Michael I of Romania
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/* Turning against Nazi Germany */ style
{{Infobox_Monarch
|name =Michael I
|title =King of the Romanians
|image =[[Image:Mihai.jpg|200px]]
|caption =<!--The Child-King (Regele Copil in [[Romanian language|Romanian]])-->
|reign =[[20 July]], [[1927]] – [[8 June]], [[1930]] <br> [[6 September]], [[1940]] – [[30 December]], [[1947]]
|coronation =[[6 September]], [[1940]]
|predecessor =[[Ferdinand I of Romania|Ferdinand I]] <br> [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]]
|successor =[[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] <br> Kingdom abolished
|consort =[[Queen Anne of Romania|Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma]]
|issue =[[Princess Margarita of Romania|Margarita]]<br>[[Princess Elena of Romania|Elena]]<br>[[Princess Irina of Romania|Irina]]<br>[[Princess Sofia of Romania|Sofia]]<br>[[Princess Marie of Romania|Marie]]
|royal house =[[Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]]
|royal anthem =
|father =[[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]]
|mother =[[Elena of Greece and Denmark]]
|date of birth ={{birth date and age|1921|10|25}}
|place of birth =[[Sinaia]], [[Romania]]
|religion =[[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]]
|date of death =
|place of death =
|buried =
|}}
'''Michael I, King of the Romanians''', '''Prince of [[Hohenzollern]]'''<ref name="Compression">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794131,00.html "Compression"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]], [[January 12]], [[1948]]</ref><ref name="Milestones">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,798826,00.html "Milestones"], ''Time'', [[June 21]], [[1948]]</ref><ref>[http://www.geocities.com/henrivanoene/genromania.html Genealogy of the Royal Family of Romania], retrieved [[October 2]], [[2006]]</ref> (born [[October 25]], [[1921]]), reigned as [[King of Romania|King of the Romanians]] ({{lang-ro|Maiestatea Sa Mihai I Regele Românilor}}, literally "His Majesty Michael I King of the Romanians") from [[July 20]], [[1927]] to [[June 8]], [[1930]], and again from [[September 6]], [[1940]], until forced to abdicate by the [[Communist Party of Romania|Communists]] on [[December 30]], [[1947]]. A great-great-grandson of [[Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] and a third cousin of [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], he is one of the last surviving heads of state from [[World War II]],<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/05/38D4D252-BE7E-4943-A6A9-4E3C1B32A05F.html World War II—"60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides"], [[Radio Free Europe|RFE/RL]], [[May 6]], [[2005]]</ref><ref>[[Oliver North]], [http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=14054 “Looking for Leadership”], ''[[Human Events]]'', [[April 14]], [[2006]]</ref><ref>Peter Kurth, [http://www.peterkurth.com/MICHAEL%20OF%20ROMANIA.htm "Michael of Romania"]</ref><ref name="Smith">Craig S. Smith, [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/27/world/europe/27michael.html "Romania’s King Without a Throne Outlives Foes and Setbacks"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[January 27]], [[2007]]</ref> another one being [[Simeon II of Bulgaria]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067835/Simeon-Saxecoburggotski Simeon Saxecoburggotski], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref>
==Early life==
Michael was born in the Foişor Castle, [[Sinaia]], [[Romania]], the son of the then-[[Crown Prince]] [[Carol II of Romania|Carol]] and [[Princess Elena of Greece]], and grandson of the then-reigning King [[Ferdinand I of Romania|Ferdinand I of the Romanians]]. When Carol eloped with his mistress [[Magda Lupescu|Elena "Magda" Lupescu]] and renounced his rights to the throne in December 1925, Michael was declared the [[heir apparent]]. He succeeded to the throne upon Ferdinand's death in July 1927. In August 1927 he appeared on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine: he is the longest-surviving person to have appeared on the magazine's cover.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
==Rule==
===1930s and the Antonescu era===
A [[Regent|Regency]], which included his uncle, [[Prince Nicholas of Romania|Prince Nicolae]], Patriarch [[Miron Cristea]] and the country's chief justice ([[Gheorghe Buzdugan]], from October 1929 on [[Constantin Sărăţeanu]]) functioned on behalf of the 5-year-old Michael.<ref>[http://www.rulers.org/rulqr.html#romania Rulers of Romania]</ref> In 1930, [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] suddenly returned to the country at the invitation of politicians dissatisfied with the Regency, and was proclaimed King by the [[Parliament]], designating Michael as [[crown prince]] with the title "Grand [[Voievod]] of [[Alba-Iulia]]". In November 1939, Michael joined the [[Senate of Romania|Romanian Senate]], as the [[1938 Constitution of Romania|1938 Constitution]] guaranteed him a seat there upon reaching the age of eighteen.<ref>[http://ziua.net/display.php?data=2007-11-29&id=230045 "Ce citeau românii acum 68 de ani?"], ''[[Ziua]]'', [[November 29]], [[2007]].</ref> In September 1940, the pro-[[Nazi Germany|German]] régime of Prime Minister Marshal [[Ion Antonescu]] staged a ''[[coup d'état]]'' against Carol, whom the Marshal considered anti-German. Antonescu had the 18-year-old Michael proclaimed King without a vote of the Parliament, which was initially suspended to be reinstated only in 1946. Michael was [[coronation|crowned]]<ref name="Rules">[http://www.familiaregala.ro/upload/p0002_FundamentalRules.pdf Fundamental Rules of the Royal Family of Romania], [http://www.familiaregala.ro/ The Romanian Royal Family website] as retrieved on January 8, 2008</ref> with the [[Steel Crown of Romania|Steel Crown]] and [[anointment|anointed]] by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] [[Patriarch]] of Romania, [[Nicodim Munteanu]], in the [[Romanian Patriarchal Cathedral|Patriarchal Cathedral]] of [[Bucharest]], on the very day of his second accession, [[September 6]], [[1940]].<ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.sfaturiortodoxe.ro/bejan2-7.htm "The Joys of Suffering," Volume 2, "Dialogue with a few intellectuals"], by Rev. Fr. Dimitrie Bejan - [http://www.sfaturiortodoxe.ro/en/index.htm "Orthodox Advices"] website as of [[June 9]], [[2007]]</ref> However, although legally Michael was Supreme Head of the Army and entitled to appoint the [[prime minister]] ("[[Conducător]]"), in fact he was free to exercise few royal prerogatives.<ref>{{ro icon}} Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu, [http://ebooks.unibuc.ro/istorie/istorie1918-1940/13-15.htm ''"The History of the Romanians between 1918-1940" ("Istoria românilor între anii 1918–1940")''], page 280.</ref>
[[Image:King Mihai I of Romania postcard.jpg|thumb|The young King Michael.]]
===Turning against Nazi Germany===
{{main|King Michael's Coup}}
In 1944, [[World War II]] was going badly for the [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis powers]], but military dictator Ion Antonescu was still in control of Romania. On [[August 23]], [[1944]], Michael joined with pro-[[Allies of World War II|Allied]] politicians in staging a [[King Michael Coup|''coup'' against Antonescu]], and placed him under arrest. On the same night, the new prime minister, Lt. General [[Constantin Sănătescu]], gave custody of Antonescu to the Communists, who delivered him to the Soviets on [[September 1]].<ref>[http://www.worldwar2.ro/generali/?article=96"Marshal Ion Antonescu",WorldWar2.ro, Romanian Armed Forces in the Second World War]</ref><ref>[http://www.ziua.net/display.php?id=205697&data=2006-08-19&ziua=31a759d5aafc28a47a9c0b5534f29c38 “23 august - radiografia unei lovituri de Palat”, paragraph” Predaţi comuniştilor”, Dosare Ultrasecrete], ''[[Ziua]]'', [[August 19]], [[2006]]</ref> In a radio broadcast to the nation and army, Michael proclaimed Romania's loyalty to the Allies, announced the acceptance of the armistice offered by [[Great Britain]], the [[United States]] and the [[USSR]], and declared war on Germany.<ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.curierulnational.ro/Specializat/2004-08-07/“Dictatura+a+luat+sfarsit+si+cu+ea+inceteaza+toate+asupririle” ''"The Dictatorship Has Ended and along with It All Oppression" - From The Proclamation to The Nation of King Michael I on The Night of [[August 23]] [[1944]]''], ''[[Curierul Naţional]]'', [[August 7]], [[2004]]</ref> However, this did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation, and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers, who were transported to the Soviet Union where many perished in prison camps.<ref name="Library">[http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm ''Country Studies: Romania''], Chap. 23, [[Library of Congress]]</ref> Although the country's alliance with the Nazis was ended, the ''coup'' speeded the [[Red Army]]'s advance into Romania.<ref name="Library"/> The armistice was signed three weeks later on [[September 12]], [[1944]], on terms the Soviets virtually dictated.<ref name="Library"/> The coup effectively amounted to a "capitulation",<ref>[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/148133682.html?did=148133682&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&dids=148133682:148133682:&date=Aug+25%2C+1944&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++ ''"Hitler Resorts To 'Puppets' In Romania"''], ''[[Washington Post]]'', [[August 25]], [[1944]]</ref> an "unconditional"<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4081FF93D5B1B7B93C6AB1783D85F408485F9&scp=1 ''"King Proclaims Nation's Surrender and Wish to Help Allies"''], ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[August 24]], [[1944]]</ref> "surrender"<ref name="Library"/><ref name="Bulgaria">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-42751/Bulgaria "Bulgaria - Bulgarian resistance to the Axis alliance,"] [http://www.britannica.com/ Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref><!-- Quote: "At the end of August, the sudden surrender of Romania, which brought Soviet troops to the Danube months before they had been expected, created panic in Sofia."-->. Some estimate that the ''coup'' may have shortened [[World War II]] by six months, thus saving hundreds of thousands of lives.<ref name="Honest">
{{ro icon}} Constantiniu, Florin, ''O istorie sinceră a poporului român'' ("An Honest History of the Romanian People"), Ed. Univers Enciclopedic, Bucureşti, 1997, ISBN 973-9243-07-X
</ref>
Michael was the last monarch behind the [[Iron Curtain]] to lose his throne. At the end of the war, King Michael was awarded the highest degree (Chief Commander) of the [[Legion of Merit]] by [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Harry S. Truman]]. He was also decorated with the Soviet [[Order of Victory]] by [[Joseph Stalin]] "for the courageous act of the radical change in Romania's politics towards a break-up from [[Hitler]]'s Germany and an alliance with the [[United Nations]], at the moment when there was no clear sign yet of Germany's defeat," according to an official description of the decoration.<ref>{{ro icon}}{{en icon}} ''Armata Română în Al Doilea Război Mondial. Romanian Army in World War II.'' [[Bucharest]]: "Meridiane" publishing house, [[1995]], page 196</ref> However, according to both [[Encyclopedia Britannica]]<ref name="Bulgaria"/> and the [[Albanian]] Communist leader [[Enver Hoxha]],<ref name="Hoxha">[[Enver Hoxha]]. [http://www.marx2mao.com/Other/TT82v.html ''The Titoites'']. The "Naim Frasheri" publishing house, [[Tirana]], [[1982]], page 518</ref> King Michael surrendered in a situation in which he could do nothing else, when the Soviet conquest had become inevitable. It is rather for his surrender that he was awarded the Order of Victory according to Hoxha.<ref name="Hoxha"/>
{{Romanian Royal Family}}
===The reign under communism===
In March 1945, political pressures forced Michael to appoint a pro-Soviet government dominated by the [[Romanian Communist Party]]. Under the Communist régime Michael functioned as little more than a figurehead. Between August 1945 and January 1946, during what was later known as the "royal strike," Michael tried unsuccessfully to oppose the first Communist government led by Prime Minister [[Petru Groza]], by refusing to sign its decrees. In response to Soviet, British, and American pressures,<ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.ziua.ro/display.php?data=2000-08-23&id=49004, "What was done in Romania between 1945 and 1947 it has also been done since 1989"], ''Ziua'', [[August 24]], [[2000]]</ref> King Michael eventually gave up his opposition to the Communist government and stopped demanding its resignation.
He did not [[pardon]] Antonescu, who was sentenced to death for betrayal of the Romanian people for the benefit of Nazi Germany, for the economic and political subjugation of Romania to Germany, for cooperation with the Iron Guard, for murdering his political opponents, for the [[mass murder]] of civilians and [[crimes against peace]]. Nor did the King manage to save the leaders of the opposition such as [[Iuliu Maniu]] and the [[Bratianu]]s,<ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/news/story/2007/04/070418_sighet_istoric.shtml Brief history of Sighet prison], [[BBC]], April 18, 2007</ref> victims of Communist political trials, as the Constitution prevented him from doing so without the counter-signature of the justice minister, who was Communist [[Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu]]. The memoirs of the King's aunt [[Princess Ileana of Romania|Princess Ileana]]<ref>[http://www.tkinter.smig.net/PrincessIleana/ILiveAgain/Chapter21.htm "I Live Again" by Ileana, Princess of Romania, Chapter 21]</ref> quote her alleged lover,<ref>{{ro icon}}[http://www.jurnalul.ro/articole/18837/istoria-ca-telenovela-barfele-unui-raport-secret-iii "History as a Soap Opera - The Gossips of a Secret Report (III)"], ''[[Jurnalul Naţional]]'', [[June 18]], [[2006]]</ref> and Romania's Communist minister of defense (and Soviet spy),<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ro0197) "Development of the Romanian Armed Forces after World War II", Library of Congress Country Studies]</ref> [[Emil Bodnăraş]], as saying: "Well, if the King decides not to sign the death warrant, I promise that we will uphold his point of view." Princess Ileana was skeptical: "You know quite well (...) that the King will never of his free will sign such an unconstitutional document. If he does, it will be laid at your door, and before the whole nation your government will bear the blame. Surely you do not wish this additional handicap at this moment!"
===Forced abdication===
[[Image:Royal standard of Romania (King, 1922 model).svg|thumb|200px|left|The Standard of the King]]
In November, 1947 Michael traveled to [[London]] for the wedding of the future [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], occasion during which he met [[Queen Anne of Romania|Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma]], who was to become his wife. According to Romanian royalists, King Michael did not want to return home, but Americans and Britons present at the wedding encouraged him to do so;<ref>[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/293287632.html?did=293287632&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&dids=293287632:293287632:&date=Dec+31%2C+1947&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post ''"Churchill Advised Mihai to Return"''], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[December 31]], [[1947]]</ref> [[Winston Churchill]] is said to have counseled Michael to return because "above all things, a King must be courageous." According to his own account,<ref>[http://www.cs.kent.edu/~amarcus/Mihai/english/agende/mar2697.html ''Speech By His Majesty Michael I, King of Romania to the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies''], London, [[March 26]], [[1997]]</ref> King Michael rejected any offers of [[Right of asylum|asylum]] and decided to return to Romania.
However, on [[December 30]] of the same year, Michael was forced to abdicate Romania's throne. Later the same day, the Communists announced the abolition of the monarchy and its replacement by a [[People's Republic]], broadcasting the King's pre-recorded radio proclamation<ref>''"Friends & Enemies, Presidents & Kings"'' by Tammy Lee McClure, Accendo Publishing, page 99. Another account comes from the Romanian anti-communist dissident [[Paul Goma]]'s {{ro icon}} [http://paulgoma.free.fr/paulgoma_pdf/pdf/LRP_JURNAL_PE_SARITE.pdf ''"Skipped Diary" ("Jurnal pe sarite")'', page 57.]</ref> of his own abdication. On [[January 3]] [[1948]], Michael was forced to leave the country, followed<ref>[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nytimes/85191692.html?did=85191692&FMT=ABS&FMTS=AI&date=Jan+13%2C+1948&author=Special+to+THE+NEW+YORK+TIMES.&pub=New+York+Times++(1857-Current+file)&desc=2+PRINCESSES+EXILED+BY+RUMANIAN+REGIME ''"2 Princesses Exiled By Romanian Regime"''], ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[January 13]], [[1948]]</ref> over a week later by Princesses [[Elisabeth of Romania|Elisabeth]] and Ileana, who collaborated so closely with the Russians that they became known as the King's "Red Aunts."<ref>W. H. Lawrence,[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nytimes/85189260.html?did=85189260&FMT=ABS&FMTS=AI&date=Jan+7%2C+1948&author=By+W.H.+LAWRENCESpecial+to+THE+NEW+YORK+TIMES.&pub=New+York+Times++(1857-Current+file)&desc=AUNTS+OF+MICHAEL+MAY+BE+EXILED+TOO ''"Aunts of Michael May Be Exiled Too"''], ''The New York Times'', [[January 7]], [[1948]]</ref>
There are several accounts as to why Michael abdicated. As recounted by Michael himself, the Communist prime-minister [[Petru Groza]] had threatened him at gun point<ref>[http://www.b-info.com/places/Bulgaria/Jewish/jul12.shtml "The Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews"], as retrieved on January 21, 2008</ref><ref>{{ro icon}}[http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/lobby/8957/960510.html "The Republic was installed with a pistol"], [[Ziua]], May 1996</ref><!-- The pertinent quote from Ziua in Romanian: "Faptul ca primul ministru Groza m-a amenintat cu un pistol, pentru mine asta inseamna un act profund ilegal." Translation: "The fact that the prime minister Groza threatened me with a gun, to me this is a profoundly illegal act."--><ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.cs.kent.edu/~amarcus/Mihai/romanian/cronologiero.html ''Timeline''], [http://www.cs.kent.edu/~amarcus/Mihai/index.html semi-official site dedicated to HM King Michael I], as retrieved on January 21, 2008</ref><ref>{{ro icon}}[http://www.antena3.ro/Se-implinesc-60-de-ani-de-cand-Romania-a-devenit-Republica_act_43794_ext.html "Princess Margareta, designated dynastic successor"], [[Antena 3 (Romania)|Antena 3]], December 30, 2007</ref> and blackmailed him that the government was to shoot 1,000 arrested students if Michael didn't abdicate.<ref name="telegraph">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2005/06/12/bopor12.xml "A king and his coup"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', [[June 12]], [[2005]]</ref> In an interview with ''[[The New York Times]]'' from [[2007]], Michael recalls the events: “It was blackmail. They said, ‘If you don’t sign this immediately we are obliged’ — why obliged I don’t know — 'to kill more than 1,000 students' that they had in prison.”<ref name="Smith"/> According to ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' magazine,<ref name ="Compression"/> the Communist government threatened Michael that it would arrest thousands and steep the country in blood if he did not abdicate.
But according to the book ''[[Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness -- A Soviet Spymaster]]'', the [[autobiography]] of the former leader of the [[Soviet]] [[intelligence]] agency [[NKVD]], [[major general]] [[Pavel Sudoplatov]], the deputy [[List of Russian foreign ministers|Soviet foreign minister]] [[Andrey Vyshinsky]] personally conducted negotiations with King Michael for his abdication, guaranteeing part of a [[pension]] to be paid to Michael in [[Mexico]].<ref>Pavel Sudoplatov, Anatoli Sudoplatov, Jerrold L. Schecter, Leona P. Schecter, ''Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness—A Soviet Spymaster''. [[Little, Brown and Company]], [[Boston]], [[1994]], page 232. ISBN 0316773522 : "[[Andrey Vyshinsky|Vyshinsky]] personally conducted negotiations with King Michael of Romania for his abdication, guaranteeing part of his pension in [[Mexico]]."</ref> According to a few articles in ''[[Jurnalul Naţional]]'',<ref name="JN 1">{{ro icon}}[http://www.jurnalul.ro/articole/33199/intoarcerea-de-la-londra-si-abdicarea "The return from London and the abdication,"] ''[[Jurnalul Naţional]]'', [[November 17]], [[2005]]</ref><ref name="JN 2">{{ro icon}} [http://www.jurnalul.ro/index.php?section=rubrici&article_id=6092 "Communism - King Michael I's Abdication",] ''[[Jurnalul Naţional]]'', [[December 11]], [[2006]]</ref> Michael's abdication was the result of his negotiations with the Communist government, not of a blackmail, which allowed him to leave the country accompanied by the goods he requested and by some of the royal retinue.<ref name="JN 2"/>
According to the [[Albanian]] Communist leader [[Enver Hoxha]],<ref name="Tito">[[Enver Hoxha]].[http://www.marx2mao.com/Other/TT82v.html ''The Titoites'']. The "Naim Frasheri" publishing house, [[Tirana]], [[1982]], pages 519-522, 572</ref> who recounts his conversations with the Romanian Communist leaders on the king's abdication, Michael was threatened with a pistol by the [[Romanian Communist Party]] leader [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]] rather than [[Petru Groza]] so as to abdicate. He was allowed to leave the country accompanied by some of his [[wiktionary:Entourage|entourage]] and, as confirmed also by the Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] recounting [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej|Dej]]'s confessions,<ref>[[Nikita Khrushchev|Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev]], Sergeĭ Khrushchev.[http://books.google.com/books?id=EkFZqlgdzCkC&pg=RA1-PA701&dq=king+michael+romania&sig=s9B8__XDcPT1NZr2s6G55jEOdyA ''Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953-1964''], [[Pennsylvania State University Press]], [[2007]], page 701, ISBN 0271029358 : "As [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej|Dej]] reminisced, 'We told him he could take everything with him that he considered necessary, but he had to leave his kingdom.'"</ref> with whatever properties he desired, including [[gold]] and [[ruby|rubies]].<ref name="Tito"/> [[Enver Hoxha|Hoxha]] does say in his book that the Romanian Communist leaders had threatened Michael with their loyal army troops, which had encircled the royal palace and its troops loyal to Michael.
According to ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' magazine,<ref name="Negot">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,779700,00.html "Anne & I"], ''Time'', [[March 15]], [[1948]]</ref> in early 1948 there had been negotiations between King Michael and the Communist government over the properties he left behind in Romania and those negotiations delayed his denunciation of the abdication as illegal.
There are reports<ref name="Miscellaneous">[http://evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/677728/Miscellaneous/ ''Miscellaneous''], ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', [[March 24]], [[2005]]</ref><ref>[http://evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/676830/Miscellaneous/ ''Miscellaneous''], ''Evenimentul Zilei'', [[March 14]], [[2005]]</ref><ref name="Roberts">[http://evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/639374/The-Lia-Roberts-hope/ ''The Lia Roberts hope''], ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', [[January 19]], [[2004]]</ref><ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/monarhia-singurul-bastion-impotriva-comunistilor/336307 ''Monarchy, the only bastion against the Communists''], ''[[Adevărul]]'', December 29, 2007</ref><ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.romanialibera.ro/a113797/mihai-pelin-a-incetat-din-viata.html ''Mihai Pelin has passed away''], ''[[Romania libera]]'', December 17, 2007</ref><!-- Pertinent quote: "In 2005 a descoperit, tot in Arhivele Securitatii, documente care-l implicau pe regele Mihai in disparitia a 42 de tablouri apartinand Colectiei Coroanei Regale, pictate de nume ca Rembrandt, El Greco sau Caravagio. Istoricul a aratat ca tablourile au fost scoase din tara de regele Mihai cu o luna inainte de abdicare, fiind apoi vandute unor colectionari privati." Translation: "In 2005 he discovered, also in Securitate's Archives, documents implicating king Michael in the disappearance of 42 paintings belonging to the Royal Crown Collection, painted by names such as Rembrandt, El Greco, or Caravagio. The historian showed that the paintings were taken out of the country by king Michael a month before his abdication, being then sold to certain private collectors."--> that Romanian Communist authorities, obedient to [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]], allowed King Michael to part with 42 valuable [[The Crown|Crown]]-owned paintings in November 1947, so that he would leave Romania faster.<ref name="Roberts"/> Some of these paintings<ref>[[Michel van Rijn]], [http://web.archive.org/web/20070710080141/www.michelvanrijn.nl/artnews/mvrhotartcoldcash.pdf ''"Hot Art, Cold Cash"''], pages 177, 184, Little Brown & Co., October 1994. For more on the credentials of the [[UK]] police expert in art smuggling Michel van Rijn, see [http://www.museum-security.org/cyprus-and-michel-van-rijn.htm 1] and [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/3724256.stm 2.]</ref> were reportedly sold through the famed art dealer [[Daniel Wildenstein]]. One of the paintings belonging to the Romanian Crown which was supposedly taken out of the country by King Michael in November 1947, returned to Romania in 2004 as a donation <ref>{{ro icon}} [http://ziua.ro/display.php?id=162992&data=2004-11-20&ziua=1e5692b536aa233f6d6ac3b1d11dd6c9 "Raibolini's ''Madonna'' at the National Museum of Art of Romania"], ''Ziua'', [[November 20]], [[2004]]</ref><ref name="Miscellaneous"/><ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.onlinegallery.ro/museums/muzeul_de_arta/donatie.html "A Prestigious Donation: ''Madonna with the Infant'' by Francesco Raibolini, named "Il Francia""], Online Gallery site as of [[December 8]], [[2006]]</ref> made by John Kreuger, the former husband of King Michael's daughter [[Princess Irina of Romania|Princess Irina]].
In 2005 Romanian Prime Minister [[Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu]]<ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.adevarulonline.ro/2005-04-19/Politic/nu-exista-dovezi-ca-regele-mihai-ar-fi-scos-tablouri-din-tara_125216.html "There Are No Proofs That King Michael Took Paintings out of Romania"], [[Adevărul]], [[April 19]], [[2005]]</ref> denied these accusations about Michael, stating that the Romanian government has no proof of any such action by King Michael and that, prior to 1949, the government had no official records of any artwork taken over from the former royal residences. However, according to some historians, such records existed as early as April of 1948, having been, in fact, officially published in June 1948.<ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1998/current10/mi18.htm "Testimonials of contemporary history - Peles, January-April 1948. The inventorying of the former royal art works (III)," by Radu Bogdan, Ph.D. in history], [[Magazin istoric]], October 1998</ref>
According to Ivor Porter's authorized biography,<ref>{{ro icon}} Andrei Pippidi, [http://www.revista22.ro/html/index.php?art=2523&nr=2006-03-08 "The King and The Country"], "[[Revista 22]]", [[March 8]], [[2006]]</ref> "Michael of Romania: The King and The Country" (2005), which quotes [[Elena of Greece and Denmark|Queen-Mother Helen]]'s daily diary, the Romanian royals took out paintings belonging to the Romanian Royal Crown on their November 1947 trip to London to the wedding of the future Queen Elizabeth II; two of these paintings, signed by [[El Greco]], were sold in 1976.
According to recently declassified [[Foreign Office]] documents, when he left Romania, Michael's only assets amounted to 500,000 [[Swiss franc]]s.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4118629.stm ''"Exiled king 'should become pilot'"''], ''[[BBC News]]'', [[January 2]], [[2005]]</ref> Recently declassified Soviet transcripts of talks between Joseph Stalin and the Romanian Prime-Minister [[Petru Groza]]<ref>{{ro icon}} ''"King Michael in exile - from poultry grower to test pilot and broker"'', ROMPRES, [[April 13]], [[2005]]</ref><ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.jurnalulbtd.ro/articol-Regele-Mihai-in-exil---de-la-crescator-de-pui-la-pilot-de-incercare-si-broker-35-532.html ''"King Michael in exile - from poultry grower to test pilot and broker"''], Jurnalul de Botosani si Dorohoi, [[April 13]], [[2005]]</ref> show that shortly before his abdication, King Michael received from the Communist government assets amounting to 500,000 [[Swiss franc]]s. King Michael, however, repeatedly denied<ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.familiaregala.ro/?id2=010202&lng= "Romania under King Michael I"], [http://www.familiaregala.ro/ the Royal Family website], as of April 12, 2008</ref> <!-- Pertinent quote: "La 3 ianuarie 1948, Regele Mihai si Regina-mama Elena au parasit Romania, luand cu ei doar cateva bunuri personale." Translation: "On January 3, 1948, King Michael and Queen-Mother Helen left Romania, allowed to take only a few personal goods." --><ref>[http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/lobby/8957/adi.html Translation of King Michael's interview to Ziua daily, undated.]</ref> <ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/nato-era-mai-important-in-sens-militar-insa-europa-este-politic-mai-mult-decat-ne-dam-seama-acum-afirma-m-s-regele-mihai/127348 ''""NATO was more important militarily, but Europe is politically more than we realize now", states H.M. King Michael"''], ''[[Adevărul]]'', [[May 3]], [[2005]]</ref> that the Communist government had allowed him to take into exile any financial assets or valuable goods besides four personal automobiles loaded on two train cars.
==Life after the throne==
{{infobox hrhstyles|
image=[[Image:Kingdom of Romania - Big CoA.svg|centre|60px]]|
royal name=King Michael I of Romania|
dipstyle=[[Majesty|His Majesty]]|
offstyle=Your Majesty|
altstyle=Sir|}}
In January 1948,<ref name="Compression"/> Michael began using one of his family's ancestral titles, "Prince of Hohenzollern"<ref name="Milestones"/><ref>[[Nikita Khrushchev|Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev]], Sergeĭ Khrushchev. [http://books.google.com/books?id=EkFZqlgdzCkC&pg=RA1-PA947&vq=hohenzollern&sig=r8A9Ly8-azWqIgPJ9DyjM_fZ2Tw ''Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953-1964''], [[Pennsylvania State University Press]], [[2007]], page 947, ISBN 0271029358</ref> instead of using the title of "King of Romania," After denouncing his abdication as forced and illegal in March 1948, Michael resumed use of the kingly title.
In June 1948 he married Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma in [[Athens]], [[Greece]]. They lived first in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and later settled in [[Switzerland]]. The Communist Romanian authorities stripped him of his Romanian citizenship in 1948. He became a commercial pilot and worked for an aircraft equipment company. He and his wife have five daughters.
In 1992, three years after the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989|revolution]] which overthrew the Communist dictatorship, the Romanian government allowed Michael to return to his country for [[Easter]] celebrations, where he drew large crowds. In Bucharest over a million people turned out to see him.<ref> Kings Without Crowns ''Michael of Romania'', Danish Norsk Television </ref> Michael's popularity alarmed the government of President [[Ion Iliescu]] so Michael was forbidden to visit Romania again for five years. In 1997, after Iliescu's defeat by [[Emil Constantinescu]], the Romanian Government restored Michael's citizenship and again allowed him to visit the country. He now lives partly in [[Switzerland]] at [[Aubonne, Switzerland|Aubonne]] and partly in [[Romania]], either at his [http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83v%C3%A2r%C5%9Fin%2C_Arad Săvârşin] castle in [[Arad County|Arad county]] or in an official residence in Bucharest—the [[Elisabeta Palace]]—voted by the Romanian Parliament by a law concerning arrangements for former heads of state.
Michael has the following children:
*[[Princess Margarita of Romania|Margarita]] (born 1949)
*[[Princess Elena of Romania|Elena]] (born 1950)
*[[Princess Irina of Romania|Irina]] (born 1953)
*[[Princess Sofia of Romania|Sofia]] (born 1957)
*[[Princess Marie of Romania|Maria]] (born 1964).
Both Elena and Irina have sons as well as daughters. Sofia, whose marriage was not accepted by her father, has a daughter.
For further details, see the genealogical listing.<ref>[http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Roumanian_Royal_Family.htm "Genealogy of the Romanian Royal Family," web site as of October 2, 2006]</ref>
According to the succession provisions of the Romanian kingdom's last democratically approved monarchical [[constitution]] of 1923, upon the death of King Michael without sons, the claim to the Crown devolves once again upon the [[Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]] family, (see "[[Line of succession to the Romanian throne]]").
However, on December 30, 2007, on the 60th anniversary of his abdication, King Michael signed the ''Fundamental Rules of the Royal Family of Romania'',<ref name="Rules"/><ref>{{ro icon}} [http://evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/473235/Principesa-Margareta-mostenitoarea-coroanei-regale/ "Princess Margarita, heiress to the throne of Romania,"] [[Evenimentul Zilei]], December 30, 2007</ref> by which he designated Princess Margarita as [[heir]]ess to the throne with the titles of "Crown Princess of Romania" and "Custodian of the Romanian Crown." On the same occasion, Michael also asked the Romanian Parliament that, should it consider restoring the monarchy, it should also abolish the [[salic law]] of succession.
==Political positions==
Michael has not encouraged monarchist agitation in Romania and royalist parties have made little impact in post-Communist Romanian politics. He takes the view that the restoration of the monarchy in Romania can only result from a decision by the Romanian people. "If the people want me to come back, of course, I will come back," he said in 1990. He said that "Romanians have had enough suffering imposed on them to have the right to be consulted on their future." In spite of this, King Michael has not given up all hope for himself or his family of returning to the throne: "We are trying to make people understand what Romanian monarchy was and what it can still do".<ref>[http://www.ziua.ro/display.php?id=209809&data=2006-10-25 "King Mihai I Turns 85]", ''[[Ziua]]'', October 25, 2006</ref>
Michael has undertaken some quasi-diplomatic roles on behalf of post-Communist Romania. In 1997 and 2002 he toured Western Europe, lobbying for Romania's admission into [[NATO]] and the [[European Union]], and was received by heads of state and government officials.
In December 2003, Michael awarded the "Man of The Year 2003"<ref>[http://www.princeradu.ro/index.php?page=articol&aid=292&cid=132&cid2=146 "100 %" Talk Show on Realitatea TV, Prince Radu's website, April 12, 2004]</ref> prize to the then prime minister [[Adrian Năstase]], leader of the [[Partidul Social Democrat|PSD]] party, on behalf of a periodical. Some monarchists regarded<ref>[http://evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/636756/The-Watchtower-The-king-and-the-jester/ "The King and The Jester," Evenimentul Zilei, December 18, 2003]</ref> Michael's gesture as a break with the traditional political neutrality of the monarchy.
==Personality and personal interests==
Michael has had a reputation for [[taciturnity]]. He once said to his grandmother, "I have learned not to say what I feel, and to smile at those I most hate."
Before getting to know his future wife [[Queen Anne of Romania|Anne of Bourbon-Parme]], Michael had a romantic relationship with, among others,<ref>[[Enver Hoxha]][http://www.marx2mao.com/Other/TT82v.html ''The Titoites'']. The "Naim Frasheri" publishing house, [[Tirana]], [[1982]], page 521: "<<We reached agreement with him about the day of his departure from Rumania,>> continued Dej, <<and we permitted him to take what he wanted of his personal property and some people who served him, including two or three of his mistresses.>>"</ref> a [[Greeks|Greek]] woman, Dodo Chrisolegos, a [[protégé]] of the [[Romanian Communist Party]] leader [[Ana Pauker]].<ref name="Queens">{{ro icon}} [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_des_Cars Guy des Cars]. ''Inimoasele Regine ale României'' (original title in [[French language|French]]: [http://www.amazon.fr/gp/offer-listing/2863914413/ref=dp_olp_3 ''Les Reines de cœur de Roumanie'']), Dorana publishing house, [[Braşov]], [[1995]], ISBN 97396211, page 197</ref> <!-- The pertinent quote in Romanian: "Intrarea acestei femei in guvernul Groza remaniat in 1947 pentru a da altor trei comunisti portofolii ministeriale, era un indiciu sigur ca monarhia nu mai avea mult de trait. Totusi Ana parea sa aiba o anumita simpatie pentru tanarul rege in timpul idilei acestuia cu bogata Dodo Chrisolegos pe care Pauker o cunoscuse in Elvetia. Dar in ziua in care Mihai, intalnind-o la Londra pe Anna de Bourbon, s-a hotarat s-o ia de sotie, simpatia Anei Pauker pentru el s-a intrerupt brusc. Frumoasa grecoaica fiind eliminata, «revolutionara» a estimat ca de acum nu va mai avea nici o influenta asupra deciziilor regelui. Pentru ea, aceasta a fost o mare deziluzie." Translation: "This woman's entry in the Groza government, updated in 1947 to give ministry offices to three other Communists, was a sure cue that the days of the monarchy were numbered. However, Ana seemed to have a certain sympathy for the young king during his love affair with the rich Dodo Chrisolegos, whom Pauker had met in Switzerland. But the day that Michael, having met Anne of Bourbon in London, had decided to marry her, Ana Pauker's sympathy suddenly disappeared. The beautiful Greek having been eliminated, "the revolutionary woman" estimated that henceforth she was not going to have any influence upon the king's decisions." -->
Michael is passionate about cars,<ref>{{ro icon}} Andrei Săvulescu. [http://hem.passagen.se/vlad/rm.gif ''King Michael - Car Driver, Mechanic, Professional Pilot''], [[Humanitas publishing house]], [[Bucharest]], [[1996]]</ref> especially military jeeps.<ref>[http://legacyeditorial.gettyimages.com/source/search/details_pop.aspx?iid=50864710&cdi=0 "King Michael of Rumania driving down steps leading out of Sinaia palace," Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images, April 1, 1946]</ref><ref>[http://legacyeditorial.gettyimages.com/source/search/details_pop.aspx?iid=50864714&cdi=0 "King Michael of Rumania driving down steps leading out of Sinaia palace," Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images, April 1, 1946]</ref> He is also interested in airplanes,<ref>[http://www.cs.kent.edu/~amarcus/Mihai/pictures/matur/mihai_avion.jpg "King Mihai in an airplane"], Site dedicated to HM King Mihai I of Romania, retrieved [[November 26]], [[2006]]</ref> having worked as a commercial flight pilot<ref>[http://legacyeditorial.gettyimages.com/source/search/details_pop.aspx?iid=50344523&cdi=0 "Ex-King Michael, in Switzerland where he works for an American aircraft company"], Time Life Pictures/Getty Images, [[January 1]], [[1957]]</ref> during his exile.
On [[May 10]] [[2007]], King Michael received the [[Prague Society for International Cooperation]] and [[Global Panel]]'s 6th Annual [[Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award]], previously awarded to [[Vladimir Ashkenazy]], [[Madeleine Albright]], [[Václav Havel]], [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|Lord Robertson]], and [[Miloš Forman]].<ref>[http://globalpanel.org/english/charity/HRE_infopage.html "Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award"], [http://www.globalpanel.org]</ref> On [[April 8]], [[2008]], King Michael was inducted as honorary member of the [[Romanian Academy]].<ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.familiaregala.ro/?id2=02020214&lng= Communique], [http://www.familiaregala.ro/ The Royal Family website], April 8, 2008</ref><ref>{{ro icon}} [http://www.antena3.ro/Patriarhul-Daniel-si-Regele-Mihai-au-devenit-membri-ai-Academiei-Romane_clt_43452_ext.html Patriarch Daniel and King Michael have become members of the Romanian Academy], [[Antena 3 (Romania)|Antena 3]], December 19, 2007</ref>
==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Michael I of Romania'''
|2= 2. [[Carol II of Romania]]
|3= 3. [[Helen of Greece and Denmark]]
|4= 4. [[Ferdinand I of Romania]]
|5= 5. [[Marie of Edinburgh]]
|6= 6. [[Constantine I of Greece]]
|7= 7. [[Sophia of Prussia]]
|8= 8. [[Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern]]
|9= 9. [[Infanta Antónia of Portugal]]
|10= 10. [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|11= 11. [[Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia]]
|12= 12. [[George I of Greece]]
|13= 13. [[Olga Constantinovna of Russia]]
|14= 14. [[Frederick III, German Emperor]]
|15= 15. [[Victoria, Princess Royal]]
|16= 16. [[Charles Anthony, Prince of Hohenzollern]]
|17= 17. [[Princess Josephine of Baden]]
|18= 18. [[Ferdinand II of Portugal]]
|19= 19. [[Maria II of Portugal]]
|20= 20. [[Albert, Prince Consort]]
|21= 21. [[Victoria of the United Kingdom]]
|22= 22. [[Alexander II of Russia]]
|23= 23. [[Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)|Marie of Hesse]]
|24= 24. [[Christian IX of Denmark]]
|25= 25. [[Louise of Hesse-Kassel]]
|26= 26. [[Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich of Russia]]
|27= 27. [[Alexandra Iosifovna of Altenburg|Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg]]
|28= 28. [[William I, German Emperor]]
|29= 29. [[Augusta of Saxe-Weimar]]
|30= 30. [[Albert, Prince Consort]] (= 20)
|31= 31. [[Victoria of the United Kingdom]] (= 21)
}}</center>
{{ahnentafel bottom}}
==See also==
*[[Kings of Romania]]
*[[Communist Romania]]
*[[Line of succession to the Romanian throne]]
==External links==
*[http://www.familiaregala.ro The official website of The Romanian Royal Family]
*[http://www.cs.kent.edu/~amarcus/Mihai/ Semi-official Michael of Romania website]
*[http://www.princeradu.ro/index.php?page=info&cid=120 Royal Family events], Official website of [[Radu Duda, Prince of Hohenzollern-Veringen]]
*[http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101270801,00.html "Bonny King Michael"] (Michael at age 5), on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', [[August 1]], [[1927]]
*[http://www.peterkurth.com/MICHAEL%20OF%20ROMANIA.htm "Michael of Romania"], interview with Peter Kurth, 1990
*[http://www.praguepost.com/P03/2005/Art/0512/news3.php "King of Romania recalls sacrifices"], ''[[The Prague Post]]'', May 2005
*[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199706/ai_n8774484 "We reigned in darkness"], ''[[The Spectator]]'', [[June 14]], [[1997]]
*[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/5/38D4D252-BE7E-4943-A6A9-4E3C1B32A05F.html "World War II -- 60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides"], [[Radio Free Europe]], [[May 6]], [[2005]]
*[http://www.princeradu.ro/index.php?page=articol&aid=1078&cid=132&cid2=144 "The King’s Revenge]", ''[[Evenimentul Zilei]]'', [[April 20]], [[2006]]
*[http://evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/636756/The-Watchtower-The-king-and-the-jester/ "The King and The Jester"], Evenimentul Zilei, [[December 18]], [[2003]]
*[[Oliver North]], [http://washingtontimes.com/commentary/20060416-103033-4292r.htm "A Lesson in Leadership"], ''[[The Washington Times]], [[April 17]], [[2006]]
*{{ro icon}} Costel Oprea, [http://www.romanialibera.ro/a93510/regele-mihai-retrocedare-de-un-miliard-de-euro.html "Regele Mihai, retrocedare de un miliard de euro"], ''[[România Liberă]]'', [[April 27]], [[2007]]
*{{ro icon}} Costel Oprea, [http://www.romanialibera.ro/a92647/harta-marilor-retrocedari-ii.html "Harta marilor retrocedări (II)"], ''România Liberă'', [[April 18]], [[2007]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{start}}
{{s-hou|[[Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen|House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]]|October 25|1921|||[[House of Hohenzollern]]}}
|-
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ferdinand I of Romania|Ferdinand I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of the Romanians]]|years=[[July 20]], [[1927]] – [[June 8]], [[1930]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of the Romanians]]|years=[[September 6]], [[1940]] – [[December 30]], [[1947]]}}
{{s-non|reason=Monarchy abolished|reason2=[[Communist Romania|Communist take-over]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Ferdinand I of Romania|Ferdinand I]]|as=[[King of the Romanians]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Head of State of Romania|years=[[July 20]], [[1927]] – [[June 8]], [[1930]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]]|as=[[King of the Romanians]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]]|as=[[King of the Romanians]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Head of State of Romania|years=[[September 6]], [[1940]] – [[December 30]], [[1947]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Constantin Ion Parhon]]|as=President of the Provisional Presidium of the [[Communist Romania|Socialist Republic of Romania]]}}
|-
{{s-pre}}
|-
{{s-new|loss}}
{{s-tul|title=[[King of the Romanians]]|years=[[December 30]], [[1947]] – present}}
{{s-inc|heir=[[Frederick William, Prince of Hohenzollern]] or <br>[[Princess Margarita of Romania]]</br><small>(see "[[Line of succession to the Romanian throne]]")}}
{{end}}
{{Heads of State of Romania}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Michael 1 of Romania}}
[[Category:Romanian monarchs]]
[[Category:Romanian people of World War II]]
[[Category:House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Order of Michael the Brave recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Victory]]
[[Category:Romanian Orthodox Christians]]
[[Category:Romanian senators]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pretenders to the Romanian throne]]
[[Category:Romanian princes]]
[[Category:Orthodox monarchs]]
[[Category:Modern child rulers]]
[[Category:Rulers deposed as children]]
[[Category:Kings of Romania]]
[[bg:Михай I (Румъния)]]
[[ca:Miquel I de Romania]]
[[da:Mihai 1. af Rumænien]]
[[de:Michael I. (Rumänien)]]
[[et:Mihai I]]
[[es:Miguel I de Rumania]]
[[fr:Michel Ier de Roumanie]]
[[ko:루마니아의 미하이 1세]]
[[it:Michele I di Romania]]
[[he:מיכאי הראשון, מלך רומניה]]
[[la:Michael (rex Romaniae)]]
[[nl:Michaël I van Roemenië]]
[[ja:ミハイ1世 (ルーマニア王)]]
[[pl:Michał I Rumuński]]
[[pt:Miguel I da Romênia]]
[[ro:Mihai al României]]
[[ru:Михай I]]
[[fi:Mikael I (Romania)]]
[[sv:Mikael I av Rumänien]]