Milan
36511
226014681
2008-07-16T13:18:56Z
213.140.22.15
/* External links */
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = {{lang|it|Comune di Milano}}
|established_title = [[Insubres|Insubric]] settlement
|established_date = c. 600 BC
|established_title2 = [[Roman Republic|Roman]] foundation
|established_date2 = 222 BC
|nickname =
|motto =
|website = [http://www.comune.milano.it www.comune.milano.it]
|image_skyline = MailaenderDom.jpg
|image_caption = The [[Milan Cathedral]]
|image_flag = Flag of Milan.svg
|image_shield = Milano-Stemma.png
|image_map = LOM-Mappa.png
|map_caption = Location of the city of Milan
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]]
|subdivision_name = [[Italy]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Lombardy]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Italy|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Lombardy]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Italy|Province]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Province of Milan]]
|leader_title = [[Mayor of Milan|Mayor]]
|leader_name = [[Letizia Moratti]]
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_total_km2 = 182
|population_footnotes = <ref>http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2006/index.html- [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]] demographics</ref>
|population_as_of = December 2006
|population_total = 1,303,437 ([[Largest 100 Cities of Italy by Population| 2<sup>nd</sup>]])
|population_metro = 7.4 million
|area_urban_km2 = 1982
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|population_density_km2 = 7159
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title = [[Demonym|Called]]
|population_blank1 = Milanesi or Meneghini
|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset = +1
|timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|latd=45 |latm=28 |lats = |latNS=N |longd=09 |longm=10 |longs= |longEW=E
|elevation_m = +120
|elevation_ft = 394
|postal_code_type = Postal codes
|postal_code = 20100, 20121-20162
|area_code = 02
|blank_name = [[Patron saint]]s
|blank_info = [[Ambrose]] ([[7 December]])
|footnotes =
}}
'''Milan''' ({{lang-it|Milano}}; {{lang-lmo|Milan}} [[Media:Milan.ogg|(listen)]]) is one of the largest cities in [[Italy]], located in the plains of [[Lombardy]].
The municipality ({{lang|it|''Comune di Milano'')}} has a population of 1.3 million. The [[Milan metropolitan area]], depending on the specific definition, has a population ranging from 2.9 to 7.4 million. The municipal border covers a relatively small area (about one-eighth of that of [[Rome]]) because of the historical development of high density centres in agriculturally rich [[Lombardy]].
Milan is renowned as one of the world capitals of [[design]] and [[fashion]].<ref>http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1264/is_4_34/ai_106388962</ref> The [[English language|English]] word ''[[milliner]]'' is derived from the name of the city. The Lombard metropolis is famous for its [[fashion]] houses and shops (such as along [[via Montenapoleone]]) and the [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele]] in the Piazza Duomo (reputed to be the world's oldest shopping mall).
The city hosted the World Exposition in 1906 and will host the [[Expo (exhibition)|Universal Expo]] in [[Expo 2015|2015]].
Inhabitants of Milan are referred to as "Milanese" (Italian: {{lang|it|''Milanesi''}} or informally {{lang|it|''Meneghini''}} or {{lang|it|''Ambrosiani''}}).
The [[Olona]] river, the Lambro river and the [[Seveso]] creek run through Milan. Olona and Seveso run mostly underground.
==History==
===Etymology===
The [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] name for the settlement of the [[Insubres]] is not attested, but in the Roman name ''[[Mediolanum]]'' the name element ''-lanum'' is the Celtic equivalent of ''-planum'' "plain'", thus Mediolanum: "in the midst of the plain", due to its location in a plain close to the confluence of two small rivers, the Olona and the Seveso. The origin of the name and of a [[boar]] as a symbol of the city are fancifully accounted for in [[Andrea Alciato]]'s ''Emblemata'' (1584), beneath a woodcut of the first raising of the city walls, where a boar is seen lifted from the excavation, and the etymology of ''Mediolanum'' given as "half-wool",<ref>''medius'' + ''lanum''; Alciato's "etymology" is intentionally far-fetched.</ref> explained in Latin and in French. The foundation of Milan is credited to two Celtic peoples, the [[Bituriges]] and the [[Aedui]], having as their [[emblem]]s a ram and a boar;<ref>''Bituricis vervex, Heduis dat sucula signum.''</ref> therefore "The city’s symbol is a wool-bearing boar, an animal of double form, here with sharp bristles, there with sleek wool."<ref>''Laniger huic signum sus est, animálque biforme, Acribus hinc setis, lanitio inde levi.''</ref> Alciato credits the most saintly and learned [[Ambrose]] for his account.<ref>[http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/emblem.php?id=FALc002 Alciato, ''Emblemata'', Emblema II]</ref>
The German name for the city is ''Mailand'', while in the local [[Western Lombard]] dialect, the city's name is Milán, similar to the French.
[[Image:Milano - Mappa della città nel 1621.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Milan in [[1621]].]]
[[Image:Milano inizio secolo.jpg|thumb|right|200px|View of Milan in early 1900s.]]
[[Image:Milano-castello sforzesco.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Castello Sforzesco]], sign of the power of the [[House of Sforza]].]]
[[Image:Galleria Vittorio Emanuele.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]].]]
===Roman times===
{{main|Mediolanum}}
Around [[400 BC]], the Celtic [[Insubres]] inhabited Milan and the surrounding region. In [[222 BC]], the Romans conquered this settlement, which received the name [[Mediolanum]].
After several centuries of Roman control, Milan was declared the capital of the [[Western Roman Empire]] by Emperor [[Diocletian]] in [[293]] AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire (capital [[Nicomedia]]) and his colleague Maximianus the Western one. Immediately Maximinian built several gigantic monuments, like a large circus (470 x 85 meters), the Thermae Erculee, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other services and buildings.
<br>In the [[Edict of Milan]] of [[313]], Emperor [[Constantine I]] guaranteed freedom of religion for [[Christian]]s. The city was besieged by the [[Visigoths]] in [[402]], and the imperial residence was moved to [[Ravenna]]. Fifty years later (in [[452]]), the [[Huns]] overran the city. In [[539]], the [[Ostrogoths]] conquered and destroyed Milan in the course of the so-called [[Gothic War (535–552)|Gothic War]] against [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Emperor [[Justinian I]]. In the summer of [[569]], the [[Longobards]] (from which the name of the Italian region [[Lombardy]] derives) conquered Milan, overpowering the small [[Byzantine]] army left for its defence. Milan surrendered to the [[Franks]] in [[774]] when [[Charlemagne]], in an utterly novel decision, took the title "King of the Lombards" as well (before then the Germanic kingdoms had frequently conquered each other, but none had adopted the title of King of another people). Subsequently Milan was part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
===Middle Ages===
During the Middle Ages, Milan prospered as a center of trade due to its command of the rich plain of the Po and routes from Italy across the Alps. The war of conquest by [[Frederick I Barbarossa]] against the Lombard cities brought the destruction of much of Milan in [[1162]]. After the founding of the [[Lombard League]] in [[1167]], Milan took the leading role in this alliance. As a result of the independence that the Lombard cities gained in the [[Peace of Constance]] in [[1183]], Milan became a duchy. In 1208 [[Rambertino Buvalelli]] served a term as [[podestà]] of the city, in 1242 [[Luca Grimaldi]], and in 1282 [[Luchetto Gattilusio]]. In [[1395]], [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]] became duke of Milan. In 1447 [[Filippo Maria Visconti]], [[Duke of Milan]], died without a male heir; following the end of the Visconti line, the [[Ambrosian Republic]] was enacted. However, the Republic collapsed when in [[1450]], Milan was conquered by [[Francesco Sforza]], of the [[House of Sforza]], which made Milan one of the leading cities of the Italian [[Renaissance]].
===Periods of Spanish, French and Austrian domination===
The French king [[Louis XII]] first laid claim to the duchy in [[1492]]. At that time, Milan was defended by Swiss mercenaries. After the victory of Louis’s successor Francis I over the Swiss at the [[Battle of Marignano]], the duchy was promised to the French king [[Francis I of France|Francis I]]. When the Habsburg [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] defeated Francis I at the [[Battle of Pavia]] in [[1525]], northern Italy, including Milan, passed to the House of [[Habsburg]]. In [[1556]], Charles V abdicated in favour of his son [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] and his brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]]. Charles’s Italian possessions, including Milan, passed to Philip II and the Spanish line of Habsburgs, while Ferdinand’s Austrian line of Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire.
However, in [[1700]] the Spanish line of Habsburgs was extinguished with the death of [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]]. After his death, the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] began in [[1701]] with the occupation of all Spanish possessions by French troops backing the claim of the French [[Philip V of Spain|Philippe of Anjou]] to the Spanish throne. In [[1706]], the French were defeated in [[Battle of Ramillies|Ramillies]] and [[Battle of Turin|Turin]] and were forced to yield northern Italy to the Austrian Habsburgs. In [[1713]], the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] formally confirmed Austrian sovereignty over most of Spain’s Italian possessions including [[Lombardy]] and its capital, Milan.
===19th Century===
[[Napoleon]] conquered Lombardy in [[1796]], and Milan was declared capital of the [[Cisalpine Republic]]. Later, he declared Milan capital of the ''Reign of Italy'' and was crowned in the Duomo. Once Napoleon’s occupation ended, the [[Congress of Vienna]] returned Lombardy, and Milan, along with the [[Veneto]], to Austrian control in 1815.
During this period, Milan became a centre of lyric [[opera]]. Here [[Mozart]] wrote three operas, and in a few years [[La Scala]] became the reference theatre in the world, with its premieres of [[Bellini]], [[Donizetti]], [[Rossini]] and Verdi. [[Verdi]] himself is now tumulated in a precious Institute, the "Casa di Riposo per Musicisti", the Verdi's present to Milan. In the 19th century other important theatres were ''La Cannobiana'' and the ''Teatro Carcano''.
On [[March 18]], [[1848]], the Milanese rebelled against Austrian rule, during the so-called "[[Five Days of Milan|Five Days]]" (It. Cinque Giornate), and Field Marshall [[Joseph Radetzky von Radetz|Radetzky]] was forced to withdraw from the city temporarily. However, after defeating Italian forces at [[Battle of Custoza (1848)|Custoza]] on [[July 24]], Radetzky was able to reassert Austrian control over Milan and northern Italy. However, Italian nationalists, championed by the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]], called for the removal of Austria in the interest of [[Italian unification]]. Sardinia and France formed an alliance and defeated Austria at the [[Battle of Solferino]] in 1859. Following this battle, Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into the Kingdom of Sardinia, which soon gained control of most of Italy and in 1861 was rechristened as the [[Kingdom of Italy]].
The [[Italian unification|political unification of Italy]] cemented Milan’s commercial dominance over northern Italy. It also led to a flurry of railway construction that made Milan the rail hub of northern Italy. Rapid industrialization put Milan at the centre of Italy’s leading industrial region, though in the 1890s Milan was shaken by the [[Bava-Beccaris massacre]], a riot related to an high inflation rate. Meanwhile, as Milanese banks dominated Italy’s financial sphere, the city became the country’s leading financial centre. Milan’s economic growth brought a rapid expansion in the city’s area and population during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
===20th Century===
In 1919, [[Benito Mussolini]] organized the [[Blackshirts]], who formed the core of [[Italian fascism|Italy’s Fascist movement]], in Milan. In 1922, Mussolini started his [[March on Rome]] from Milan.
During [[World War II]], Milan suffered severe damage from British and American bombing, Even though [[Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces|Italy quit the war]] in 1943, the Germans occupied most of northern Italy until [[1945]]. Some of the worst [[Allied]] bombing of Milan was in 1944. Much of the bombing focused around [[Stazione Centrale|Milan's main train station]].
In 1943, anti-German resistance in occupied Italy increased and there were explosions in Milan.
As the war came to an end, the American [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]] advanced on Milan as part of the [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|Po Valley Campaign]]. But even before they arrived, members of the [[Italian resistance movement]] rose up in open revolt in Milan and liberated the city. Nearby, Mussolini and several members of his [[Italian Social Republic]] (''Repubblica Sociale Italiana'', or RSI) were captured by the resistance at [[Dongo, Italy|Dongo]] and executed. On [[29 April]] [[1945]], the bodies of the Fascists were taken to Milan and hung unceremoniously upside-down at ''Piazzale loreto'' a public square.
After the war the city was the [[Milan (camp)|site of a refugee camp]] for Jews fleeing from Austria.
During the 1950s and 1960s, thousands of Italians, particularly from [[Southern Italy]], moved to Milan to seek jobs within the city’s rapidly expanding economy and the population peaked at 1,723,000 in 1971. From the 1980s Milan become to host many immigrants from other countries of third world. In the same years began the quick and great extension of Chinatown, a district established in the 20s by a group of chinese people from Zejiang. Today is one of the most picturesque district in the city. Much of Milan's population however was lost during the 1970s and 1980s to the belt of new suburbs and small cities surrounding Milan. Nonetheless, Milan’s population seems to have stabilized, and there has been a slight increase in the population of the city since 2001.
==Municipal Administration==
[[Image:Quartieri.png|thumb|right|250px|The nine boroughs of Milan.]]
===Politics===
{{see also|Mayors of Milan}}
*Name of the Mayor: [[Letizia Moratti|Letizia Brichetto Arnaboldi in Moratti]]
*Date of election: [[May 30]], [[2006]]
*Party: [[Forza Italia]] - [[Popolo delle Libertà]]
Of nine boroughs into which Milan is divided, eight are governed by centre-right coalition (1-8) and one by centre-left coalition (9).
===Administrative Subdivision===
The city of Milan is subdivided into 9 administrative zones, called ''Zonas''. In 1999 the administration decided to reduce the number of these zones from 21 to 9.
The ''Zona 1'' is in the historic centre, the others eight zones form the borders of the first to the suburbs<ref>[http://www.comune.milano.it/dseserver/WebCity/Documenti.nsf/a05ac22aa8296639012567b6005b1193/24ebbbc42dccc2a0c1256d570040abac?OpenDocument web site of Milan]</ref>.
The following table reports the datas for every ''Zona''; the total population is higher than the official city population because it includes foreign born immigrants with permits in its count.
<table width="100%" class="prettytable" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 .5em .5em 0; margin-top:.5em;
margin-bottom:.5em; border:1px solid #CCC; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; font-family: Arial, Frutiger 45 Light, Helvetica,
Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, TITUS Cyberit Basic, Code2000, MV Boli, @MS Mincho;">
<tr bgcolor="#DCDCDC">
<td width="06%"></td>
<td width="13%">Zona</td>
<td width="08%">Area<br />
(km²)</td>
<td width="08%">Population<br />
(31 December 2006)</td>
<td width="08%">Density<br />
(inhab/km²)</td>
<td width="57%">Subdivisions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>''[[Zona 1 of Milano|Zona 1]]''</td>
<td>Centro Storico</td>
<td>9.67</td>
<td>107,087</td>
<td>11,074</td>
<td>Centro Storico, Piazza Duomo, Quartieri di Porta Magenta, Porta Tenaglia, Porta Sempione o Arco della Pace, Chinatown, Giardini Pubblici, Repubblica, Crocetta, Guastalla, Il Ticinese, Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio, Papiniano/San Vittore, Parco delle Basiliche, Carrobbio</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>''[[Zona 2 of Milano|Zona 2]]''</td>
<td>Stazione Centrale, Gorla, Turro, Precotto, Greco, Crescenzago</td>
<td>12.58</td>
<td>163,932</td>
<td>13,031</td>
<td>Porta Nuova, Centrale, Ponte Seveso, Loreto, Maggiolina, Villaggio dei Giornalisti, Greco, Gorla, Turro, Precotto, Padova, Crescenzago, Adriano, Breda, Cassina di Pomm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>''[[Zona 3 of Milano|Zona 3]]''</td>
<td>Porta Venezia, Città Studi, Lambrate</td>
<td>14.23</td>
<td>153,470</td>
<td>10,785</td>
<td> Porta Venezia, Porta Monforte, Città Studi, Lambrate, Parco Lambro, Ortica, Feltre, Casoretto, Corelli, Rottole, Cimiano, Carnia, Naviglio Martesana</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>''[[Zona 4 of Milano|Zona 4]]''</td>
<td>Porta Vittoria, Porta Romana, Forlanini, Monlué, Rogoredo</td>
<td>20.95</td>
<td>169,051</td>
<td>8,069</td>
<td> Porta Vittoria, Porta Romana, Libia, Cavriano, Calvairate, Monluè, Taliedo, La Trecca, Porto, Gamboloita, Nosedo, Corvetto, Rogoredo, Santa Giulia, Morsenchio, Forlanini, Omero, Mazzini, San Luigi, Ponte Lambro</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>''[[Zona 5 of Milano|Zona 5]]''</td>
<td>Porta Ticinese, Porta Lodovica, Vigentino, Chiaravalle, Gratosoglio</td>
<td>29.87</td>
<td>134,016</td>
<td>4,487</td>
<td> Porta Ticinese, Porta Lodovica, Vigentino, Chiaravalle, Gratosoglio, Porta Vigentina, Conchetta, Ravizza, Ohm, Ripamonti, Vigentino, Ortles, Quaranta, Morivione, Spaventa, Stadera, Torretta, Meda, Conca Fallata, Vaiano Valle, Selvanesco, Casenuove, Macconago, Quintosole, Ronchetto delle Rane, Chiesa Rossa, Ferrari, Naviglio Pavese, Vettabbia, San Gottardo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>''[[Zona 6 of Milano|Zona 6]]''</td>
<td>Barona, Giambellino, Lorenteggio, Porta Genova</td>
<td>18.28</td>
<td>164,487</td>
<td>8,998</td>
<td> Porta Genova, Darsena, Magolfa, Solari, San Cristoforo, Moncucco, Lorenteggio, Dazio del Lorenteggio, Molinetto di Lorenteggio, Giambellino, Restocco Maroni, Ronchetto sul Naviglio, Boffalora, Cascina Bianca, Cascina Cantalupa, Sant'Ambrogio, Bisceglie, Inganni, Frattini, Naviglio Grande, Barona, Santa Rita, Legioni Romane, Foppa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>''[[Zona 7 of Milano|Zona 7]]''</td>
<td>Porta Vercellina, Baggio, San Siro, Forze Armate</td>
<td>31.34</td>
<td>190,969</td>
<td>6,093</td>
<td> Porta Vercellina, Baggio, San Siro, Forze Armate, S.Siro, Porta Vercellina, Aquileia, Piemonte, Washington, Marghera, Brescia, Siena, Saint Bon, San Carlo, Valsesia, Quinto Romano, Quarto Cagnino, Selinunte, Figino, Assiano, Muggiano, Novara, Marx, Bellaria, Ippodromi </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>''[[Zona 8 of Milano|Zona 8]]''</td>
<td>Porta Volta, Fiera, Gallaratese, Quarto Oggiaro</td>
<td>23.72</td>
<td>197,484</td>
<td>8,326</td>
<td>Porta Volta, Fiera, Gallaratese, (Gallaratese I° e Gallaratese II°), Quarto Oggiaro, Sempione, Bullona, Monumentale, Porta Comasina, Cenisio, Paolo Sarpi, Ghisolfa, Cagnola, Il Portello, Monte Stella, Boldinasco, Q.T.8, Bonola, Ghisallo, Trenno, Lampugnano, San Leonardo, Accursio, Musocco, Porta Volta, Villapizzone, Garegnano, Vialba, Certosa, Quarto Oggiaro, Belgioioso </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>''[[Zona 9 of Milano|Zona 9]]''</td>
<td>Affori, Porta Nuova, Niguarda, Bovisa, Fulvio Testi</td>
<td>21.12</td>
<td>194,386</td>
<td>9,204</td>
<td> Affori, Porta Nuova, Niguarda, Bovisa, Fulvio Testi, Centro Direzionale, Gioia, Isola, Zara, Lancetti/Dogana, Farini, Bovisasca, Dergano, Derganino, Montalbino, Prato Centenaro, Cà Granda, Comasina, Segnano, Bicocca, Sarca, Fermi, Astesani, Maciachini, Bruzzano, Parco Nord, Seveso </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><small>Total City</small></td>
<td>181,76</td>
<td>1,483,882</td>
<td>8,164</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
==Climate==
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]] Milan is typically classified as having a [[Humid subtropical climate]] (Cfa). In contrast to most of Italy, which is famous for a comfortable [[Mediterranean climate]], Milan's winters are typically damp and cold, while summers are warm and quite muggy at times. Average temperatures are -3/+6°C in January and +15/+28°C in July. Snowfalls are relatively common in winter, even if in the last 15-20 years they have decreased in frequency and amount. The historic average of Milan's area is between 35 and 45 cm (16"/18"); single snowfalls over 30-50 cm in 1-3 days happen periodically, with a record of 80-100 cm during the famous snowfall of January 1985. Humidity is quite high during the whole year and annual precipitation averages about 1000 mm (40 in). In the stereotypical image, the city is often shrouded in the fog characteristic of the Po Basin, although the removal of rice fields from the southern neighbourhoods, urban heating effect and the reduction of pollution levels have reduced this phenomenon in recent years, at least in the downtown.
{{Milan weatherbox}}
[[Image:Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - The Last Supper (1495-1498).jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Leonardo Da Vinci]]'s [[The Last Supper (Leonardo)|''Last Supper'']], in the church of [[Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)|Santa Maria delle Grazie]], Milan.]]
[[Image:Milano Duomo 1.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The [[Milan Cathedral]] from the opposite square]]
[[Image:Santa Maria delle Grazie Milano.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)|Santa Maria delle Grazie]], created by [[Bramante]].]]
[[Image:PiazzadelDuomoMilan.jpg|thumb|220px|Piazza del Duomo.]]
[[Image:FieraMilano.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Inside view of the [[FieraMilano]] exhibition centre]]
[[Image:Pirelli Tower.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The [[Pirelli Tower]], symbol of the post-war economic boom]]
[[Image:IMG 4468 - Milano - La Borsa - Dettaglio - Foto di Giovanni Dall'Orto - 20 jan 2007.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Borsa Italiana]], based in Milan, is Italy's main [[stock exchange]].|220px]]
[[Image:Milan IDC project.jpg|thumb|right|Milan, the Sempione Axis with the 1991 IDC project.|220px]]
[[Image:Milano, ca' granada 01.JPG|thumb|right|220px|State University of Milan.]]
[[Image:bicocca.jpg|right|thumb|220px|State University of Milan-Bicocca.]]
[[Image:Milano brera cortile.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Brera Academy.]]
[[Image:Sdabocconi.jpg|thumb|220px|Bocconi University.]]
==Main sights==
:''See also: [[:category:buildings and structures in Milan|Buildings and structures in Milan]]
Milan is one of the major artistic centres of northern Italy. Its chief landmarks include:
*[[Duomo di Milano|The Duomo]], the world's largest collection of marble statues with the widely visible golden Madonna statue on top of the spire, la ''Madunina'' (little Madonna), the symbol of Milan.
* [[Teatro alla Scala]]. Milan is also one of the most important centres in the world for ''[[Opera]] lirica'', with his famous ''Teatro alla Scala'' ([[La Scala, theatre|La Scala]]).
*The [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]], a large, covered arcade linking the Duomo's piazza with the Teatro alla Scala.
*The [[Castello Sforzesco]]
*The [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]]
*The Palaeo-Christian [[Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan|Basilica of San Lorenzo]]
*The [[Biblioteca Ambrosiana]], containing drawings and notebooks by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] among its vast holdings of books, manuscripts, and drawings, and is one of the main repositories of European culture. The city is also the home of the [[Pinacoteca Brera|Brera Academy of Fine Arts]].
*The church of [[Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)|Santa Maria delle Grazie]], which houses one of the most famous paintings of [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[The Last Supper (Leonardo)|''The Last Supper'']] (''L'ultima cena'' or ''Il cenacolo'').
*The church of [[Santa Maria presso San Satiro]], with a famous [[trompe l'oeil]] traditionally ascribed to [[Bramante]]
*The [[Cimitero Monumentale di Milano]].
*The [[Pinacoteca di Brera]], [[Pinacoteca Ambrosiana]], [[Museo Poldi Pezzoli|Poldi Pezzoli]], the [[Bagatti Valsecchi Museum]] and the Musei del Castello galleries, which host a great number of pictorial masterpieces.
==Demographics==
The city proper (''Comune di Milano'') has a population of 1,303,437 inhabitants (2006). Between 1991 to 2001, the city proper has lost 113,084 inhabitants (8.3 percent), mostly due to suburban sprawl and expulsion of population from the inner city centre, which is now almost fully dedicated to offices and commerce. The population of the [[urban area]], that coincides with the [[Province of Milan]], is estimated as of 2006 to be 3,884,481 [http://demo.istat.it/bil2006/index.html]. Finally, the official population of the Milan [[Metropolitan area]] counts over 7.4 million residents, the largest in Italy [http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/0406041E.PDF].
As of 2006, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 292,204 foreign-born immigrants live in Milan Urban Area, equal to 7.6% of total population.
==Economy==
Milan is one of the major financial and business centres of the world. The city is the seat of the Italian Stock Exchange (the [[Borsa Italiana]]) "Piazza Affari" and its [[hinterland]] is an ''avant-garde'' industrial area. Milan was included in a list of ten "[[global city|Alpha world cities]]" by Peter J. Taylor and Robert E. Lang of the [[Brookings Institution]] in the economic report "U.S. Cities in the 'World City Network'" ([http://www.brookings.edu/metro/pubs/20050222_worldcities.htm Key Findings], {{PDFlink|[http://www.brookings.edu/dybdocroot/metro/pubs/20050222_worldcities.pdf Full Report]|940 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 963375 bytes -->}}).
Milan is also well-known as the seat of the [[Alfa Romeo]] motorcar company, for its [[silk]] production, and as one of the world's capitals for [[Fashion design#Italian fashion design|fashion]] and a world leader for design.
Milan also provides directional functions for the whole of Lombardy, as its industrial base has been externalized throughout the region in the 1960s-70s.
[[FieraMilano]], the city's Exhibition Centre and Trade Fair complex, is notable. The original fairground, known as "''FieraMilanoCity''", is slated for redevelopment. The new fairground, in the north-western suburb of [[Rho (Italy)|Rho]], opened in April 2005, making the Fiera Milano the largest trade fair complex in the world.
===Milan of the future===
At present, Milan is experiencing a significant architectural and urban design renaissance. Many new construction projects are under way with the aim of rehabilitating disused, peripheral industrial areas, including entire quarters. Examples of these projects include: the addition to the [[Teatro alla Scala]]; the [[CityLife (Milan)|CityLife]] project in the old "fiera" site; the new quarter Santa Giulia; and the Porta Nuova project in the Garibaldi-Repubblica zone. Famous architects are involved in the construction of this "new" Milan, such as [[Renzo Piano]], [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster]], [[Zaha Hadid]], [[Massimiliano Fuksas]] and [[Daniel Libeskind]]. These major works will give Milan a new skyline no longer dominated by the [[Duomo di Milano|Duomo]] and the [[Pirelli Tower]].
This urban rebirth will continue due to the selection of Milan to host [[Expo 2015]].
==Education==
Milan is home to numerous universities and other institutions of higher learning:
====Science and medical====
* [[Vita-Salute San Raffaele University]]
* [[Tethys Research Institute]]
====Architecture and engineering====
*[[Politecnico di Milano]]
====Business, economic and social====
*[[Bocconi University]]
*[[SDA Bocconi|Scuola Superiore di Direzione Aziendale – Bocconi]]
====Language, art and music====
*[[La Scala|Accademia d’Arti e Mestieri dello Spettacolo alla Scala]]
*[[Brera Academy]] Academy of Fine Arts of Brera
*[[IULM University|Università I.U.L.M.]]
*[[Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Milano - NABA]]
*[[Milan Conservatory|Conservatorio Superiore "G. Verdi" di Milano]]
* Scuola Beato Angelico
====Fashion and design====
*[[Domus Academy, Postgraduate School of Design]]
*[[Istituto Europeo di Design]]
*[[Istituto Marangoni]]
*[[Politecnico di Milano - Facoltà del Design]]
* SPD Scuola Politecnica Di Design
====Other====
*I.S.E.F. Milano – Centro accademico sportivo "Rino Fenaroli"
==Transportation==
[[Image:IMG 9882.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Airwiew of [[Malpensa International Airport]]. It handled over 23.8 million passengers in 2007.]]
===Airports===
The city has a large international airport known as [[Malpensa International Airport]] (''MXP''), located near the industrial towns of [[Busto Arsizio]] and [[Gallarate]] and connected to the downtown with the "''Malpensa Express''" railway service (from Cadorna Station and central station ). Malpensa was designed by the famous [[Ettore Sottsass]]. Milan also has the [[Linate Airport]] (''LIN'') within the city limits (for European and domestic traffic), connected with bus line 73 (from S. Babila). A third airport is [[Orio al Serio Airport|Orio al Serio]] (''BGY''), close to the city of [[Bergamo]]. Vergiate, Venegono, Bresso, Voghera and Montichiari are additional airports in the region.
[[Image:Tramway milan1.jpg|thumb|right|175px|The classic [[trams]] from the [[1920]]s are still in use.]]
[[Image:DSC02042 Uscita Stazione centrale di Milano - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 1-1-2007.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[ETR 500]] at [[Milan Central Station]].]]
===Subways, tramways, trolleybuses and buses===
Milan has 3 [[Rapid transit|subway]] lines (M1 – red, M2 – green, M3 – yellow) and the system, called [[Milan Transportation System|Milan Metro]] – "''La Metro''", running for more than 80 km. There is also a light metro-service, "Metrò S. Raffaele", connecting the San Raffaele Hospital with Cascina Gobba station (M2). Extensions of lines 1, 2 and 3 are under construction, to create more than 15 km of track with 10 new stations. Line 5 is also under construction, to be finished in the first half of 2012. Lines 4 (linking downtown with Linate Airport) and 6 are in planning stages.
The "Passante" is a railway tunnel under the city centre used by suburban trains, and allow passengers coming from suburbs a direct interchange to the three (soon to be four) metro lines at Garibaldi, Repubblica and P.ta Venezia stations.
Greater Milan also has one of the most extensive tramway systems {{Fact|date=June 2007}} in the world, with more than 286 km of track, and 20 lines.
Milan also has four trolleybus routes; included in the fleet are ten air-conditioned Cristalis trolleybuses.
Ninety-three bus lines cover over 1,070 km between them. The local transportation authority (''ATM'') transported more than 600 million passengers in 2003 .
===Railways===
Milan is the second railway hub of [[Italy]], and the five major stations of Milan, amongst which the [[Milan Central station]], are among Italy's busiest. The first railroad built in Milan, the [[Milan and Monza Rail Road]] was opened for service on [[August 17]], [[1840]].
High speed train lines are under construction all across Italy, and new lines will open from Milan to Rome and Naples, and from Milan to Torino.
Other than the Central Station, High Speed Trains will sometimes stop also at:
*[[Milan Rogoredo Station|Milano Rogoredo]] (for trains coming from Bologna and Rome)
*Milano/Rho Fiera (from Turin)
*Milano Pioltello (from the planned high speed line from Venice)
===Regional-Metropolitan Railway services===
The Suburban Railway Service ( "S" Lines, a service similar to the French RER and German S-Bahn), composed of eight suburban lines and ten more scheduled for 2008, connects the "Greater Milan" to cities such as [[Como]] and [[Varese]]. The Regional Railway Service ("R"), instead, links Milan with the rest of [[Lombardy]] and the national railway system. The "Passante ferroviario" is an underground railway serving a couple of "S" lines and is very much like another subway line (and is even marked as such on subway maps), except that it is connected to [[LeNord]] and [[Trenitalia]] suburban networks.
See the map of the M (subway) + S (regional metropolitan railway) Network on msrmilano.com
Go on [http://www.msrmilano.com/images/schema75.pdf]
===Taxis===
Milan has a [[Taxicab|taxi]] service operated by private companies and licensed by the City of Milan (''Comune di Milano''). All taxis are the same color, [[white]]. Prices are based on time elapsed and distance traveled. As the number of licences is kept low by lobbying of present taxi drivers and finding a taxi may be difficult in rush hours, and almost impossible during public transportation strikes.
[[Image:Milano-scalanotte.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Teatro alla Scala]] by night]]
==Culture==
{{Expand-section|date=February 2008}}
===Literature===
In the late eighteenth century, and throughout the nineteenth, Milan was an important centre for intellectual discussion and literary creativity. The [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] found here a fertile ground. [[Cesare Beccaria]], with his famous ''[[Dei delitti e delle pene]]'', and [[Pietro Verri]], with the periodical ''[[Il Caffè]]'' were able to exert a considerable influence over the new middle-class culture, thanks also to an open-minded Austrian administration. In the first years of the nineteenth century, the ideals of the [[Romantic movement]] made their impact on the cultural life of the city and its major writers debated the primacy of Classical versus Romantic poetry. Here, too, [[Giuseppe Parini]], and [[Ugo Foscolo]] published their most important works, and were admired by younger poets as masters of ethics, as well as of literary craftmanship. Foscolo's poem ''[[Dei sepolcri]]'' was inspired by a Napoleonic law which—against the will of many of its inhabitants—was being extended to the city.
In the third decade of the nineteenth century, [[Alessandro Manzoni]] wrote his novel ''[[I Promessi Sposi]]'', a ''Milanese story of the XVII century, etc.''. This historical novel was the real manifesto of Italian Romanticism, which found in Milan its centre. The periodical ''[[Il Conciliatore]]'' published articles by [[Silvio Pellico]], [[Giovanni Berchet]], [[Ludovico di Breme]], who were both Romantic in poetry and patriotic in politics.
After the [[Unification of Italy]] in 1861, Milan lost its political importance; nevertheless it retained a sort of central position in cultural debates. New ideas and movements from other countries of Europe were accepted and discussed: thus [[Realism]] and [[Naturalism]] gave birth to an Italian movement, ''[[Verismo]]''. The greatest ''verista'' novelist, [[Giovanni Verga]], was born in Sicily but wrote his most important books in Milan.
===Media===
Milan is the base of operations for many local and nationwide communication services and businesses, such as newspapers, magazines, and TV and radio stations.
Newspapers:
*''[[Corriere della Sera]]''
*''[[Il Giornale]]''
*''[[Il Giorno]]''
*''[[Il Sole 24 Ore]]''
*''[[Il Manifesto]]''
*''[[La Repubblica]]''
*''[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]]'' (sports only)
*''[[La Padania]]''
*''[[Libero]]''
*''[[Milano Finanza]]''
Magazines:
*''La Settimana Enigmistica''
*''[[Abitare]]'' (architecture & design monthly)
*''[[Casabella]]'' (architecture & design monthly)
*''[[Domus (magazine)|Domus]]'' (architecture & design monthly)
*[[Panorama (Italian magazine)|''Panorama'']] (weekly)
===Language===
In addition to [[Italian language|Italian]], approximately a third of the population of western [[Lombardy]] can speak the [[Western Lombard language]], also known as Insubric. In Milan, some natives of the city can speak the traditional [[Milanese]] language—that is to say the urban variety of Western Lombard, which is not to be confused with the Milanese-influenced regional variety of the Italian language.
===Religion===
[[Image:0660 - Milano - Facciata chiesa valdese - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 5-May-2007.jpg|thumb|right|The Waldensian Church in Milan, built in 1949, incorporates materials from the demolished Catholic gothic church of [[San Giovanni in Conca]].]]
Milan's population, like that of Italy as a whole, is overwhelmingly [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]]. Other religions practised include
[[Buddhism]]<ref>[http://www.lankaramaya.com/ Lankarama Buddhist Temple - Milan,Italy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>,
[[Judaism]], [[Islam]]<ref>[http://orthodoxeurope.org/page/8/4.aspx Islam in Italy » Inter-Religious Dialogue » OrthodoxEurope.org<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=7230 American Chronicle - Milan: The Center for Radical Islam in Europe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
and [[Protestantism]]<ref>[http://www.protestantiamilano.it/ Centro Culturale Protestante - Protestanti a Milano delle Chiese Battiste Metodiste Valdesi<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.milanovaldese.it/ Chiesa Evangelica Valdese - Milano<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. It is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic]] [[Archdiocese of Milan]].
Milan has its own historic Catholic rite known as the [[Ambrosian Rite]] (it: ''rito ambrosiano''). It varies slightly from the typical Catholic rite (the ''Roman'', used in all other western regions), with some differences in the [[liturgy]] and mass celebrations, and in the calendar (for example, the date of [[carnival]] is celebrated some days after the common date). The Ambrosian rite is also practised in other surrounding locations in [[Lombardy]] and in the [[Swiss]] canton of [[Ticino]].
Another important difference concerns the liturgical music. The [[Gregorian chant]] was completely unused in Milan and surrounding areas, because the official one was its own [[Ambrosian chant]], definitively established by the [[Council of Trent]] (1545-1563) and earlier than the Gregorian [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01389a.htm]. To preserve this music there has developed the unique ''schola cantorum'', a college, and an Institute in partnership with the "Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music" (PIAMS) in Rome [http://www.unipiams.org/en/1].
===Food===
Like most cities in Italy, Milan and its surrounding area has its own regional cuisine. Milanese cuisine includes "[[Cotoletta|cotoletta alla milanese]]", a breaded veal (pork and turkey can be used) cutlet pan-fried in butter (which some claim to be of [[Austria]]n origin, as it is similar to Viennese "Wienerschnitzel", while others claim that the "Wienerschnitzel" derived from the "cotoletta alla milanese"). Other typical dishes are ''[[cassoeula]]'' (stewed pork rib chops and sausage with Savoy cabbage and tomato sauce), [[ossobuco]] (stewed veal shank with tomato or lemon sauce), [[Risotto|risotto alla milanese]] (with saffron, white wine and beef marrow), ''busecca'' (stewed tripe with beans and tomato sauce), and ''brasato'' (stewed beef or pork with wine and potatoes). Season-related pastries include ''chiacchiere'' (flat fritters dusted with sugar) and ''tortelli'' (fried spherical cookies) for [[Carnival]], ''colomba'' (glazed cake shaped as a dove) for [[Easter]], ''pane dei morti'' ("Bread of the Dead", cookies aromatized with cinnamon) for [[All Soul's Day]] and [[panettone]] for Christmas. The ''salame milano'', a [[salami]] with a very fine grain, is widespread throughout Italy. The best known Milanese cheese is [[gorgonzola cheese|gorgonzola]] from the nearby town of that name, although today the major gorgonzola producers operate in Piedmont.
===Sports===
The city hosted, among other events, the [[FIFA World Cup]] in 1934 and 1990, the [[UEFA European Football Championship]] in 1980.
[[Football (soccer)|Football]] is the most popular sport in Italy, and Milan is home to two world-famous football teams: [[A.C. Milan]] and [[Internazionale Milano F.C.|Internazionale]]. The former is normally referred to as "Mìlan" (notice the stress on the first syllable, unlike the English and Milanese name of the city), the latter as "Inter".
Milan is the only city in Europe whose teams have won both the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup. Both teams play at Giuseppe Meazza – [[San Siro]] Stadium (85,700). Many of the strongest Italian football players were born in Milan, in the surrounding metropolitan area, or in Lombardy: [[Valentino Mazzola]], [[Paolo Maldini]], [[Giuseppe Meazza]], [[Giacinto Facchetti]], [[Luigi Riva]], [[Gaetano Scirea]], [[Giuseppe Bergomi]], [[Walter Zenga]], [[Antonio Cabrini]], [[Roberto Donadoni]], [[Gianluca Vialli]], [[Silvio Piola]], [[Gabriele Oriali]], [[Giovanni Trapattoni]] and [[Franco Baresi]] as well as many others.
*The famous [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza|Monza]] [[Formula One]] circuit is located near the city, inside a wide park. It is one of the world's oldest car racing circuits. The capacity for the [[F1]] races is currently around 137,000 spectators, although in the 1950s the stands could hold more than 250,000. It has hosted an F1 race nearly every year since the first year of competition, with the exception of 1980.
*[[Olimpia Milano]] (sponsored Armani) is a successful Italian and European [[basketball]] team. It is one of the most important and successful Italian teams and also one of the top teams in Europe too. Olimpia plays at the DatchForum arena (capacity 14,000).
*[[Rhinos Milano|Rhinos Milano American Football Club]] is the oldest American football club in Milan and has won four Italian Super Bowls. They are one of the five foundation clubs of the Italian Football League.
*[[CUS Milano Baseball]] is the oldest baseball club in Milan and has won eight Italian Scudetti.
*The [[Amatori Rugby Milano]] has won 18 [[Super 10 (Italian premiership)|National Championships]] and are the most famous and important Rugby team in Italy.
*Different ice hockey teams from Milan have won 30 National Championships between them. The [[Hockey Club Junior Milano Vipers|Vipers Milano]] have won the last 5 [[Serie A (hockey)|national championships]], the [[Alpenliga]] and several Coppa Italia, and are the leaders of that sport in Italy. They play at the Agora Stadium (capacity 4,500) during the regular season, and at the Forum during playoffs.
*Every year, Milan hosts the Bonfiglio Trophy Under 18 Tennis Tournament. It is the most important youth tournament in the world, and is played at the Milan Tennis Club. The central court has a capacity of 8000. Past winners include Tacchini, [[Jan Kodes]], [[Adriano Panatta]], [[Corrado Barazzutti]], Moreno, [[Björn Borg]], Smid, [[Ivan Lendl]], [[Guy Forget]], [[Jim Courier]], [[Goran Ivanišević]], [[Yevgeny Kafelnikov]], and [[Guillermo Coria]].
Milan and [[Lombardy]] are official candidates for the Summer Olympic Games of [[2020]] ("Milan-Lombardy 2020").
===Stadia===
[[Image:San Siro3.JPG|right|thumb|300px|[[San Siro]] Stadium, one of Europe's largest.]]
*[[Autodromo Nazionale Monza]] – car and motorcycle racing – 137,000
*[[San Siro]] – only football; Milan and Inter – 85,700
*[[Arena Civica]] – Athletics, Rugby, Football, American Football 30,000
*Brianteo – Athletics, Football – 18,568
*Ippodromo del Trotter – Horse Racing – 16,000
*Ippodromo del Galoppo – Horse Racing – 15,000
*[[Datch Forum]] – Basketball, Ice Hockey, Volleyball, Music – 9,000 to 12,000
*MazdaPalace – Basketball, Volleyball – 9,000
*[[Velodromo Vigorelli]] – Cycling, American Football – 12,000
*PalaLido – Basketball, Volleyball – 5,000
*Agorà – Ice Hockey – 4,000
*Nuovo Giuriati – Rugby – 4,000
There are other stadiums and multiuse palaces located in the metropolitan area, the biggest being Monza Brianteo Stadium (18,000 seats), the PalaDesio (10,000) and Geas Stadium (8,500).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Club
! scope="col" | League
! scope="col" | Sport
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Established
! scope="col" | Championships
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[A.C. Milan]]
| [[Serie A]]
| Football
| [[San Siro|San Siro – Giuseppe Meazza]]
| 1899
| 4 World Club cups; 7 European championship; 17 Italian championship; 2 Cup Winners' Cup
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[F.C. Internazionale Milano]]
| [[Serie A]]
| Football
| [[San Siro|San Siro – Giuseppe Meazza]]
| 1908
| 2 World Club cups; 2 European championship; 16 Italian championship; 3 UEFA Cups
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Olimpia Milano]]
| [[Serie A (basketball)|Serie A]]
| Basketball
| [[Filaforum|Datchforum]]
| 1936
| 1 World cup; 3 European championship; 25 Italian championship; 3 Cup Winners' Cup; 2 Korac cup
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Hockey Club Junior Milano Vipers|H.C. Milano/Milano Vipers]]
| [[Serie A (hockey)|Serie A]]
| Ice Hockey
| [[Agorà]]
| 1924
| 2 European championship; 20 Italian championship
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Hockey Club Devils Courmayeur|H.C. Diavoli/Devils]] today settled in Courmayeur
| [[Serie A (hockey)|Serie A]]
| Ice Hockey
| –
| 1930
| 3 European championship; 7 Italian championship
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Amatori Rugby Milano]]
| Serie B
| Rugby
| [[Stadio Giuriati]]
| 1928
| 18 Italian championship
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Rhinos Milano]]
| [[Serie A2 (football)|Serie A2]]
| American Football
| [[Velodromo Vigorelli-Maspes]]
| 1977
| 4 Italian championship
|}
===Parks and gardens===
* [[Orto Botanico di Brera]], a historic [[botanical garden]]
* [[Orto Botanico di Cascina Rosa]], a new [[botanical garden]]
* [[Parco Sempione]], in ancient times the park of the [[Castello Sforzesco]]
==Sister Cities==
Milan is twinned with the following cities:
* {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Bethlehem]], [[Palestinian Authority]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Birmingham]], [[United Kingdom]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], [[USA]]
* {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]]
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]]
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], [[Mexico]]
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Krakow]], [[Poland]]
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lyon]], [[France]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka]], [[Japan]]
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sao Paulo]], [[Brazil]]
* {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China]]
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Toronto]], [[Canada]]
Other forms of cooperation and city friendship:
* {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], [[Jordan]]
* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
* {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Brazil]]
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Daegu]], [[South Korea]]
* {{flagicon|PER}} [[Lima]], [[Peru]]
* {{flagicon|COL}} [[Medellín]], [[Colombia]]
* {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal]], [[Canada]] {{Fact|date=February 2008}}
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]
* {{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Ulaan Baataar]], [[Mongolia]]
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], [[Croatia]].
==See also==
*[[Mayors of Milan]]
*[[Milan metropolitan area]]
*[[Province of Milan]]
*[[Lombardy]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
*The decline and fall of the Roman Empire ([[Edward Gibbon]])
*The later Roman empire (Jones), Blackwell and Mott, [[Oxford]]
*Milano romana / Mario Mirabella Roberti (Rusconi publisher) [[1984]]
*Marchesi, i percorsi della Storia Minerva Italica (It)
*Acts of international convention "Milan Capital"), Convegno archeologico internazionale Milano
capitale dell'impero romano [[1990]] ; Milano Altri autori: Sena Chiesa, Gemma Arslan, Ermanno A.
*Milano tra l'eta repubblicana e l'eta augustea : atti del Convegno di studi, 26-27 marzo 1999, Milano
*Milano capitale dell'impero romano : 286-402 d.c. – (Milano) : Silvana, (1990). – 533 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.
*Milano capitale dell'Impero romano : 286-402 d.c. - album storico archeologico. – Milano : Cariplo : ET, 1991. – 111 p. : ill. ; 47 cm. (Pubbl. in occasione della Mostra tenuta a Milano nel) [[1990]].
*Agostino a Milano: ''il battesimo'' - Agostino nelle terre di Ambrogio: 22-24 aprile [[1987]] / (relazioni di) Marta Sordi (et al.) Augustinus publ.
*Anselmo, Conte di Rosate : istoria milanese al tempo del [[Barbarossa]] / Pietro Beneventi, Europia publ.
==External links==
{{commons|Milano}}
*[http://www.aboutmilan.com About Milan] – information about the city, what to see, how to move.
*[http://www.atm-mi.it/ATM/eng/ ATM - Milan's Transportation Company]
*[http://milan.arounder.com City of Milan - official Virtual Tour website]
*[http://www.comune.milano.it City of Milan - official website]
*[http://www.milanofree.it City of Milan - touristic guide]
*[http://www.sottomilano.it Rete Metropolitana di Milano] (Italian)
*[http://www.cosmit.it/tool/home.php Salone internazionale del mobile] Milan's furniture fair
*[http://www.sandrophoto.com/2007/10/08/milan-duomo/ Milan Photos] Fine art photography of Milan
<br/>{{Regional capitals of Italy}}
{{coor title d|45.4636|N|9.1884|E|region:IT-MI_type:city(1300000)}}
<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Major Cities in Italy]]
[[Category:Milan| ]]
[[Category:Settlements established in the 1st millennium BC]]
{{Link FA|lmo}}
<!--Other languages-->
[[af:Milaan]]
[[als:Mailand]]
[[ar:ميلانو]]
[[an:Milán]]
[[be-x-old:Мілан]]
[[bs:Milano]]
[[br:Milano]]
[[bg:Милано]]
[[ca:Milà]]
[[cs:Milán]]
[[co:Milanu]]
[[cy:Milan]]
[[da:Milano]]
[[de:Mailand]]
[[et:Milano]]
[[el:Μιλάνο]]
[[eml:Milàn]]
[[es:Milán]]
[[eo:Milano]]
[[eu:Milan]]
[[fa:میلان]]
[[fr:Milan]]
[[fy:Milaan]]
[[fur:Milan]]
[[ga:Milano]]
[[gl:Milán - Milano]]
[[ko:밀라노]]
[[hy:Միլան]]
[[hi:मिलानो]]
[[hr:Milano]]
[[io:Milano]]
[[id:Milano]]
[[ia:Milano]]
[[is:Mílanó]]
[[it:Milano]]
[[he:מילאנו]]
[[jv:Milan]]
[[pam:Milan]]
[[ka:მილანი]]
[[kw:Milano]]
[[la:Mediolanum]]
[[lv:Milāna]]
[[lb:Mailand]]
[[lt:Milanas]]
[[lij:Milan]]
[[lmo:Milan (cittaa)]]
[[hu:Milánó]]
[[mk:Милано]]
[[mr:मिलान]]
[[ms:Milan]]
[[nah:Milan]]
[[nl:Milaan (stad)]]
[[ja:ミラノ]]
[[nap:Milano]]
[[no:Milano]]
[[nn:Milano]]
[[oc:Milan]]
[[pms:Milan]]
[[pl:Mediolan]]
[[pt:Milão]]
[[ro:Milano]]
[[qu:Milano]]
[[ru:Милан]]
[[sc:Milanu]]
[[sq:Milano]]
[[scn:Milanu]]
[[simple:Milan]]
[[sk:Miláno]]
[[sl:Milano]]
[[sr:Милано]]
[[sh:Milano]]
[[fi:Milano]]
[[sv:Milano]]
[[tl:Lungsod ng Milano]]
[[ta:மிலன்]]
[[roa-tara:Meláne]]
[[th:มิลาน]]
[[vi:Milano]]
[[tr:Milano]]
[[uk:Мілан]]
[[ur:میلان]]
[[vec:Miłàn]]
[[vo:Milano]]
[[yi:מילאן]]
[[zh-yue:米蘭]]
[[zh:米蘭]]