Military of Somalia
27366
216468802
2008-06-01T20:15:19Z
AnnaFrance
7002667
clean up, typos fixed: millitary → military using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 250px; font-size: 95%; float: right;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
|-
| colspan=2 align=center | [[Image:Flag of Somalia.svg|110px]]
|-
| colspan=2 align=center | <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Somali Askari..jpg|110px|{{puic|1=Image:Somali Askari..jpg|log=2007 December 14}}]] -->
|-
! colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=blue | Military of Somalia
|-
! colspan=2 align=center | Military manpower
|-
| Military age
| Officially 18 years of age
|-
| Availability
| males age 18-49: 1,787,727 (2005)
|-
| Fit for military service
| males age 18-49: 1,022,360 (2005)
|-
| Reaching military age annually
| males: n/a
|-
| Active troops
| Est. 10,000 militia
|-
! colspan=2 align=center | Military expenditures
|-
| Dollar figure
| $43.28 million (2005 extrapolation)
|-
| Percent of GDP
| 0.9% (2005)
|}
The '''[[Somalia|Somali]] National Army''' was, up until 1991, made up of the [[army]], [[navy]], [[air force]], and [[Anti-aircraft warfare|air defense]] command. The [[Politics of Somalia|Somali Government]]'s demise led to the de facto dissolution of the national armed forces. Efforts by the [[Transitional Federal Government]] (TFG) to reestablish a regular armed force under the [[TFG Ministry of Defense]] have made little progress so far.
Various groups and factions control militias ranging in strength from hundreds to thousands. These militias are in general poorly trained and lightly armed, although some groups possess limited inventories of older armored vehicles and other heavy weapons and small arms are prevalent throughout Somalia. The [[Somaliland]] and [[Puntland]] regional governments maintain their own security and police forces.
An agreement between the TFG and the [[Islamic Courts Union]] (ICU) to establish a national military was reportedly reached "in principle" on [[September 5]], [[2006]], but in practice, political disagreements scuttled talks scheduled for [[October 30]] in [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]].<ref name=SOMALI-RIVALS-AGREE-ON-JOINT-ARMY>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5314606.stm Somali rivals agree on joint army] BBC</ref><ref name=UNITED-STATES-URGES-RETURN-TO-SOMALI-PEACE-TALKS>[http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2006&m=November&x=20061103132732WCyeroC0.451687 United States Urges Return to Somali Peace Talks] US Department of State</ref> After the defeat of the ICU in December 2006–January 2007, an agreement was reached between the warlords and the government for the [[Disarmament in Somalia|militias to be disarmed]], and for former militia members to apply to join the army.
==History==
Historically, Somali society accorded prestige to the warrior (waranle) and rewarded military prowess. Except for a man of religion (wadaad), and they were few in number, all Somali males were considered potential warriors. Somalia have quite an effective military force, compared to other countries in their area.
In [[Italian Somaliland]], eight "Arab-Somali" infantry battalions and several irregular units of Italian officered "[[dubats]]" were raised. These units served as frontier guards and tribal police. There were also Somali artillery and [[zaptie]] (carabinieri) units forming part of the Italian Royal Corps of Colonial Troops from 1889 to 1941.
In 1914, the [[Somaliland Camel Corps]] was raised in [[British Somaliland]] and saw service before, during, and after the Italian invasion of the British [[protectorate]] during [[World War II]].
At independence in 1960, Somalia possessed a small and lightly equipped army with officers trained in Britain, Egypt, and Italy. After a military coup in 1961 this force was expanded and modernised with the assistance of Russian and Cuban advisors.
The Somali National Army (SMA) was battle-tested in 1964 when the conflict with [[Military of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] over the Somali-inhabited [[Ogaden]] erupted into warfare. On [[16 June]] [[1963]], Somali guerrillas started an insurgency at Hodayo, in eastern Ethiopia, a watering place north of Werder, after [[Ethiopian]] [[Emperor]] [[Haile Selassie]] rejected their demand for self-government in the Ogaden. The Somali government initially refused to support the guerrilla forces, which eventually numbered about 3,000. However, in January 1964, after Ethiopia sent reinforcements to the Ogaden, Somali forces launched ground and air attacks across the Ethiopian border and started providing assistance to the guerrillas. The EAF responded with punitive strikes across its southwestern frontier against Feerfeer, northeaast of Beledweyne, and Galcaio. On [[6 March]] [[1964]], [[Somalia]] and [[Ethiopia]] agreed to a cease-fire; at the end of the month, the two sides signed an accord in [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]], agreeing to withdraw their troops from the border, cease hostile propaganda, and start peace negotiations. Somalia also terminated its support of the guerrillas
==Somali National Army (SNA) prior to 1991==
The army was organised into 12 divisions which comprise of 4 tank brigades, 45 mechanized and infantry brigades, 4 commando brigades, surface-to-air missile brigade, 3 artillery brigades, 30 field battalions, and an air defense battalion.
The serviceability of the equipment is poor and status is unknown.
* [[Centurion tank|Centurion]] main battle tanks
* [[M47 Patton]] main battle tanks
* [[T-55|T-54/T-55]] main battle tanks
* [[T-34]] medium tanks
* [[M41 Walker Bulldog]] light tanks
* [[Panhard AML]]-90 armoured cars
* [[BRDM-2]] reconnaissance vehicles
* [[BTR-50]] tracked armored personnel carriers
* [[BTR-40]], [[BTR-60]] and [[BTR-152]] wheeled armored personnel carriers
* Fiat 6614/6616 armored personnel carriers
* BMR-600 armored personnel carriers
* [[BGM-71 TOW]] anti-tank guided missiles
* [[M198 howitzer|M198]] 155 mm towed howitzers
==Air Defense Forces==
The Air Defense Forces consisted of 7 brigades.
The serviceability of the equipment is poor and status is unknown.
* [[SA-3 Goa]] surface-to-air missiles (not operational)
* [[SA-2 Guideline]] surface-to-air missiles (not operational)
* [[Strela 2]] portable surface-to-air missiles (operational status unknown)
* P-12
* [[P-15 Termit]] - coastal defense surface to surface missiles
* P-30
* P-35
==Air Force==
{{main|Somali Air Corps}}
The „Somali Air Corps“ (SAC) - was originally established with Italian aid, in the early 1960s. Emerging from the Italian "Corpo di Sicurezza della Somalia" while the country was under Italian & British administration, between 1950 and 1960. The most important pieces of its original equipment were eight North American [[F-51 Mustang|F-51D Mustang]]s, [[Douglas C-47]]s and MiG 23s, which remained in service until 1968. It operated most of its aircraft from bases near [[Mogadishu]] and [[Hargeysa]] and [[Calciao]]. Its mission was to support armed forces during wartime. In the Spring of 1977 Ethiopia was invaded to reclaim the Somali populated [[Ogaden]] also called West-Somalia.
The SAC sometimes used Somali Airlines aircraft to ferry troops and supplies to war zones.
The Somali Air Force has not been operational since 1991 and the collapse of the Somali government.
==Navy==
As of 1991, the navy was not operational. Prior to that, the Somali navy consisted of:
* [[Osa class missile boat|Osa-II missile-armed fast attack craft]] (2)
* Mol PFT torpedo-armed fast attack craft (4)
* [[Polnocny class landing ship]]
==Somali Police Force==
{{main|Somali Police Force}}
In 1960 the British Somaliland Scouts joined with the Police Corps of Somalia to form a new [[Somali Police Force]], which consisted of about 3,700 men. The authorities also organized approximately 1,000 of the force as the Darawishta Poliska, a mobile group used to keep peace between warring clans in the interior. Since then, the government has considered the SPF a part of the armed forces. It was not a branch of the SNA, however, and did not operate under the army's command structure. Until abolished in 1976, the Ministry of Interior oversaw the force's national commandant and his central command. After that date, the SPF came under the control of the presidential adviser on security affairs.
== Military Expenditures ==
Military spending in Somalia is difficult to calculate. Officially, there is a UN ban on weapon sales to the nation. However, weapons possession and open sale of AK-47s, is prevalent in Somalia.<ref name=ILLEGAL-SMALL-WEAPONS-POSE-GLOBAL-THREAT>[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/0709-03.htm Illegal Small Weapons Pose Global Threat] Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 9, 2001</ref> Besides the formal military of the [[Transitional Federal Government]], there are armed forces of autonomous provinces, such as [[Puntland]], private militias of warlords and clans, and personal stockpiles of arms. Open arms bazaars, such as in the [[Bakaara Market]], sell small arms and light weapons, antiaircraft guns, rockets and missiles. Weapons trafficking to Somalia is illegal and done on the black market.<ref name=SOMALIA-FOREIGN-POLICY-IN-FOCUS>[http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol2/v2n19som.html Somalia] Foreign Policy in Focus, January 1997</ref><ref name=ARMS-TO-SOMALIA-DEJA-VU>[http://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2006/11/arms_to_somalia_deja_vu.php Arms to Somalia Deja Vu?] FAS</ref>
The following figures are CIA estimates of the economy and arms market in Somalia:
* GDP: $4.809 billion (2005 est.)<ref name=CIA-WORLD-FACTBOOK-SOMALIA>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html Somalia] CIA World Factbook</ref>
* Percent of GDP spent on military: 0.9% (2005 est.)<ref name=CIA-WORLD-FACTBOOK-SOMALIA>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html Somalia] CIA World Factbook</ref>
* Estimated expenditures: $43.28 million (gross calculation based on above figures)
==Transitional National Government (TNG) Army (2000–2004)==
{{see|Transitional National Government}}
The predecessor to the TFG was the [[Transitional National Government]] (TNG), which was national only in name. It had little control of the country, but had the recognition of the UN and international powers. It was militarily opposed by many factions in the [[Somali Civil War]], notably the rival [[Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council]] (SRRC).
* Commander: General [[Ismail Qasim Naji]], appointed in January 2002.<ref name=LIVES-OF-18-AMERICAN-SOLDIERS-NOT-BETTER-THAN-THOUSANDS-OF-SOMALI-LIVES>{{cite web
|title=The Lives of 18 American Soldiers Are Not Better Than Thousands of Somali Lives They Killed, Somalia's TNG Prime Minister Col. Hassan Abshir Farah says
|url=http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivedec01/020122101.htm
|date=[[2002-01-22]]
|accessdate=2007-01-17
|publisher=[[Somalia Watch]] }}</ref><ref name=SOMALIA-WARLORDS-LAY-DOWN-WEAPONS>{{cite web
|title=Somalia: Warlords lay down weapons
|url=http://somalinet.com/news/world/Somalia/6756
|publisher=[[SomaliNet]]
|date=[[2007-01-17]]
|accessdate=2007-01-17 }}</ref>
* Strength: The TNG army in March 2002 numbered 2,010 men and 90 women.<ref name=WAR-CLOUDS-OVER-SOMALIA>{{cite web
|title=War Clouds Over Somalia
|url=http://www.merip.org/mero/mero032202.html
|date=[[2002-03-22]]
|publisher=[[Middle East Report]]
|accessdate=2007-01-17 }}</ref>
==Transitional Federal Government (TFG) Army==
===TFG Ministry of Defense===
{{main|TFG Ministry of Defense}}
Due to the [[Somali Civil War]] there is presently no single recognized national army of Somalia. The [[Transitional Federal Government]] (TFG) has its own forces reporting directly to the [[TFG Ministry of Defense]].
There are also TFG-allied forces reporting to the semi-autonomous governments of [[Puntland]], [[Southwestern Somalia]], [[Jubaland]] (called the Juba Valley Alliance - JVA), and [[Galmudug]], plus confederated tribes and independent warlords.
* The [[Islamic Courts Union]] (ICU) had competing forces composed of different levels of professional soldiers, allied tribal militias, warlords, and [[mujahedeen]].
* The ''de facto'' independent state of [[Somaliland]] also maintains its own army.
There is little formal order of the present TFG army. No strict [[Order of Battle]] has emerged. Units are mostly based on tribal [[militia]] or are the personal followers of [[warlord]]s. Typical discussions of brigades, regiments and other formal structure are meaningless. Discipline is low, as forces join, defect, and abandon fighting on a common basis.<ref name=MIRIFLE>[http://www.garoweonline.com/stories/publish/article_6271.shtml Somalia: 350 Islamist fighters defect: Govt] Garowe Online</ref><ref name=SOMALIA-MORE-GOVERNMENT-TROOPS-DEFECT-TO-ISLAMISTS>[http://somalinet.com/news/world/English/4782 Somalia: More government troops defect to Islamists] SomaliNet</ref> However, a cadre of more professional soldiers has emerged, trained by Ethiopian advisors.<ref name=ETHIOPIA-SOMALIA-CLASHES>[http://www.apanews.net/conflits_article_eng.php?id_article=17385 Ethiopia-Somalia Clashes] APA</ref>
===Military Commanders of the TFG===
* General '''[[Abdulahi Ali Omar]]''' - Army chief-of-staff for the TFG appointed [[February 10]], [[2007]]<ref name=SOMALIAS-ARMY-COMMANDER-SACKED>{{cite news
|title=Somalia’s army commander sacked as new ambassadors are appointed
|url=http://www.shabelle.net/news/ne2279.htm
|date=[[2007-02-10]]
|publisher=[[Shabelle Media Network]]
|accessdate=2007-02-10}}</ref>
* General '''[[Ismail Qasim Naji]]''' - Army chief-of-staff for the TFG appointed in April 2005<ref name=SOMALI-CABINET-FILLS-KEY-POSTS>{{cite news
|title=Somali cabinet fills key posts
|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/News/archive/archive?ArchiveId=11289
|date=[[2005-04-15]]
|publisher=[[Al-Jazeera]]
|accessdate=2007-01-17 }}</ref> and replaced [[February 10]], [[2007]] by [[Abdulahi Ali Omar]]<ref name=SOMALIAS-ARMY-COMMANDER-SACKED>{{cite news
|title=Somalia’s army commander sacked as new ambassadors are appointed
|url=http://www.shabelle.net/news/ne2279.htm
|date=[[2007-02-10]]
|publisher=[[Shabelle Media Network]]
|accessdate=2007-02-10}}</ref>; formerly military chief of the TNG 2002–2004<ref name=LIVES-OF-18-AMERICAN-SOLDIERS-NOT-BETTER-THAN-THOUSANDS-OF-SOMALI-LIVES>{{cite web
|title=The Lives of 18 American Soldiers Are Not Better Than Thousands of Somali Lives They Killed, Somalia�s TNG Prime Minister Col. Hassan Abshir Farah says
|url=http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivedec01/020122101.htm
|date=[[2002-01-22]]
|accessdate=2007-01-17
|publisher=[[Somalia Watch]] }}</ref><ref name=SOMALIA-WARLORDS-LAY-DOWN-WEAPONS>{{cite web
|title=Somalia: Warlords lay down weapons
|url=http://somalinet.com/news/world/Somalia/6756
|publisher=[[SomaliNet]]
|date=[[2007-01-17]]
|accessdate=2007-01-17 }}</ref>; went on to become Ambassador to [[Oman]]
* Colonel '''[[Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale]]''' - [[TFG Ministry of Defense|Minister of Defense]], former Colonel (commander) of the [[Juba Valley Alliance]] (see [[Rise of the Islamic Courts Union (2006)]] and [[Battle of Baidoa]])
* General '''[[Cali Mohammad Hassan Looyaan]]''' - National Police Commander, and military commander of the autonomous state of Gedo Armed Forces
*Colonel '''[[Abdulahi Sheik Fara-Tag]]''' - was named as the commander of 2nd Brigade<ref>
{{cite news
| title =Allied forces hunting down Islamists in Somalia-Kenya border
| publisher =[[SomaliNet]]
| date =[[2006-01-05]]
| url =http://somalinet.com/news/world/Somalia/6427
| accessdate =2006-01-05 }}</ref>, the TFG forces defending [[Bardhere]] from attack.<ref name=ICU-TO-CAPTURE-BARDHERE-TOWN>[http://somalinet.com/news/world/Somalia/5950 ICU to capture Bardhere town] SomaliNet</ref>
* Colonel '''[[Muktar Hussein Afrah]]''' - Commander of TFG forces in [[Battle of Beledweyne|Beledweyne]]
* Colonel '''Aden Mahamud Ibrahim''' - Chief Commander of 1st Army Division, TFG forces
* Colonel '''Said "Dhere" Mohamed Hirsi''' - Led taking of Burkhaba from the ICU in October 2006 (see [[Battle of Baidoa]])<ref name=WAR-CLOUDS-LOOM-OVER-SOMALIA>[http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=569&language_id=1 War Clouds Loom over Somalia as Military Fronts Open Up Amid a Flurry of Diplomacy] PINR</ref>
* '''Ibrahim Batari''' - involved in fighting around Iidale, December 2006 (see [[Battle of Baidoa]])<ref name=FUNDAMENTALIST-FORCE-SAID-TO-INCUR-HEAVY-CASUALTIES>[http://www.mfa.gov.et/Press_Section/publication.php?Main_Page_Number=3283 Fundamentalist Force Said to Incur Heavy Casualties ( December 23 ,2006)] Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, quoting from AFP</ref>
* Colonel '''[[Abdirisak Afgadud]]''' (alternately spelled Abdulrasaq Afgebub) - cited as a TFG military divisional commander, who claimed prematurely the TFG had prevailed at the [[Battle of Ras Kamboni]]: "Our forces accompanied by our Ethiopian friends have totally cracked down on the remnants of the Islamists in the border area."<ref name=SOMALIA-COMMANDER-SAYS-MILITARY-OPERATIONS-OVER>{{cite news
| title=Somalia: Commander says military operations over
| publisher=[[Garowe Online]]
| date=[[2008-01-07]]
| url=http://www.garoweonline.com/stories/publish/article_6936.shtml
| accessdate=2007-01-08 }}</ref><ref name=REBELS-DRIVEN-OUT-FROM-SOMALIA-SOUTH-GOVT-COMMANDER>[http://www.thenews.com.pk/update_detail.asp?id=15735 Rebels driven out from Somalia south: govt. commander]</ref>
=== Estimated Militia Strengths ===
Force estimates from 2004.<ref name=CONCISE-WORLD-ARMIES>[http://www.generaldata.info/display%20version.htm#_Toc124438535 Concise World Armies 2006: Somalia] General Data LLC</ref> Yet allegiances change rapidly in Somalia, and many warlords lost their power base after the [[Second Battle of Mogadishu]] and other actions during the Somali Civil War. Militias in Somalia have been known to recruit child soldiers.<ref name=CHILD-SOLDIERS-BEING-RECRUITED>{{cite news
|title=Child Soldiers Being Recruited in Somalia, Say Humanitarian Agencies
|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/Africa/2007-01-12-voa29.cfm
|date=[[2007-01-12]]
|publisher=[[Voice of America]]
|accessdate=2007-01-16 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Force
! Commander
! Strength
! Center/Area
! Notes
|-
| [[Juba Valley Alliance]] (JVA)
| [[Col Abdikhadir Adan Shire "Barre Hiiraale"]]
| 8,000-15,000
| Kismayo (capital), Juba Valley
| Opposed to General "Morgan"; sought security/autonomy for [[Jubaland]], now part of [[Transitional Federal Parliament|TFG]]
|-
| [[Somali Patriotic Movement]] (SPM), later part of the [[Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council]] (SRRC)
| Col. [[Mohamed Omar Jees]]
| 2,000 - 135,000
| Southwest; Ogaden clan
| Fought JVA and RRA for control of Kismayo, Bay and Bakool; Hersi was son-in-law of the late [[Siad Barre]]; opposed to [[Transitional Federal Parliament|TFG]]; backed by Ethiopia<ref name=SOMALIA-HINTS-OF-MILITARY-ACTION-CAUSE-PUZZLEMENT>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200112240001.html?page=2 Somalia: Hints of Military Action Cause Puzzlement, Worry] AllAfrica</ref> and CIA<ref name=SOMALIAS-INSTABILITY>[http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/past-issues/volume-12---2006/volume-12--issue-10-/somalias-instability Somalia's instability] IISS</ref> at least through 2001
|-
| [[Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism]] (ARPCT) and other Mogadishu warlords
| Various, incl. [[Abdi Qeybdid]], [[Mohamed Afrah Qanyare]] and Mohamed Dhere (see below)
| ~10,000<br>Afrah: 1,500+ plus 12+ [[Technical (fighting vehicle)|technicals]] (2006)<ref name=AP-INTERVIEW-FORMER-WARLORD-CALLS-GOVERNMENT-CONTROL-ILLUSION>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/31/africa/AF_GEN_Somalia_Warlord.php AP Interview: Former warlord calls government control of Somali capital an illusion] Associated Press</ref>
| Mogadishu
| Various clans; ARPCT was backed by [[CIA]] in early 2006<ref name=THE-FINAL-CALL>[http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/article_2716.shtml UN trying to clarify problems in Somalia] - [[The Final Call]] - Jun 29, 2006</ref>; defeated by the ICU in June, 2006; Abdi Qeybdid now leader in [[Galmudug]], allied with [[Transitional Federal Parliament|TFG]]
|-
| [[Rahanweyn Resistance Army]] (RRA)
| [[Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud]]
| 5,000
| Baidoa (capital), Bay and Bakool regions
| Sought creation of [[Southwestern Somalia]], took control of area of SRRC; RRA now aligned as part of [[Transitional Federal Parliament|TFG]]
|-
| Jowhar
| [[Mohamed Omar Habeb]] "Mohamed Dhere"
| 5,000
| Jowhar and Mogadishu
| Main base was in Jowhar; now allied with [[Transitional Federal Parliament|TFG]]
|-
| Puntland
| [[Mohamud Muse Hersi]]
| 10,000
| Garowe (capital)
| Sought autonomy for [[Puntland]], now allied with [[Transitional Federal Parliament|TFG]]
|}
===New Plans for the Somali Army===
Before the recent actions in the Somali Civil War, Somalia's new government had plans for an army of 30,000 men, with the first 6,000 to be funded and trained by Italian advisors, using a [[cadre]] training method: "One hundred and twenty foreign trainers will train 500 ex-Somalia Army soldiers, who will in their turn train the 6,000 men."<ref name=CONCISE-WORLD-ARMIES>[http://www.generaldata.info/display%20version.htm#_Toc124438535 Concise World Armies 2006: Somalia] General Data LLC</ref>
New official international plans for Somali army training are those endorsed through the [[December 6]], [[2006]] [[United Nations Security Council]]-sanctioned mission known as [[IGASOM]].<ref name=UNSCR1725>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8887.doc.htm Security council approves African protection, training mission in Somalia, unanimously adopting resolution 1725 (2006)] UN Security Council</ref> This mission has the endorsement of the [[African Union]], and the union of [[Horn of Africa]] nations known as [[IGAD]]. However, to date no IGASOM-sanctioned troops have arrived in Somalia to assist the TFG.
Beyond the scope of the UN provisions, Ethiopia admitted it provided [[military advisors]] to the nascent TFG even before the outbreak of the war on [[December 20]], [[2006]], contraverting the Security Council's emphasis that according to the "IGAD Deployment Plan that those States that border Somalia would not deploy troops in Somalia." This limits the IGASOM mission eligibility to the nations of Uganda, Eritrea, and Sudan, since Kenya, Ethiopia and Djibouti (through the internationally unrecognized state of Somaliland) all border Somalia.
Even as the UNSC debated the motion to allow a lifting of the arms and training embargo on Somalia, Ethiopia publicly admitted its advisors were in Somalia, such as in this statement quoted at the time: "Ethiopia admitted it only has several hundred military advisors and trainers in Somalia to protect the impotent Somali government based in Baidoa, 250 km southwest of the capital."<ref name=LIFTING-ARMS-EMBARGO-ON-SOMALIA-ANGERS-ISLAMISTS>[http://www.shabelle.net/news/ne1822.htm Lifting arms embargo on Somalia angers Islamists] Shabelle Media Network</ref>
Meanwhile, the ICU army was funded from a [[Islamic Courts Union#Alleged military support to the ICU|variety of alleged unofficial sources]].
With the recent ''de facto'' state of affairs in Somalia, the future is unclear regarding international support and funding of the Somali military.
== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}
== References ==
*[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sotoc.html#so0123 Library of Congress Somalia Country Study 1992]
*[http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_191.shtml Somalia, 1980-1996] ACIG
*[http://somalinet.com/library/somalia/?so=0122 Somalia: Foreign Military Assistance] SomaliNet
*[http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/wawrep.html "Weapons at War", a World Policy Institute Issue Brief by William D. Hartung, , May 1995, chapter III: Strengthening Potential Adversaries (12th paragraph), Somalia.]
{{factbook}}
{{Africa in topic|Military of}}
[[Category:Military of Somalia| ]]