Microalbuminuria 2691288 222564755 2008-06-30T00:49:59Z Adifferentgame 5853134 {{SignSymptom infobox | Name = {{PAGENAME}} | Image = | Caption = | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = {{ICD9|791.0}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 003591 | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = | }} '''Microalbuminuria''' occurs when the kidney leaks small amounts of [[human serum albumin|albumin]] into the urine. In other words, when there is an abnormally high [[permselectivity]] for albumin in the [[renal glomerulus]]. ==Diagnosis== The level of albumin [[protein]] produced by microalbuminuria cannot be detected by urine [[dipstick]] methods. A microalbumin urine test determines the presence of the albumin in urine. In a properly functioning body, albumin is not normally present in urine because it is filtered from the bloodstream by the kidneys. Microalbuminuria is diagnosed either from a 24-hour urine collection (20 to 200 µg/min) or, more commonly, from elevated concentrations (30 to 300mg/L) on at least two occasions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteor.aihw.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/270336 |title=Person—microalbumin level (measured), total micrograms per minute N[NNN].N |accessdate=2007-07-05 |format= |work=}}</ref>. An albumin level above these values is called "macroalbuminuria", or sometimes just [[albuminuria]]. To compensate for variations in urine concentration in spot-check samples, it is more typical in the [[United Kingdom]] to compare the amount of albumin in the sample against its concentration of [[creatinine]]. This is termed the '''albumin/creatinine ratio''' ('''ACR''') and microalbuminuria is defined as ACR ≥2.5 mg/mmol (male) or ≥3.5 mg/mmol(female).<ref>{{cite web |title=Proteinuria |date=Dec 15, 2005 |url=http://www.renal.org/eGFR/proteinuria.html |publisher= UK Renal Association}}</ref> ==Significance== * an indicator of subclinical cardiovascular disease * marker of vascular [[endothelial dysfunction]] * an important prognostic marker for kidney disease ** in [[diabetes mellitus]] ** in [[hypertension]] * increasing microalbuminuria during the first 48 hours after admission to an [[intensive care unit]] predicts elevated risk for acute [[respiratory failure]] , [[multiple organ failure]] , and overall mortality ==See also== * [[albuminuria]] ==References== * {{cite journal |author=Abid O, Sun Q, Sugimoto K, Mercan D, Vincent JL |title=Predictive value of microalbuminuria in medical ICU patients: results of a pilot study |journal=Chest |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=1984–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11742932 |doi=}} * {{cite journal |author=Andersen S, Blouch K, Bialek J, Deckert M, Parving HH, Myers BD |title=Glomerular permselectivity in early stages of overt diabetic nephropathy |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=2129–37 |year=2000 |pmid=11044234 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1755.2000.00386.x}} * {{cite journal |author=Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators |title=Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. |journal=Lancet |volume=355 |issue=9200 |pages=253–9 |year=2000 |pmid=10675071 |doi=}} * {{cite journal |author=Lemley KV, Abdullah I, Myers BD, ''et al'' |title=Evolution of incipient nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=1228–37 |year=2000 |pmid=10972685 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00223.x}} * {{cite journal |author=Lièvre M, Marre M, Chatellier G, ''et al'' |title=The non-insulin-dependent diabetes, hypertension, microalbuminuria or proteinuria, cardiovascular events, and ramipril (DIABHYCAR) study: design, organization, and patient recruitment. DIABHYCAR Study Group |journal=Controlled clinical trials |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=383–96 |year=2000 |pmid=10913814 |doi=}} * {{cite journal |author=Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P |title=The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=345 |issue=12 |pages=870–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11565519 |doi=}} ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.pace-med-apps.com/uAlbCalc.htm Online Microalbumin Urine Calculator] {{Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings}} [[Category:Nephrology]] [[de:Mikroalbuminurie]] [[es:Microalbuminuria]] [[pl:Mikroalbuminuria]]