''. He was the first of the fourteen to receive a crew assignment (though would not be the first to fly. That honor went to David Scott on ''[[Gemini 8]]''). Collins never rated himself up with the super athletes of the astronaut corp like his fellow backup crew member [[Edward Higgins White|Ed White]] but still tried to keep in shape, especially in the run up to ''Gemini 7'', when he could have been called upon to spend 14 days in space. He used to smoke heavily but during 1962 he had woken up with a terrible hangover and decided enough was enough. The next day he spent what he described as the worst four hours of his life in the right-hand seat of a bomber flicking switches while going through the initial stages of [[nicotine]] withdrawal.<ref>Ibid, pages 153–155</ref>
===Gemini 10===
{{main|Gemini 10}}
[[Image:Gemini 10 prime crew (Young and Collins) .jpg|thumb|Michael Collins with John Young]]
After the successful completion of ''7'', Collins was assigned to the prime crew of ''[[Gemini 10]]'' with [[John W. Young|John Young]], with White moving onto [[Project Apollo]]. Their three-day mission called for them to rendezvous with two different [[Agena Target Vehicle]]s, undertake two EVAs, and perform fifteen different experiments. The training went smoothly, as the crew learned the intricacies of orbital rendezvous, controlling the Agena and for Collins, EVA. For what was to be only the fourth ever EVA, underwater training was not undertaken, mostly because Collins just didn't have the time. To train to use the nitrogen gun he would use for propulsion, a super smooth metal surface about the size of a boxing ring was set up. He would stand on a circular pad that used gas jets to raise itself off the surface. Using the nitrogen gun he would practise propelling himself across the "slippery table".<ref>Ibid, pages 177–198</ref> For the three day flight, Collins received $24.00 in travel reimbursement.
===Apollo===
[[Image:Apollo 205 backup crew.jpg|left|thumb|The backup crew for the second manned Apollo flight. Michael Collins is on the left, and on the right [[Thomas Patten Stafford|Thomas Stafford]] blocks the view of [[Frank Borman]]]]
Shortly after ''Gemini 10'', Collins was assigned to the backup crew for the second manned Apollo flight, with commander [[Frank Borman]], command module pilot (CMP) [[Thomas Patten Stafford|Thomas Stafford]] and Collins as lunar module pilot (LMP). Along with learning the new [[Apollo Command/Service Module]] (CSM) and the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] (LM), Collins received helicopter training, as these were thought to be the best way to simulate the landing approach of the LM. After the completion of [[Project Gemini]], it was decided to cancel the Apollo 2 flight, since it would just repeat the ''Apollo 1'' flight. In the process of crews being reassigned, Collins was moved to the CMP position, since his new crew was Borman, Collins and [[William Anders]]. [[Deke Slayton]] had decided that the CMP should have some spaceflight experience, something that Anders did not have. Three years later, this change would be the reason why Michael Collins orbited the Moon, while Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on its surface.<ref>Ibid, pages 267–268</ref>
Staff meetings were always held on Fridays in the astronaut office and it was here that Collins found himself on [[January 27]], [[1967]]. Don Gregory was running the meeting in the absence of [[Alan Shepard]] and so it was he who answered the red phone to be informed that there was a fire in the [[Apollo 1]] CM. When the enormity of the situation was ascertained, it fell on Collins to go the Chaffee household to tell Martha Chaffee that her husband was dead. The astronaut office had learned from the death of [[Theodore Freeman]] in an aircraft crash, when a newspaper reporter was the first to his house.<ref>Ibid, pages 269–274</ref>
Following the delays to training as Frank Borman took part in the fire investigation, the crew of what would become ''[[Apollo 8]]'' started back. It would be the first manned flight of the [[Saturn V]] and only its third launch. They would use the [[S-IVB]] third stage to boost them into a highly elliptical Earth orbit with a high point of 4000 miles.
During all this Collins and David Scott were sent by NASA to the [[Paris Air Show]] in May 1967. There they met cosmonauts [[Pavel Belyayev]] and [[Konstantin Feoktistov]], with whom they drank vodka on the Soviet's [[Tupolev Tu-134]]. Collins found it interesting that some cosmonauts were doing helicopter training like their American compatriots and Belyayev said that he hoped to make a circum-lunar flight soon. The astronauts' wives had accompanied them on the trip and Collins and his wife Pat were somewhat forced by NASA and their friends to travel to [[Metz]] where they had been married ten years before. There they found a third wedding ceremony had been arranged (ten years previously they had already had civil and religious ceremonies).<ref>Ibid, pages 278–282</ref>
===Medical problems===
During 1968, Collins noticed that his legs were not working as they should, first during [[American handball|handball]] games, then as he walked down stairs, his knee would almost give way. His left leg also had unusual sensations when in hot and cold water. Reluctantly he sought medical advice and the diagnosis was a [[cervical]] [[Spinal disc herniation|disc herniation]], requiring two [[vertebra]]e to be [[Spinal fusion|fused together]]. The surgery was performed at the USAF [[Wilford Hall Hospital]] at [[Lackland Air Force Base]] and he spent three months in a neck brace. It also removed Collins from the crew of ''[[Apollo 8]]'' and moved [[Jim Lovell]] up to the prime crew. And the ''Apollo 8'' mission was changed from a CSM/LM in Earth orbit, to a CSM-only flight around the Moon.<ref>Ibid, pages 288–294</ref>
===Apollo 8===
{{main|Apollo 8}}
Having trained for the flight, Collins was made a CapCom, the only people who usually spoke to the crew during a mission. As part of the Mission Control's Green Team, he was responsible for the launch phase up to trans-lunar injection, the rocket burn that sent them to the Moon. The successful completion of the first manned circum-lunar flight was followed by the announcement of the ''Apollo 11'' crew of Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins. At the time in January 1969, it was not certain this would be the lunar landing crew with Apollos ''[[Apollo 9|9]]'' and ''[[Apollo 10|10]]'' still needing to be flown successfully.<ref>Ibid, pages 295–314</ref>
===Apollo 11===
[[Image:Michael collins training apollo 11.jpg|thumb|Michael Collins in Command Module simulator during simulated rendezvous and docking maneuver on [[June 19]], [[1969]]]]
{{main|Apollo 11}}
As CMP, Collins training was completely for the CSM and was sometimes done without Armstrong or Aldrin being present. Along with simulators, there were size measurements for pressure suits, centrifuge training to simulate the 10 [[g-force|g]] reentry, and practicing docking with a huge rig at [[Langley Research Center|NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia]], just to name a few. Since he would be the active participant in the rendezvous with the LM, Collins compiled a book of 18 different rendezvous schemes for different scenarios including where the LM didn't land, or launched too early or too late. This book ran for 117 pages.
The famous [[:Image:Apollo 11 insignia.png|mission patch of ''Apollo 11'']] was the creation of Collins. Jim Lovell, the backup commander, mentioned the idea of eagles, a symbol of the United States. Collins liked the idea and found a photo in a ''[[National Geographic]]'' magazine, traced it and added the lunar surface below and Earth in the background. The idea of an olive branch, a symbol of peace, came from a computer expert at the simulators. The call sign ''Columbia'' for the CSM came from [[Julian Scheer]], the NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs. He mentioned the idea to Collins in a conversation and Collins couldn't think of anything better.<ref>Ibid, pages 332–335</ref>
It was during the training for ''Apollo 11'' that Collins told Deke Slayton that he didn't want to fly again. Slayton offered to get him back into the crew sequence after the flight, and according to Collins, this would probably have been as backup commander of ''[[Apollo 14]]'' followed by commander of ''[[Apollo 17]]''.
[[Image:Michael Collins hatch Columbia.jpg|thumb|Michael Collins sits in hatch of Apollo 11 Command Module after its return to the MSC's Lunar Receiving Laboratory for detailed examination]]
During his day of solo flying around the Moon, Collins never felt lonely. Although it had been said that "not since [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]] has any human known such solitude", Collins felt very much a part of the mission. In his autobiography he wrote that "this venture has been structured for three men, and I consider my third to be as necessary as either of the other two". During the 48 minutes of each orbit that he was out of radio contact with Earth, the feeling was not loneliness, but as "awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation".<ref>Ibid, page 402</ref>
After spending so much time with the CSM, Collins felt compelled to leave his mark on her, so during their second night on Earth, he went to the lower equipment bay of the CM and wrote:
:"Spacecraft 107 — alias Apollo 11 — alias ''Columbia''. The best ship to come down the line. God Bless Her. Michael Collins, CMP"<ref>Ibid, page 446</ref>
==Post-NASA activities==
After being released from a 21-day quarantine, the crew were feted across the United States and around the world as part of a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour. Prior to this trip NASA administrator [[Thomas O. Paine]] had approached Collins and said that [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[William P. Rogers]] was interested in appointing Collins to the position of Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs. It wasn't until they returned to the U.S. in November that he sat down with Rogers and accepted the position on the urgings of Richard Nixon.<ref>Ibid, pages 454–455</ref> In this position he was in charge of various areas including exhibitions, speeches and history.
A year later, Collins left this position to become director of the [[National Air and Space Museum]]. He had held this position until 1978 when he stepped down to become undersecretary of the [[Smithsonian Institution]]. That same year he retired from the United States Air Force with the rank of [[Major General]]. In 1974 he attended the [[Harvard Business School]] and in 1980 became Vice President of [[Vought|LTV Aerospace]] in [[Arlington, Virginia]]. He resigned in 1985 to start his own business.
Collins wrote an autobiography in 1974 entitled ''Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys''. He has also written ''Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space '' (1988), a history of the American space program, ''Mission to Mars'' (1990), non-fiction book on human spaceflight to Mars, and ''Flying to the Moon : An Astronaut's Story'' (1994), a children's book on his experiences. Along with his writing, he has painted watercolors mostly relating to his [[Florida Everglades]] home, or aircraft that he flew, and rarely are space-related. Until recently he did not sign his paintings to avoid them increasing in price just because they had his autograph on them.<ref>[http://www.novaspace.com/ARTIST/MichaelCollins.html NovaSpace biography]. Retrieved [[February 14]], [[2006]].</ref>.Collins was a long-time Trustee of the National Geographic Society and presently serves as Trustee Emeritus.
[[Image:Apollo 11 - Crew at the White House.jpg|thumb|Michael Collins and his fellow ''Apollo 11'' crew members meet with [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] during the 35th anniversary celebrations of their flight]]
He has been awarded the [[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]], [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Air Force Distinguished Flying Cross]], [[Astronaut Badge|Air Force Command Pilot Astronaut Wings]], and the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]. Together with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, he received the [[Collier Trophy]] in 1969. The [[International Astronomical Union]] honored him by naming an asteroid after him, [[6471 Collins]].
In the 1996 TV movie ''[[Apollo 11 (film)|Apollo 11]]'', Collins was played by [[Jim Metzler]]. In the 1998 HBO miniseries ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (HBO)|From the Earth to the Moon]]'', he was played by [[Cary Elwes]].
Unlike many of his fellow Apollo astronauts, Collins is not divorced, still married to Pat. ''Carrying the Fire'' is dedicated to her. They live together in [[Marco Island, Florida]], and [[Avon, North Carolina]].
Collins is one of the astronauts featured in the documentary [[In the Shadow of the Moon]].
==In popular culture==
English rock group [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] has a song ''For Michael Collins, Jeffrey and Me'' which appears on the [[Benefit (album)|Benefit]] album from [[1970]]. The song compares the feelings of misfitting from vocalist [[Ian Anderson (musician)|Ian Anderson]] (and friend [[Jeffrey Hammond]]) with the astronaut's own, as he is left behind by the ones who had the privilege to walk on the surface of the moon.
==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=June 2007}}
Despite being an American citizen, is credited by the Irish Government [http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/index.asp?locID=197&docID=-1] as being the first Irishman in space.
Had a dog called [[Dubhe]] (named after the star).
Mr. Collins is reportedly starting a radio show in Tampa, FL with his co-worker Captain Candicimo. The new show is rumored to air January 22, 2008.
==References==
*{{cite book |last = Collins |first = Michael |coauthors = Charles Lindbergh |year = 2001 |title = Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys |publisher = Cooper Square Press |id = ISBN 0-8154-1028-X}}
*{{cite book |last = Hansen |first = James |year = 2005 |title = First Man: The Life of Neil Armstrong |publisher = Simon & Schuster |id = ISBN 0-7432-5631-X}}
*Butler, Carol L. (1998). [http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/CollinsM/MC_BIO.pdf NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Biographical Data Sheet (PDF)]. Retrieved [[February 14]], [[2006]].
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Astronaut Group 3 Footer}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Collins, Michael}}
[[Category:American astronauts]]
[[Category:Test pilots]]
[[Category:American aviators]]
[[Category:United States Air Force generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of US Distinguished Flying Cross]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:Hollywood Walk of Fame]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame Inductees]]
[[Category:Irish-Americans]]
[[Category:St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni]]
[[Category:Military brats]]
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