Militia 20622 223899093 2008-07-06T12:05:42Z SmackBot 433328 Date the maintenance tags or general fixes {{Refimprove|date=July 2008}} The term '''militia''' is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary<ref>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000</ref> [[citizen]]s to provide defense, emergency law enforcement, or [[paramilitary]] service, in times of emergency without being paid a regular salary or committed to a fixed term of service. Legal and historical meanings of ''militia'' include: * Defense activity or service, to protect a community, its territory, property, and laws. * The entire able-bodied male (women are usually called to work in munitions [[factories]]) population of a community, town, county, or [[state]], available to be called to arms. :* A subset of these who may be legally penalized for failing to respond to a call-up. :* A subset of these who actually respond to a call-up, regardless of legal obligation. * A private, non-government force, not necessarily directly supported or sanctioned by its [[government]]. * An official reserve army, composed of citizen [[soldier]]s. Called by various names in different countries such as; the [[Army Reserve]], [[National Guard]], or [[State Defense Forces]]. * The national [[police]] forces in several former [[communist states]] such as the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Warsaw Pact]] countries, but also in the [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]] [[SFR Yugoslavia]]. The term was inherited in [[Russia]], and other former [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries. See: ''[[Militia (Police)]]''. * In [[France]] the term "[[Milice]]" has become tainted due to its use by notorious [[collaborator]]s with [[Nazi Germany]]. * A '''select militia''' is composed of a small, non-representative portion of the population, often politicized.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Militia and the Constitution: A Legal History |author=Fields, William S.; Hardy, David T. |journal=Military Law Review |date=Spring 1992 |quote="Charles II demobilized the army, keeping only troops that he felt would be loyal to the new regime...Charles's "select" militia was composed only of a small part of the population..." |url=http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/FieldsAndHardy.html}}</ref> ==Etymology== The term "militia" is derived from Latin roots: * ''miles'' /miːles/ : soldier<ref>Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, p. 505, Oxford U. Pr., 1997.</ref> * ''-itia'' /iːtia/ : a state, activity, quality or condition of being<ref> [http://www.class.uidaho.edu/luschnig/Latin%20Vocab/4.htm Noun Formation, Class Notes in Latin], U. Idaho</ref><ref>John B. Van Sickle, [http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/jvsickle/wrlith.htm Roots of Style: A Guide to Latin & Greek Elements in English], Brooklyn College, City University of New York.</ref> * ''militia'' /mil:iːtia/: Military service<ref>Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, p. 505, Oxford U. Pr., 1997.</ref> In English, the word "militia" dates to 1590 when it was recorded in a book by Sir John Smythe, ''Certain Discourses Military'' with the meanings: a military force; a body of soldiers and military affairs; a body of military discipline<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, March 2002. Oxford University Press.</ref> ==[[Australia]]== {{main|Australian Army Reserve}} Militia was an alternative name for the Citizens' Military Forces (CMF), the reserve units of the [[Australian Army]] between 1901 and 1980. After Australian [[Australian Federation|federation]], the six former [[colony|colonial]] militias were merged to form the CMF. Initially the CMF infantry forces formed the vast bulk of the [[Australian Army]], along with standing artillery and engineer units. The Defence Act of 1903 granted the [[Australian government|Australian federal government]] the powers to [[conscription|conscript]] men of military age for home defense. However, these powers were unpopular and were used only for short periods at a time. The government was also forbidden by law from deploying the CMF outside Australian territories, or using it in [[Strike action|strike]]s and other industrial disputes. As a result of the ban on foreign service, during [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], all-volunteer [[Australian Imperial Force]]s were formed for overseas deployment. CMF units were sometimes scorned by AIF soldiers as "chocolate soldiers" or "chockos", because "they would melt under the pressure" of military operations; or in an alternative version of the story of the origin of this term, as a result of the 1930s' uniforms of Militia soldiers, these soldiers were considered by AIF volunteers and some civilians as soldiers only for show like the soldiers in garish 19th century dress uniforms shown on tins of chocolates that were commonly sold in Australia in the 1930s, hence the name "chocolate-tin soldiers" for Militia members. Nevertheless, some Militia units distinguished themselves in action against the [[Empire of Japan]] during the [[Pacific War]], and suffered extremely high casualties. In mid-1942 Militia units fought in two significant battles, both in [[New Guinea]], which was then an Australian territory. The exploits of the young and poorly trained soldiers of the [[39th (Militia) Battalion]] during the rearguard action on the [[Kokoda Track Campaign|Kokoda Track]] remain celebrated to this day, as is the contribution of the [[Australian 7th Brigade|7th Brigade]] at the [[Battle of Milne Bay]]. Later in the war, the law was changed to allow the transfer of Militia units to the 2nd AIF; of these Militia units, 65% of their personnel had volunteered for overseas service. Another change allowed Militia units to serve anywhere south of the [[Equator]] in [[South-East Asia]]. Consequently they also saw action against Japanese forces in the [[Dutch East Indies]]. In addition to the CMF, the [[Volunteer Defence Corps (Australia)|Volunteer Defence Corps]], a volunteer force modeled on the British [[British Home Guard|Home Guard]], was formed in 1940 and had a strength of almost 100,000 men across Australia at its peak. After the war, CMF units continued to form the bulk of the peacetime army, although the creation of standing infantry units &mdash; such as the [[Royal Australian Regiment]] &mdash; from 1947, meant that the regular army grew in importance. By 1980, when the name of the CMF was changed to the Army Reserve, the regular army was the more significant force. Australian Reservists have a comparatively high level of commitment, with an expected obligation of up to 4 nights and 2 full days per month, alongside a two week annual course. Since September of 2006, Reservist Salaries have been streamlined with those of regular forces as a reflection of overall higher standard of training. This initiative shows that since 1975, there are now many positions for which there is little training gap at all between Reservists and Permanent Force members [http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/Billsontpl.cfm?CurrentId=5975] == [[Austria]] == {{Unreferencedsection|date=July 2008}} After [[World War I]], multiple militias formed as [[soldier]]s returned home to their [[village]]s, only to find many of them occupied by [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs|Slovene]] and [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] forces, especially in the southern province of [[Carinthia]]. During the [[First Austrian Republic|First Republic]], increasing [[radicalization]] of politics led to certain militias associating with certain [[political parties]]. The [[Heimwehr]] (German: ''Home Defense'') became affiliated with the [[Christian Social Party (Austria)|Christian Social Party]] and the [[Republikanischer Schutzbund]] (German: ''Republican Defense League'') became affiliated with the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria]]. Violence increasingly escalated, breaking out during the [[July Revolt of 1927]] and finally the [[Austrian Civil War]], when the Schutzbund was defeated by the Heimwehr, police, and federal army. ''See also: [[Republikanischer Schutzbund]], [[Heimwehr]]'' ==[[Canada]]== {{Unreferencedsection|date=July 2008}} {{main|Military history of Canada#Canadian autonomy|l1=Canadian Militia}} In Canada the title "Militia" historically referred to the land component of the armed forces, both regular (full time) and reserve. In 1940 the Permanent Active Militia and Non-Permanent Active Militia were renamed to become the [[Canadian Forces Land Force Command|Canadian Army]]. The term Militia continued from then to the present day to refer to the part-time army reserve component of the [[Canadian Forces]]. Currently, Militia troops usually train one night a week and every other weekend of the month, except in the summer. Summertime training may consist of courses, individual call-outs, or concentrations (unit and formation training of one to two weeks' duration). In addition, [[Primary Reserve]] members are increasingly used for voluntary service as augmentation to the regular force overseas—usually [[NATO]] or [[United Nations]] missions. Most Canadian cities have one or more militia units. Since the mid 1990s, the term Militia has all but vanished in favor of the term Primary Reserve. 'Milita' is generally associated with an earlier, less professional organization than the reserve forces that directly support the regular forces in Canada today. ==[[People's Republic of China|China]]== {{main|Chinese Paramilitary Forces}} China's Militia, a mass force engaged in daily production under the leadership of the [[Communist Party of China]] (CCP), forms part of the Chinese armed forces. Under the command of the military organs, it undertakes such jobs as war preparation services, security and defense operation tasks and assistance in maintaining [[social order]] and public security.<ref>[http://english.gov.cn/2005-09/02/content_28491.htm The Components of the Armed Forces], PRC's official website</ref> ==[[Cuba]]== {{main|Military of Cuba}} Cuba has three militia organizations: The Territorial Militia Troops ''Milicias de Tropas Territoriales'' of about one million people (half women)[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/minfar/far/mtt.htm&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DMilicias%2Bde%2BTropas%2BTerritoriales%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DkEM], the Youth Labor Army ''Ejército Juvenil del Trabajo'' devoted to agricultural production, and a naval militia.[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/cuba/militia.htm]. ==[[Denmark]]== See [[Danish Home Guard]] ==[[France]]== The first notable militia in French history was the resistance of the [[Gaul]]s to invasion by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] until they were defeated by Julius Caesar.<ref>Gilliver, Kate. ''Caesar's Gallic Wars 58-50 BC.'' London: Osprey Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-415-96858-5</ref> The next notable militia was organized and led by [[Joan of Arc]] until her capture and execution in 1431. It settled the succession to the French crown and laid the basis for the formation of the modern nation of France.<ref>''Joan of Arc: Her Story'', by Régine Pernoud (Author), Marie-Véronique Clin (Author), Jeremy duQuesnay Adams (Translator), Palgrave Macmillan (1999), ISBN 0312227302</ref> During the Franco-Prussian War the Parisian National Guard, which was founded during the time of the American Revolution, engaged the Prussian Army and later rebelled against the Versailles Army under Marshal McMahon. During [[World War II]] under German occupation, militia usually called the [[French Resistance]] emerged to conduct a guerrilla war of attrition against German forces and prepare the way for the [[D-Day]] Allied Invasion of France.<ref>[[David Schoenbrun]], ''Soldiers of the Night, The Story of the French Resistance'', New American Library, 1980. ISBN 0-452-00612-0</ref> The French Resistance militia were opposed by the Vichy French Milice Francaise - the paramilitary police force of the German puppet state of Vichy.. ==[[Germany]]== The earliest reports of Germanic militia was the system of [[Hundred (division)|hundred]]s which was described in 98 A.D. by [[Tacitus]] as the ''centeni.'' It was similar to the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[fyrd]]. The name [[Freikorps]] ([[German language|German]] for "Free Corps") was originally applied to voluntary armies. The first freikorps were recruited by [[Frederick II of Prussia]] during the [[Seven Years' War]]. The freikorps were regarded as unreliable by regular armies, so that they were mainly used as sentries and for minor duties. However, after 1918, the term was used for [[nationalist]] [[paramilitary]] organizations that sprang up around [[Germany]] as soldiers returned in defeat from [[World War I]]. They were one of the many [[Weimar paramilitary groups]] active during that time. They received considerable support from [[Gustav Noske]], the German Defence Minister who used them to crush the [[Spartakist League]] with enormous violence, including the murders of [[Karl Liebknecht]] and [[Rosa Luxemburg]] on [[January 15]], [[1919]]. They were also used to put down the [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]] in 1919. They were officially "disbanded" in 1920, resulting in the ill-fated [[Kapp Putsch]] in March 1920. The ''Einwohnerwehr'', active in Germany from 1919 to 1921 as a paramilitary citizens' militia consisting of hundreds of thousands of mostly former servicemen.<ref>Campbell, Bruce: ''The Sa Generals and the Rise of Nazism'', Page 99. University Press of Kentucky, 1998. ISBN 0813190983</ref> Formed by the Prussian Ministry of the Interior on April 15, 1919, for the purpose to allow citizens to protect themselves from looters, armed gangs, and revolutionaries. The ''Einwohnerwehr'' was under the command of the local ''Reichswehr'' regiments and which supplied its guns. In 1921, the Berlin government dissolved the ''Einwohnerwehr''. Many of its members went on to join the Nazi Party.[http://www.radix.net/~bbrown/police_unit_marks.html] In 1944-45, as World War II was coming to a close in Europe the German high command deployed increasing numbers of [[Volkssturm]] units to combat duties. These regiments were composed of men and women to old or otherwise unfit for service in the wehrmacht (German Regular Army). Their primary role was assisting the army with fortification duties and digging anti-tank ditches, but would as the shortage of manpower became severe be used as front line infantry, most often in urban settings. Due to the physical state of members, almost non-existent training and shortage of weapons most there was not much the Volkssturm could do except act like shields for regular army units. However, armed with [[Panzerfaust]]s and deeply entrenched a unit of Volkssturm could cause serious trouble for Soviet armor. ==[[Iran]]== {{Unreferencedsection|date=July 2008}} The [[Basij]] militia, founded by [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]] in November of 1979 is composed of 90,000 regular soldiers, and 300,000 reservists and ultimately draws from about 11 million members, and is subordinate to their [[Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution]] in [[Iran]]. {{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} ==[[Iraq]]== [[Image:Peshmurga Kurdish Militia.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Peshmurga Kurdish Militia, cleaning weapons.'']] {{main|Private militias in Iraq}} Several armed militia groups are presently active in Iraq. The [[Mehdi Army]] is a sectarian armed force created by the Iraqi Shi'a cleric [[Muqtada al-Sadr]] in June 2003. The [[Badr]] armed force based in and around [[Karbala]]. The Anbar Salvation Council is a Sunni armed group in Iraq formed by members of baathist and nationalist elements to fight Al-Qaeda in Iraq. The [[Kurdistan|Kurdish]] militia<!-- Jash-->, the [[peshmerga]], is estimated to number upwards of 50,000. The [[Awakening Councils]] or "concerned citizens" are emerging to defend their neighborhoods against insurgents of every kind, functioning as a form of vigilante "militia" similar to the model of militia in the [[Militia (United States)|U.S.]].<ref>[http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14566&Itemid=128 Concerned citizens detain insurgents], press release of Operation iraqi Freedom, 11 october 2007.</ref> {{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} ==[[Israel]]== The earliest historical record of militia is found in the [[Old Testament]] and particularly the [[Book of Judges]], when the Israelites fought as militia against threatening neighboring tribes. A prominent instance of that was the militia led by [[Deborah]] against the [[Caananite]]s.<ref>Daniel J. Elazar, [http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles/judges.htm The Book of Judges: The Israelite Tribal Federation and Its Discontents], Jeruselem center of Public Affairs</ref><ref>[[E. A. Speiser]], "The City" and the "Gates of the City" in Oriental and Biblical Studies: Collected Writings of E.A. Speiser, edited with an introduction by J.J. Finkelstein and Moshe Greenberg (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1967).</ref> In modern times there is a universal military service requirement for male Israeli citizens that leaves most of them in the reserves of the [[Israeli Defense Forces]], authorized to keep certain military weapons in their homes and workplaces.<ref>Bregman, Ahron (2002). ''Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28716-2</ref> ==[[Korea]]== {{Unreferencedsection|date=July 2008}} In the end of 19th century and the early 20th century, the [[Righteous army]] of Korea resisted [[Japan]]'s invasion and occupation of the peninsula. ==[[Mexico]]== {{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} The Free-Colored Militia, interracial militias of [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|New Spain]], Colonial Mexico.<ref>Vinson, Ben III. ''Bearing Arms for His Majesty: The Free-Colored Militia in Colonial Mexico''. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-4229-4</ref> The [[Rurales]] The [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation]] ==[[New Zealand]]== Many localized Militia saw service, together with British Imperial troops, during the [[New Zealand land wars]]. The Militia were disbanded and reformed as the Territorial Army in 1911.{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}} ==[[Norway]]== :''See [[Norwegian Home Guard]] ==Russia and Soviet Union== {{Unreferencedsection|date=July 2008}} Neither the [[Russian Empire]], nor the [[Soviet Union]] ever had an organised force that could be equated to a militia. Instead a form of organisation that pre-dated the Russian state was used during national emergencies called [[Narodnoe Opolcheniye]]. More comparable to the English [[Leidang|Fyrd]], it was a popular voluntary joining of the local [[Regiment#Russian_Army|polk]], or a regiment, though it had no regular established strength or officers, these usually elected from prominent local citizens. Although these spontaneously created popular forces had participated in several major wars of the Russian Empire, including in combat, they were not obligated to serve for more then one year, and notably departed for home during the [[War of the Sixth Coalition|1813 campaign in Germany]]. On only one occasion, during the [[military history of the Soviet Union]], the Narodnoe Opolcheniye was incorporated into the regular forces of the [[Red Army]], notably in [[List_of_infantry_divisions_of_the_Soviet_Union_1917%E2%80%931957#Narodnoe_Opolcheniye_divisions|Leningrad and Moscow]]. ==[[Sri Lanka]]== The first militias formed in [[Sri Lanka]] were by Lankan Kings, who raised militia armies for their military campaigns both within and out side the island. This was due to the reason that the Kings never maintained a standing army instead had a [[Royal Guard]] during peace time and formed a militia in wartime. When the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] who were the first colonial power to dominate the island raised local militias under the command of local leaders known as [[Mudaliyars]]. These militias took part in the many [[Portugal|Portuguese]] campaigns against the Lankan Kings. The Dutch continued to employ these militias but due to their unreliability tended to favor employing [[Switzerland|Swiss]] and [[Malay race|Malay]] [[mercenaries]] in their campaigns in the island. The [[British Empire]] then ousted the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] from the coastal areas of the country, and sought to conquer the independent [[Kingdom of Kandy|Kandyan Kingdom]]. In 1802, the British became the first foreign power to raise a regular unit of [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] with British officers, which was named the [[2nd Ceylon Regiment]], also known as the [[Sepoy|Sepoy Corps]].It fought alongside British troops in the [[Kandyan Wars|Kandyan wars]]. After the [[Matale Rebellion]] lead by [[Puran Appu]] in 1848, in which a number of Sinhalese recruits defected to the side of the rebels, the recruitment of Sinhalese to the British forces was temporarily halted and the Ceylon Regiments disbanded. In 1861 the [[Ceylon Light Infantry Volunteers]] were raised as a militia, but soon became a [[military reserve force]]. This became the [[Ceylon Defence Force]] in 1910 and consisted of militia units. These were the [[Colombo Town Guard]] and the [[Ceylon Garrison Artillery|Town Guard Artillery]] formed during the two world wars. With the escalation of the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]], local villagers under threat of attack were formed into localized militia to protect their families and homes<ref>[http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2008/02/17/sec02.asp Civil Defence militia rise beyond expectations, sundayobserver.lk]</ref>. According to the Sri Lankan Military these militias were formed after "massacres done by the [[LTTE]]" and in the early 1990s they were reformed as the [[Sri Lankan Home Guard]]. In 2007 the Home Guard became the [[Department of Civil Defence (Sri Lanka)|Sri Lanka Civil Defence Force]]<ref> [http://www.defence.lk/main_abt.asp?fname=homeguard Home Guard Service, Ministry of Defence, Sri Lanka, defence.lk]</ref>. In 2008, the government called for the formation of nearly 15,000 civil defence committees at the village level for additional protection.<ref>{{cite news |title=Civil Defence Committees to protect civilians from terrorist attacks |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/Current_Affairs/ca200802/20080214civil_defence_committees_protect_civilians.htm |publisher=Government of [[Sri Lanka]] |date=2008-02-14 |accessdate=2008-03-26 }}</ref> In 2004, the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] established a voluntary "Tamil Eelam auxiliary force". According to the LTTE's head of police, the force would be assigned to tasks such as rehabilitation, construction, forest conservation and agriculture, but would also be used to battle the Sri Lankan military if the need arose.<ref name=Auxiliary>[http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040627/news/19.html ‘Citizens of Eelam come join us’]</ref><ref name=Auxiliary2>[http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/24/stories/2004062413501300.htm LTTE recruits volunteers for auxiliary forces]</ref><ref name = Auxiliary3>[http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040627/news/2.html LTTE setting up auxiliary force of Thamil Eelam]</ref> ==[[Sudan]]== [[Image:Darfur report - Page 4 Image 2.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Janjaweed "militiaman"]] The [[Janjaweed]] militia consists of armed Arab Muslims fighting for the government in [[Khartoum]] against non-Arab Muslim "rebels". They are active in the [[Darfur]] region of western Sudan and also in eastern [[Chad]]. According to [[Human Rights Watch]] these partisans are responsible for abuses including war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing. [http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/08/27/darfur9268.htm]{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}{{-}} ==[[Sweden]]== See [[Swedish Home Guard]] ==[[Switzerland]]== One of the most famous and ancient militias is the [[Military of Switzerland|Swiss Armed Forces]]. [[Switzerland]] long maintained, proportionally, the second largest military force in the world, with about half the proportional amount of reserve forces of the [[Israeli Defence Force]], a militia of some 33% of the total population. Article 58.1 of the 1999 Swiss constitution provides that the armed forces (armee) is "in principle" organized as a militia, implicitly allowing a small number of professional soldiers. In 1995, the number of soldiers was reduced to 400,000 (including reservists, amounting to some 5.6% of the population) and again in 2004, to 200,000 (including 80,000 reservists, or 2.7% of the population). However, the Swiss Militia continues to consist of most of the adult male population (with voluntary participation by women) required to keep an automatic rifle at home and to periodically engage in combat and marksmanship training. <ref>[http://www.constitution.org/mil/swiss_rpt.pdf The Swiss Report: A special study for Western Goals Foundation], Gen. Lewis W. Walt and Maj. Gen. George S. Patton. (1983)</ref><!--Constitution Society has permission to copy--> ==United Kingdom== {{Cleanup-section|date=July 2008}} {{main|Militia (English)}} {{Refimprovesect|date=March 2008}} === Origins === The obligation to serve in the militia in England derives from a [[common law]] tradition, and dates back to [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] times. The tradition was that all able-bodied males were liable to be called out to serve in one of two organisations. These were the [[Posse comitatus (common law)|posse comitatus]], an ''ad hoc'' assembly called together by a law officer to apprehend lawbreakers, and the [[fyrd]]<ref>Oxford English Dictionary. Second Edition 1989</ref>, a military body intended to preserve internal order or defend the locality against an invader. The latter developed into the militia, and was usually embodied by a [[royal warrant]].<ref>The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I, Pollock and Maitland, Cambridge U. Pr. (1898)</ref> Obviously, service in each organisation involved different levels of preparedness.<ref>[[Century Dictionary]] (1891) articles on ''posse comitatus'' and ''miltia''.</ref> === Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries === With the decay of the feudal system and the military revolution of the sixteenth century, the militia began to become an important institution in English life. It was organized on the basis of the [[Historic counties of England|shire county]], and was one of the responsibilities of the [[Lord Lieutenant]], a royal official (usually a trusted nobleman). Each of the [[hundred (division)|county hundreds]] was likewise the responsibility of a [[Deputy Lieutenant]], who relayed orders to the [[justices of the peace]] or [[magistrates]]. Every parish furnished a quota of eligible men, whose names were recorded on [[Muster (military)|muster rolls]]. Likewise, each household was assessed for the purpose of finding weapons, armour, horses, or their financial equivalent, according to their status. The militia was supposed to be [[Muster (military)|mustered]] for training purposes from time to time, but this was rarely done. The militia regiments were consequently ill-prepared for an emergency, and could not be relied upon to serve outside their own counties. This state of affairs concerned many people. Consequently, an elite force was created, composed of members of the militia who were prepared to meet regularly for military training and exercise. These were formed into trained band regiments, particularly in the [[City of London]], where the Artillery Garden was used as a training ground. The [[trained bands]] performed an important role in the [[English Civil War]] on the side of parliament, in marching to raise the siege of [[Gloucester]] (5 September 1643). Except for the London trained bands, both sides in the Civil War made little use of the militia, preferring to recruit their armies by other means.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}<!-- Then one has to explain away their use at the Battle of Worcester: "The Parliamentary militia were sent home within a week. Cromwell, who had ridiculed 'such stuff' six months ago, knew them better now. 'Your new raised forces,' he wrote to the House, 'did perform singular good service, for which they deserve a very high estimation and acknowledgment.'" (Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh Edition article GREAT REBELLION 59. The Crowning Mercy) --> ===Militia in the English Empire=== [[Image:John Smith 1624 Bermuda map with Forts.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Captain [[John Smith of Jamestown|John Smith's]] 1624 map of the Somers Isles ([[Bermuda]]), showing [[St. George's, Bermuda|St. George's Town]] and related fortifications, including the [[Castle Islands Fortifications, Bermuda|Castle Islands Fortifications]] with their garrisons of militiamen.]] As successful English settlement of North America began to take place in 1607 in the face of the hostile intentions of the powerful Spanish, and of the native populations, it became immediately necessary to raise militia amongst the settlers. The militia in [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] saw constant action against the [[Powhatan|Powhatan Federation]] and other native polities. In the [[London Company|Virginia Company]]'s other outpost, [[Bermuda]], fortification began immediately in 1612. A Spanish attack in 1614 was repulsed by two shots fired from the incomplete [[Castle Islands Fortifications, Bermuda|Castle Islands Fortifications]] manned by [[Bermuda Militias 1612-1815|Bermudian Militiamen]]. In the Nineteenth century, ''Fortress Bermuda'' would become Britain's ''Gibraltar of the West'', heavily fortified by a Regular Army garrison to protect the Royal Navy's headquarters and dockyard in the Western Atlantic. In the 17th Century, however, Bermuda's defence was left entirely in the hands of the Militia. In addition to requiring all male civilians to train and serve in the militia of their Parish, the Bermudian Militia included a standing body of trained artillerymen to garrison the numerous fortifications which ringed ''New London'' ([[St. George's, Bermuda|St. George's]]). This standing body was created by recruiting volunteers, and by sentencing criminals to serve as punishment. The Bermudian militiamen were called out on numerous occasions of war, and, on one notable occasion, to quell rioting privateers. In 1710, four years after Spanish and French forces seized the [[Turks and Caicos Islands|Turks Islands]] from Bermudian salt producers in 1706, they were expelled by Bermudian militia. By this time, the 1707 [[Acts of Union]] had made Bermudian and other English militiamen ''British''. === Political issues === Up until the [[Glorious Revolution]] in 1688, [[the Crown]] and Parliament were in strong disagreement. The [[English Civil War]] left a rather unusual military legacy. Both [[British Whig Party|Whigs]] and [[Tories]] distrusted the creation of a large [[standing army]] not under civilian control. The former feared that it would be used as an instrument of royal tyranny. The latter had memories of the [[New Model Army]] and the anti-monarchical social and political revolution that it brought about. Consequently, both preferred a small standing army under civilian control for defensive deterrence and to prosecute foreign wars, a large navy as the first line of national defence, and a militia composed of their neighbours as additional defence and to preserve domestic order. Consequently, the [[English Bill of Rights]] (1689) declared, amongst other things: "that the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law..." and "that the subjects which are [[Protestant]]s may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law." This implies that they are fitted to serve in the militia, which was intended to serve as a counterweight to the standing army and preserve civil liberties against the use of the army by a tyrannical monarch or government. The Crown still (in the British constitution) controls the use of the army. This ensures that officers and enlisted men swear an oath to a politically neutral head of state, and not to a politician. While the funding of the standing army subsists on annual financial votes by parliament, the [[Mutiny Act]] is also renewed on an annual basis by parliament{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. If it lapses, the legal basis for enforcing discipline disappears, and soldiers lose their legal indemnity for acts committed under orders{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. With the creation of the [[British Empire]], militias were also raised in the colonies, where little support could be provided by regular forces. Overseas militias were first raised in [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Virginia]], and in [[Bermuda]], where the [[Bermuda Militias 1612-1815|Bermuda Militia]] followed a similar trajectory over the next two centuries to that in Britain. === Eighteenth century and the Acts of Union === In 1707, the [[Acts of Union]] united the [[Kingdom of England]] with the [[Kingdom of Scotland]]. The Scottish navy was incorporated into the Royal Navy. The Scottish military (as oppsed to naval) forces merged with the English, with pre-existing regular Scottish regiments maintaining their identities, though command of the new British Army was from England. How this affected militias either side of the border is unclear. ==== British Militia ==== {{main|Militia (United Kingdom)}} The Militia Act of 1757 created a more professional force. Better records were kept, and the men were selected by ballot to serve for longer periods. Proper uniforms and better weapons were provided, and the force was 'embodied' from time to time for training sessions. The militia was widely embodied at various times during the French and [[Napoleonic Wars]]. It served at several vulnerable locations, and was particularly stationed on the South Coast and in [[Ireland]]. A number of camps were held at [[Brighton]], where the militia regiments were reviewed by the [[Prince Regent]]. (This is the origin of the song "Brighton Camp".)The militia could not be compelled to serve overseas, but it was seen as a training reserve for the army, as [[bounties]] were offered to men who opted to 'exchange' from the militia to the [[regular army]]. ==== Irish militia ==== The [[Parliament of Ireland]] passed an [[act of parliament|act]] in 1715 raising regiments of militia in each county and [[county corporate]]. Membership was restricted to [[Protestant]]s between the ages of 16 and 60. In 1793, during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the Irish militia were reorganized to form thirty-seven county and city regiments. While officers of the reorganized force were Protestant, membership of the other ranks was now made available to members of all denominations. ==== Scottish militia ==== In the late Seventeenth century came calls for the resurrection of militia in Scotland that had the understated aim of protecting the rights of Scots from English oppression.<ref>[http://www.constitution.org/fletchr/fletchr.htm A Discourse of Government with Relation to Militias], Andrew Fletcher (1698) ISBN 0521439949</ref> The 1757 Militia Act did not apply in Scotland. The old traditional system continued, so that militia regiments only existed in some places. This was resented by some and the Militia Club, soon to become [[the Poker Club]], was formed to promote the raising of a Scottish militia. This and several other Edinburgh clubs became the crucible of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]]. The Militia Act of 1797 empowered Scottish Lord Lieutenants to raise and command militia regiments in each of the "Counties, Stewartries, Cities, and Places" under their jurisdiction. === Nineteenth century === Although muster rolls were prepared as late as 1820, the element of compulsion was abandoned, and the militia was transformed into a volunteer force. It was intended to be seen as an alternative to the army. Men would volunteer and undertake basic training for several months at an army depot. Thereafter, they would return to civilian life, but report for regular periods of military training (usually on the weapons ranges) and an annual two week training camp. In return, they would receive military pay and a financial retainer, a useful addition to their civilian wage. Of course, many saw the annual camp as the equivalent of a paid holiday. The militia thus appealed to agricultural labourers, colliers and the like, men in [[casual occupations]], who could leave their civilian job and pick it up again. Until 1861 the militia were an entirely [[infantry]] force, but in that year a number of county regiments were converted to [[artillery]]. In 1877 the militia of [[Anglesey]] and [[Monmouthshire (historic)|Monmouthshire]] were converted to engineers. Under the [[Childers reforms|reforms]] introduced by [[Secretary of State for War]] [[Hugh Childers]] in 1881, the remaining militia infantry regiments were redesignated as numbered battalions of regiments of the line, ranking after the two regular battalions. Typically, an English, Welsh or Scottish regiment would have two militia battalions (the 3rd and 4th) and Irish regiments three (numbered 3rd - 5th). The militia must not be confused with the volunteer units created in a wave of enthusiasm in the second half of the nineteenth century. In contrast with the [[Volunteer Force (Great Britain)|Volunteer Force]], and the similar [[Yeomanry]] Cavalry, they were considered rather plebeian. === The Special Reserve === The militia was transformed into the Special Reserve by the [[Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907|military reforms]] of [[Haldane]] in the reforming post 1906 Liberal government. In 1908 the militia infantry battalions were redesignated as "reserve" and a number were amalgamated or disbanded. Numbered [[Territorial Force]] battalions, ranking after the Special Reserve, were formed from the volunteer units at the same time. Altogether, 101 infantry battalions, 33 artillery regiments and two engineer regiments of special reservists were formed.<ref>Units of the Militia to be transferred to the Special Reserve, published as schedule to order in council made April 9, 1908, ''The London Gazette'', April 10, 1908</ref> Upon mobilisation, the special reserve units would be formed at the depot and continue training while guarding vulnerable points in Britain. The special reserve units remained in Britain throughout the [[First World War]], but their rank and file did not, since the object of the special reserve was to supply drafts of replacements for the overseas units of the regiment. The original militiamen soon disappeared, and the battalions became training units pure and simple. The Special Reserve reverted to its militia designation in 1921, then to Supplementary Reserve in 1924, though the units were effectively placed in "suspended animation" until disbanded in 1953. === The Militiamen === The name was briefly revived in 1939, in the aftermath of the [[Munich Crisis]]. [[Leslie Hore-Belisha]], the then Minister of War, wished to introduce a limited form of [[conscription]], an unheard of thing in peacetime. It was thought that calling the conscripts 'militiamen' would make this more acceptable, as it would render them distinct from the rest of the army. Only single men of a certain age group were conscripted (they were given a free suit of civilian clothes as well as a uniform), and after serving for about a year, would be discharged into the reserve. Although the first intake were called up, the war broke out soon after, and the militiamen lost their identity in the rapidly expanding army. === Modern survivals === Three units still maintain their militia designation in the [[British Army]], two in the [[Territorial Army]] and one in the [[Army Cadet Force]]. These are the [[Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers]] (formed in 1539), the [[Jersey Field Squadron (The Royal Militia Island of Jersey)]] (formed in 1337), and the [[Royal Alderney Militia]] (created in the 13th century and reformed in 1984). Additionally, the [[Atholl Highlanders]] are a (ceremonial) private army maintained by the [[Duke of Atholl]] &mdash; they are the only legal private "army" in the United Kingdom. ===The Troubles and Irish War of Independence=== {{see also|The Troubles|Irish War of Independence}} The various non-state paramilitary groups involved in the 20th century conflicts in [[Northern Ireland]] and the island of [[Ireland]], such as the various [[Irish Republican Army]] groups and [[Ulster loyalism|loyalist]] paramilitaries, could also be described as militias and are occasionally referred to as such. ==United States== [[Image:Minuteman-250px.jpg|right|frame|250px|''Lexington Minuteman'' representing [[Minutemen (militia)|militia minuteman]] [[John Parker (Captain)|John Parker]]]] {{main|Militia (United States)}} The history of militia in the [[United States]] dates from the colonial era. Based on the British system, colonial militias were drawn from the body of adult male citizens of a community, town, or local region. Because there were usually few British regulars garrisoned in North America, colonial militia served a vital role in local conflicts, particularly in the [[French and Indian Wars]]. Before shooting began in the [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]], American revolutionaries took control of the militia system, reinvigorating training and excluding men with [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] inclinations.<ref>John Shy, "Mobilizing Armed Force in the American Revolution", in John Parker and Carol Urness, eds., ''The American Revolution: A Heritage of Change'' (Minneapolis, 1975), pp. 104–5.</ref> Regulation of the militia was codified by the [[Second Continental Congress]] with the [[Articles of Confederation]]. The revolutionaries also created a full-time regular army—the [[Continental Army]]—but because of manpower shortages the militia provided short-term support to the regulars in the field throughout the war. In colonial era Anglo-American usage, militia service was distinguished from military service in that the latter was normally a commitment for a fixed period of time, probably at least a year, for a [[salary]], whereas militia was only to meet a threat, or prepare to meet a threat, for periods of time expected to be short. Militia persons were normally expected to provide their own weapons, equipment, or supplies, although they may later be compensated for losses or expenditures.<ref>Stephen P. Halbrook, The Right of the People or the Power of the State Bearing Arms, Arming Militias, and the Second Amendment, ''Valparaiso Law Review'', vol. 26, number 1, page 131 (1991).</ref> A related concept is the [[jury]], which can be regarded as a specialized form of militia convened to render a verdict in a court proceeding (known as a petit jury or [[jury|trial jury]]) or to investigate a public matter and render a presentment or indictment ([[grand jury]]).<ref>William E. Nelson, The Eighteenth-Century Background of John Marshall's Constitutional Jurisprudence, 76 Mich. L. Rev. 893 (1978), ch. 23, 23. The Jury and Consensus Government in Mid-Eighteenth-Century America</ref> With the [[Philadelphia Convention|Constitutional Convention]] of 1787 and Article 1 Section 8 of the [[United States Constitution]], control of the army and the power to direct the militia of the states was concurrently delegated to the federal [[United States Congress|Congress]].<ref>[[Garry Wills|Wills, Garry]] (1999). ''A Necessary Evil, A History of American Distrust of Government''. New York, NY; Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684844893</ref> The [[Militia Clause]]s gave Congress authority for "organizing, arming, and disciplining" the militia, and "governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States", with the States retaining authority to appoint officers and to impose the training specified by Congress. Proponents describe a key element in the concept of "militia" was that to be "genuine" it not be a "select militia", composed of an unrepresentative subset of the population. This was an argument presented in the [[History of the United States Constitution#Ratification|ratification debates]].<ref>''Right to Keep and Bear Arms'', U. S. Senate. [[Paladin Press]] (2001). ISBN 1581602545</ref> The first legislation on the subject was The [[Militia Act of 1792]] which provided, in part: :That each and every free able-bodied white male citizen of the respective States, resident therein, who is or shall be of age of eighteen years, and under the age of forty-five years (except as is herein after excepted) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia, ... every citizen, so enrolled and notified, shall, within six months thereafter, provide himself with a good musket or firelock.... During the nineteenth century, each of the states maintained its militia differently, some more than others. Prior to the Civil War, militia units were sometimes used by southern states for slave control. In free states, Republican militias - called "[[Wide Awakes]]" - sided with abolitionists in sometimes violent confrontations with Federal authorities.<ref>[[Ben Manski|Manski, Ben]] (2006). ''States Rights for Civil Rights,'' [[Liberty Tree Foundation for the Democratic Revolution|Liberty Tree Journal, Vol 1, Issue 4]].</ref> During [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] after the Civil War, Republican state governments had militias composed almost entirely of freed slaves because conservative whites did not participate. Their deployment to maintain order in the former Confederate states, caused increased resentment among Southern whites.<ref>Catton, Bruce (2004). ''The Civil War,'' Pages 28-29. Mariner Books. ISBN 0618001875</ref> The war did not end with Lee's surrender at Appomattox and continued to be fought by insurgent groups through Reconstruction. ===Reconstruction paramilitary groups=== Secret white [[vigilante]] groups like the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and [[Knights of the White Camellia]] arose quickly in states across the South, reaching a peak in the late 1860s. Even more significant in terms of effect were private militias, [[paramilitary organizations]] that formed starting in 1874, including the [[White League]] in [[Louisiana]], which quickly formed chapters in other states; the [[Red Shirts]] in [[Mississippi]] in 1875, and with force in [[South Carolina]] and [[North Carolina]]; as well as other "White Line" militias and rifle clubs. In contrast to the KKK, they were open, members were often well-known in the communities, and they directed their efforts at political aims: using force, intimidation and violence, including murder, to push out Republican officeholders, break up organizing, and suppress freedmen's voting and civil rights.<ref>Nicholas Lemann, ''Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War'', New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux paperback, 2007, pp.25, 167, 170</ref> The paramilitary groups were described as "the military arm of the Democratic Party" and were instrumental in helping secure Democratic victories in the South in the elections of 1876.<ref>George C. Rable, ''But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction'', Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984, p. 132</ref> ===19th and 20th c. state militias=== Also, during this century, when the militia was called up to fight the War of 1812, the Civil War, and the Spanish-American War, militia units were sometimes found to be unprepared, ill supplied, and at first unwilling. <ref>[[Garry Wills|Wills, Garry]] (1999). ''A Necessary Evil, A History of American Distrust of Government.'' New York, NY; Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684844893</ref> <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=0QUmte6Xx5qTI3Zfs0Yzszl&id=LT4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=spanish+american+war+militia&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1#PPA466,M1 ''The Spanish American War''], by Russell Alexander Alger, Harper & Bros. (1901).</ref> <ref>[[William H. Sumner|Sumner, William H.]]: ''An Inquiry Into the Importance of the Militia to a Free Commonwealth'', Page 23. Cummings and Hillard, 1823. ASIN B00085OK9E. Reprinted in Richard H. Kohn, ''Anglo-American Antimilitary Tracts, 1697-1830'', Arno Press (1979) ISBN 0405118864.</ref> The [[Militia Act of 1903]] divided what had been the militia into what it termed the "organized" militia, created from portions of the former state guards to become state [[United States National Guard|National Guard]] units, and the "unorganized" militia consisting of all males from ages 17 to 45, with the exception of certain officials and others, which is codified in [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode10/usc_sec_10_00000311----000-.html 10 USC 311]. Some states, such as Texas and California, created separate [[State Defense Forces]] for assistance in local emergencies. Congress later established <ref>National Defense Act Amendments of 1933, Act of June 15, 1933, ch. 87, 48 Stat. 153.</ref> a system of "dual enlistment" for the National Guard, so that anyone who enlisted in the National Guard also enlisted in the [[U.S. Army]]. <ref>[http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/WhiskerCitizenSoldier.htm The Citizen Soldier under Federal and State Law], by James Biser Whisker, ''West Virginia Law Review'' 94 (1992): 947.</ref> Privately organized citizen militia-related groups blossomed in the mid 1990s, which collectively became known as the [[constitutional militia movement]]. The supporters have not been affiliated with any government organization, although most of them have been military and law enforcement [[veteran]]s. {{Request quotation|date=October 2007}} They support a restoration of the militia system as envisioned by the [[Founding Fathers]], and enforcement of a strict construction of the [[U.S. Constitution]], especially the [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment]], according to their understanding of it. They assert that the [[Right to arms|right to keep and bear arms]] is not just a right, but that the people have a [[duty]] to be armed as a deterrence against crime and governmental tyranny. These militia units train in the proper and safe use of firearms, so that they may be effective if called upon by the sheriff of their county, governor of their state, or the president of the United States, to uphold [[liberty]], protect the people in times of crisis (i.e. disasters such as [[Hurricane Katrina]]), or to defend against invasion and terrorism.{{Request quotation|date=October 2007}} [[U.S. Constitution]], [[Militia Clause|Art. I Sec. 8 Cl. 15 & 16]].<ref>Jonathan Karl, ''The Right to Bear Arms: The Rise of America's New Militias,'' HarperCollins, New York (1995) ISBN 0061010154</ref> In its original sense, ''militia'' meant "the state, quality, condition, or activity of being a fighter or warrior." It can be thought of as "combatant activity", "the fighter frame of mind", "the militant mode", "the soldierly status", or "the warrior way".<ref>Beckett, Ian, The Amateur Military Tradition, 1558-1945 (Manchester, 1991).</ref> In this latter usage, a militia is a body of private persons who respond to an emergency threat to public safety, usually one that requires an armed response, but which can also include ordinary law enforcement or disaster responses. The act of bringing to bear arms contextually changes the status of the person, from peaceful citizen, to warrior citizen. The militia is the sum total of persons undergoing this change of state.<ref>Joyce Lee Malcolm, The Right of the People to Keep and Bear Arms: The Common Law Tradition, ''Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly'', Vol. 10:285-314, 1983</ref> Persons have been said to engage in militia in response to a "call up" by any person aware of the threat requiring the response, and thence to be in "called up" status until the emergency is past.<ref>Joyce Lee Malcolm, ''The Role of the Militia in the Development of the Englishman's Right to be Armed — Clarifying the Legacy'', Royal Historical Society and Humanities Press, 1996</ref> There is no minimum size to militia, and a solitary act of defense, including self-defense, can be thought of as one person calling up himself to defend the community, represented by himself or others, and to enforce the law.{{Request quotation|date=October 2007}}<ref>''Cases & Comments on Criminal Procedure'', Fred E. Inbau and James R. Thompson, Foundation Press, Mineola, NY (1982)</ref> See [[citizen's arrest]] and [[hue and cry]]. ===21st century: Federally-organized or Not=== Following the [[2008]] decision of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] in [[District of Columbia v. Heller]], the ''[[de jure]]'' defintion of "militia" as used in [[United States]] [[jurisprudence]] broadened once again. The court's opinion made explicit, in its ''[[Obiter dictum|obiter dicta]]'', that the term "militia", as used in colonial times, and still today in this [[originalist]] decision, included both the Federally-organized militia and the citizen-organized militias of the several [[U.S. state|States]]. "... the 'militia' in colonial America consisted of a subset of 'the people'—those who were male, able bodied, and within a certain age range" (7) ... Although the militia consists of all ablebodied men, the federally organized militia may consist of a subset of them"(23). <ref>{{cite web | last = Scalia | first = Antonin | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ET AL. v. HELLER | work = Judicial Decision | publisher = | date = 2008-06-26 | url = http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/07pdf/07-290.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-06-27}}</ref> ==SFR Yugoslavia== {{main|Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)}} Beside the federal [[Yugoslav People's Army]], each [[constituent country|constituent republic]] of the former [[SFR Yugoslavia]] had its own ''[[Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)|Territorial Defense Forces]]''. The [[Non-Aligned Movement|Non-Aligned]] Yugoslavia was concerned about an eventual aggression from any of the [[superpowers]], especially by the [[Warsaw Pact]] after the [[Prague Spring]], so the ''Territorial Defense Forces'' were formed as an integral part of the [[total war]] [[military doctrine]] called ''Total National Defense''. Those forces corresponded to [[military reserve force]]s, [[paramilitary]] or [[militia]], the latter, in the military meaning of the term (like [[military formation]]). It should not be confused with the Yugoslav Militia- ''[[Milicija]]'' which was a term for a [[police]]. ==List of militias== ===Governmental militias=== * [[Milice]] (Vichy France) * [[39th (Militia) Battalion]] * [[United States National Guard]] * [[Rogers' Rangers]] The forerunner of Modern "ranger" units * [[Virginia Militia]] * [[Military of Switzerland|Swiss Army]] * [[State Defense Forces]] * [[Blackshirts]] * [[Texas State Guard]] * [[New Hampshire Militia]] * [[Ohio Military Reserve]] * [[Ohio Naval Militia]] * [[Volksturm]] ''See also: '' ===Militia Movement=== * [[Michigan Militia]] * [[Ranch Rescue]] * [[Minuteman Project]] ==See also== *[[Militia (video game)|''Militia'' (video game)]] *[[Militia (United States)]] *[[Guerrilla]] *[[Paramilitary]] *[[Armed forces]] *[[Irregular military]] *[[Militsiya]] (Eastern European police) *[[Scouting]] *[[Historical reenactment]] *[[Industrial percussion]] *[[Militia (band)]] ==References== {{reflist-2}} ==Further reading== * ''The Rise and Decline of the American Militia System'', by James B. Whisker, Susquehanna University Press (1999) ISBN 094563692X * Cooper, Jerry M. 1998. ''The rise of the National Guard: the evolution of the American militia, 1865-1920''. Studies in war, society, and the military, v. 1. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803214863 [[Category:State Defense Forces of the United States]] [[Category:Rebel militia groups]] [[Category:Gun politics]] [[Category:Militias| ]] [[Category:Paramilitary organizations]] [[ar:ميليشيا]] [[cs:Domobrana]] [[da:Milits]] [[de:Miliz]] [[es:Milicia]] [[fr:milice]] [[ko:시민군]] [[hr:Milicija]] [[id:Milisi]] [[it:Milizia]] [[he:מיליציה]] [[nl:Militie]] [[ja:ミリシア]] [[no:Milits]] [[nn:Milits]] [[pl:Milicja]] [[pt:Milícia]] [[ro:Miliţie]] [[fi:Miliisi]] [[sv:Milis]] [[zh:民兵]]