Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53117 226185455 2008-07-17T06:02:03Z 67.167.14.235 /* History */ {{redirect|Milwaukee}} {{Infobox Settlement |official_name = City of Milwaukee |settlement_type = [[City]] |nickname = Cream City'', ''Brew City'', ''Mil Town'', ''The Mil'', ''The City of Festivals'', Deutsch-Athen (German Athens) '' |image_skyline = Milwaukee from the harbor.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Milwaukee seen from [[Lake Michigan]]. The [[US Bank Center (Milwaukee)|US Bank Center]] is on the left, and the [[Milwaukee Art Museum]] is on the lower right. |image_flag = Milwaukeeflag.jpg |image_seal = Milseal.gif |image_map = WIMap-doton-Milwaukee.PNG |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location of Milwaukee in<br>Milwaukee County, Wisconsin |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]] |subdivision_name = [[United States]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Wisconsin]] |subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Wisconsin|Counties]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Milwaukee County, Wisconsin|Milwaukee]], [[Washington County, Wisconsin|Washington]], [[Waukesha County, Wisconsin|Waukesha]] |government_type = |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Tom Barrett (politician)|Tom Barrett]] (D) |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |established_date = |unit_pref = Imperial |area_total_km2 = 251.0 |area_total_sq_mi = 97 |area_land_km2 = 248.8 |area_land_sq_mi = 96 |area_water_km2 = 2.2 |area_water_sq_mi = 1 |population_as_of = 2006 |population_metro = 1,964,744 |population_total = 602782 |population_density_km2 = 2399.5 |population_density_sq_mi = 6214.7 |timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|CST]] |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|CDT]] |utc_offset_DST = -5 |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = [[Area code 414|414]] |latd = 43 |latm = 03 |lats = 8 |latNS = N |longd = 87 |longm = 57 |longs = 21 |longEW = W |elevation_m = 188 |elevation_ft = 617 |website = [http://www.city.milwaukee.gov/ www.city.milwaukee.gov] |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info = 55-53000{{GR|2}} |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID |blank1_info = 1577901{{GR|3}} |footnotes = | }} '''Milwaukee''' is the largest city in the state of [[Wisconsin]] and [[List of United States cities by population|22nd largest]] (by population) in the [[United States|United&nbsp;States]].<ref>[http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=683335 Bill Glauber, "Census boosts count: Estimate for city's population up 30,000," ''[[Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel]]'', Nov. 6, 2007]</ref> This coastal city is the [[county seat]] of [[Milwaukee County, Wisconsin|Milwaukee County]] and is located on the southwestern shore of [[Lake Michigan]]. As of a revised 2006 [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census]] estimate, Milwaukee had a population of 602,782.<ref>The original July 1, 2006 U.S. Census Bureau data estimated Milwaukee to be the 25th largest city in America with a population of 573,358. {{cite web| url=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2007/cb07-91table1.pdf| title=Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2006|format=PDF}} The revised estimate indicates a growing city rather than one in decline as originally published by the U.S. Census Bureau.</ref><ref> [http://www.census.gov/popest/archives/2000s/vintage_2006/06s_challenges.html 2006 Estimates Challenges] U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-03-22</ref> The city is the main cultural and economic center of the [[Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area]] with a population of 1,773,519.<ref name="area">[[List of the largest metropolitan areas in the Americas]]</ref> Milwaukee's regional metropolitan area rounds out the north side of Chicagoland, when combined has a population of over 9.7 million people in northern Illinois, southeastern Wisconsin and northeastern Indiana. This makes it also part of the third largest regional metropolitan area in the U.S.[2] Milwaukee is second largest city located on Lake Michigan. The first Europeans to pass through the area were French missionaries and fur traders. In [[1818]], the [[French Canadian|French-Canadian]] explorer [[Solomon Juneau]] settled in the area, and in [[1846]] Juneau's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://192.159.83.40/SOS/pdf/THEOSOS_025/images/00014104.pdf |title=CITY OF MILWAUKEE INCORPORATED, PAGE 164, 1846; PAGE 314, 1851 |accessdate=2007-04-08 |author=City of Milwaukee |publisher=Office of the Secretary of State of Wisconsin|format=PDF}}</ref> Large numbers of [[German American|German]] and other immigrants helped increase the city's population during the [[1840s]] and the following decades. Once known almost exclusively as a [[brewing]] and [[manufacturing]] powerhouse, Milwaukee has taken steps in recent years to reshape its image. In the past decade, major new additions to the city have included the [[Milwaukee Riverwalk]], the [[Midwest Airlines Center]], [[Miller Park]], an internationally renowned addition to the [[Milwaukee Art Museum]], and [[Pier Wisconsin]], as well as major renovations to the [[the MECCA|Milwaukee Auditorium]] and [[Milwaukee Theatre]]. In addition, many new skyscrapers, condos, lofts, and apartments have been constructed in neighborhoods on and near the lakefront and riverbanks. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM), Marquette University, and the Medical Collegeo of Wisconsin (former Marquette Medical School) combined with nearby research park in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin make this a growing area of medical and biotechnology research. Today, Milwaukee's ethnic neighborhoods are growing. Milwaukee hosts teams from major sports (Bucks NBA Basketball, Admirals Hockey, Brewers National League Baseball), shopping at the Grand Avenue, Mayfair and Bayshore Malls, and a growing perfoming arts and music scene. Milwaukee is served by a major international airport, Milwaukee Mitchell International (MKE) and is connected by the AMTRAK railway system. Milwaukee Mitchell Airport is connected to Milwaukee's Intermodal Train Station located in downtown Milwaukee. ==History== {{main article|History of Milwaukee, Wisconsin}} The Milwaukee area was originally inhabited by the [[Fox (tribe)|Fox]], [[Mascouten]], [[Potawatomi]], and [[Ho-Chunk|Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes. French missionaries and traders first passed through the area in the late [[17th century|17th]] and [[18th century|18th centuries]]. The word "Milwaukee" comes from an [[Algonquian]] word ''Millioke'' which means "Good/Beautiful/Pleasant Land", [[Potawatomi language]] ''minwaking'', or [[Ojibwe language]] ''ominowakiing'', "Gathering place [by the water]".<ref name="namedef">{{cite book| last=Bruce| first=William George| year=1936| title=A Short History of Milwaukee| location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin| publisher=The Bruce Publishing Company| id=LLCN 36010193| pages=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html |title=Ojibwe Dictionary |publisher=Freelang |accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> Early explorers called the Milwaukee River and surrounding lands various names: Melleorki, Milwacky, Mahn-a-waukie, Milwarck, and Milwaucki. For many years, printed records gave the name as "Milwaukie". One story of Milwaukee's name says, :''"[O]ne day during the thirties of the last century [1800s] a newspaper calmly changed the name to Milwaukee, and Milwaukee it has remained until this day."<ref name="Milwaukee">{{cite book| last=Bruce| first=William George| year=1936| title=A Short History of Milwaukee| location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin| publisher=The Bruce Publishing Company| id=LLCN 36010193| pages=15–16}}</ref> The spelling "Milwaukie" lives on in [[Milwaukie, Oregon]], named after the Wisconsin city in 1847, before the current spelling was universally accepted. Milwaukee has three "[[founding fathers]]," of whom French Canadian [[Solomon Laurent Juneau|Solomon Juneau]] was first to come to the area, in 1818. The Juneaus founded the town called Juneau's Side, or Juneautown, that began attracting more settlers. However, [[Byron Kilbourn]] was Juneau's equivalent on the west side of the [[Milwaukee River]]. In competition with Juneau, he established Kilbourntown west of the Milwaukee River, and made sure the streets running toward the river did not join with those on the east side. This accounts for the large number of angled bridges that still exist in Milwaukee today. Further, Kilbourn distributed maps of the area which only showed Kilbourntown, implying Juneautown did not exist or that the east side of the river was uninhabited and thus undesirable. The third prominent builder was [[George H. Walker]]. He claimed land to the south of the Milwaukee River, along with Juneautown, where he built a log house in 1834. This area grew and became known as Walker's Point. [[Image:Milwaukee 05741u.jpg|thumb|right|380px|Panorama map of Milwaukee, with a view of the [[Milwaukee City Hall|City Hall]] tower, ca. 1898]] By the 1840s, the three towns had grown quite a bit, along with their rivalries. The 1840s brought on some intense battles between the towns, mainly Juneautown and Kilbourntown, which culminated with the [[Milwaukee Bridge War]] of 1845. Following the Bridge War, it was decided the best course of action was to officially unite the towns. So on [[January 31]], [[1846]] they combined to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee and elected L. Solomon Juneau as Milwaukee's first mayor. A great number of [[German American|German]] immigrants had helped increase the city's population during the 1840s and continued to migrate to the area during the following decades. Milwaukee has even been called "Deutsches Athen" (German Athens), and into the twentieth century, there were more German speakers and German-language newspapers than there were English speakers and English-language newspapers in the city. (To this day, the [[Greater Milwaukee]] phonebook includes more than 40 pages of Schmitts or Schmidts, far more than the pages of Smiths.) During the middle and late 19th Century, Wisconsin and the Milwaukee area became the final destination of many German immigrants fleeing the [[Revolutions of 1848|Revolution of 1848]] in the various small German states and Austria. In Wisconsin, they found the inexpensive land and the freedoms they sought. The German heritage and influence in the Milwaukee area is widespread as Milwaukee. In addition to Germans, Milwaukee saw large influxes of immigrants from [[Polish American|Poland]], [[Italian American|Italy]] and [[Irish American|Ireland]], as well as many [[American Jews|Jews]] from Central and Eastern Europe. By 1910, Milwaukee (along with [[New York City]]) shared the distinction of having the largest percentage of foreign-born residents in the United States.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.uwm.edu/Library/digilib/Milwaukee/records/picture.html| title=Picturing Milwaukee's Neighborhoods| publisher=University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee| year=2004}}</ref> [[Image:Milwaukeecityhall.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Milwaukee City Hall]]]] Furthermore, early in the 20th Century, Milwaukee was home to a number of pioneer [[brass era]] [[automobile]] makers, including [[Ogren (automobile company)|Ogren]] (from 1919 to 1922)<ref>Clymer, Floyd. ''Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925'' (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.153.</ref> and [[LaFayette Motors|LaFayette]] (from 1922 to about 1924). The late 19th century saw the incorporation of Milwaukee's first suburbs. The aforementioned Bay View existed as an independent village from 1879-1886. In March 1889, that community saw four days of protest and one day of rioting against its Chinese laundrymen. Sparking this city-wide disturbance were allegations of sexual misconduct between two Chinese and a number of underaged white females. The unease and tension in the wake of the riot was assuaged by the direct disciplining of the city's Chinese. In 1892, [[Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin|Whitefish Bay]], [[South Milwaukee, Wisconsin|South Milwaukee]], and [[Wauwatosa, Wisconsin|Wauwatosa]] each were incorporated. They were followed by [[Cudahy, Wisconsin|Cudahy]] (1895), North Milwaukee (1897) and East Milwaukee, later known as [[Shorewood, Wisconsin|Shorewood]], in 1900. The early 20th century saw the additions of [[West Allis, Wisconsin|West Allis]] (1902) and [[West Milwaukee, Wisconsin|West Milwaukee]] (1906), which completed the first generation of "inner-ring" suburbs. During the first half of the twentieth century, Milwaukee was the hub of the [[socialism|socialist]] movement in the United States. Milwaukee elected three socialist mayors during this time: [[Emil Seidel]] (1910-1912), [[Daniel Hoan]] (1916-1940), and [[Frank Zeidler]] (1948-1960). It remains the only major city in the country to have done so. Often referred to as "[[Sewer Socialism|Sewer Socialists]]," the Milwaukee socialists were characterized by their practical approach to government and labor. Also during this time, a small but burgeoning community of [[African American]]s who emigrated from the south formed a community that would come to be known as Bronzeville. Industry was booming and the African American influence grew in Milwaukee. In the 1920's [[Chicago]] gangster activity came north to Milwaukee during the [[prohibition era]]. [[Al Capone]], noted Chicago mobster, owned a Milwuakee suburb home in [[Brookfield]] home where [[moonshine]] was made. The house still stands on a street named after Capone. Milwaukee continued to grow tremendously until the late [[1950s]]. Milwaukee was home to immigrants from Ireland, Germany, [[Hungarian American|Hungary]], Poland and other central European nations. There was also great northward migration of African Americans from the [[Southern United States]]. With the large influx of immigrants, Milwaukee became one of the 15 largest cities in the nation, and by the mid-[[1960s]], its population reached nearly 750,000. Starting in the late 1960s, however, Milwaukee, like many cities in the "[[rust belt]]," saw its population start to decline due to various factors, including the loss of [[blue collar]] jobs and the phenomenon of "[[white flight]]." Nevertheless, in recent years the city has begun to make strides in improving its economy, neighborhoods, and image, resulting in the revitalization of neighborhoods such as the [[Historic Third Ward, Milwaukee|Historic Third Ward]], the [[East Side, Milwaukee|East Side]], and more recently Walker's Point, [[Bay View, Milwaukee|Bay View]], along with attracting new businesses to its downtown area. The city continues to make plans for increasing its future revitalization through various projects. Largely due to its efforts to preserve its history, in 2006 Milwaukee was named one of the "Dozen Distinctive Destinations" by the [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]].<ref name="distinctive">{{cite web| url=http://www.nationaltrust.org/dozen_distinctive_destinations/milwaukee.html| title=Dozen Distinctive Destinations - Milwaukee| publisher=National Trust for Historic Preservation| year=2006}}</ref>. In 2007, the Census Bureau released revised population numbers for Milwaukee, that showed the city gained population between 2000 and 2006. This marked the first period of positive population growth since the 1960s. ==Geography and climate== ===Geography=== Milwaukee lies along the shores and bluffs of [[Lake Michigan]] at the confluence of three rivers: the [[Menomonee River|Menomonee]], the [[Kinnickinnic River (Milwaukee River)|Kinnickinnic]], and the [[Milwaukee River|Milwaukee]]. Smaller rivers, such as the [[Root River (Wisconsin)|Root River]] and Lincoln Creek also flow through the city. Because across [[Lake Michigan]] is large enough for water horizon, and the Great Lakes are a major shipping medium, Milwaukee's waterfront resembles that of an ocean more than an inland lakeshore. Milwaukee's terrain is sculpted by the glacier path, and includes steep bluffs along the lakeshore that begin about one half mile north and four miles south of the downtown. In addition, 30 miles west of Milwaukee is the Kettle Morraine and Lake Country that provides a hilly landscape combined with inland lakes. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 251.0 [[square kilometre|km²]] (96.9 [[square mile]]s). 248.8 km² (96.1 square miles) of it is land, and 0.9&nbsp;square miles (2.2&nbsp;km²) of it is water. The total area is 0.88% water. {{Fact|date=April 2008}} ===Climate=== {{main|Climate of Milwaukee, Wisconsin}} {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |- ! colspan="14" | Monthly normal and record high and low temperatures |- ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Month ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jan ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Feb ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Mar ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Apr ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | May ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jun ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Jul ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Aug ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Sep ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Oct ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Nov ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Dec ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Year |- ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Rec High °F | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 63 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 68 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 82 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 91 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 94 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 104 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 105 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 103 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 99 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 89 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 77 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 68 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 86.25 |- ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Norm High °F | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 28 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 32.5 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 42.6 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 53.9 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 66 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 76.3 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 81.1 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 79.1 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 71.9 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 60.2 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 45.7 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 33.1 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 55.86 |- ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Norm Low °F | style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 13.4 | style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 18.3 | style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 27.3 | style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 36.4 | style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 46.2 | style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 56.3 | style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 62.9 | style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 62.1 | style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 54.1 | style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 42.6 | style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 31 | style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 19.4 | style="text-align:center; background: #C5DFE1; color:#000000;" | 39.16 |- ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Rec Low °F | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -26 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -26 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -10 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 12 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 21 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 33 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 40 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 42 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 28 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 15 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -14 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | -22 | style="text-align:center; background: #F8F3CA; color:#000000;" | 9.08 |- ! style="background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;" | Precip (in) | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 1.85 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 1.65 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 2.59 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.78 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.06 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.56 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.58 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 4.03 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 3.3 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 2.49 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 2.7 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 2.22 | style="text-align:center; background: #E8EAFA; color:#000000;" | 34.81 |- | colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|''Source: USTravelWeather.com<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ustravelweather.com/weather-wisconsin/milwaukee-weather.asp| title=Milwaukee Weather| publisher=U.S. Travel Weather| accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref>'' |} Milwaukee's location in the [[Great Lakes region (North America)|Great Lakes Region]] means that it often has rapidly changing weather, and the city experiences the full range of the [[season]]s throughout the year. The warmest month of the year is July, when the average high temperature is 82°F (28°C), with overnight low temperatures averaging 66°F (19°C); January is the coldest month, with high temperatures averaging 27°F (-3°C), with the overnight low temperatures around 13°F (-11°C).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/health/allergies/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USWI0455| title=Average Weather for Milwaukee, WI| publisher=Weather.com| accessdate=2006-11-07}}</ref> Of the 50 largest cities in the United States,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0763098.html| title=Top 50 Cities in the U.S. by Population and Rank| publisher=Infoplease| accessdate=2006-10-02}}</ref> Milwaukee has the second-coldest average annual temperature, next to that of [[Minneapolis]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=004627| title=Historical Weather for Milwaukee, Wisconsin| publisher=Weatherbase| accessdate=2006-10-02}}</ref> Milwaukee's proximity to [[Lake Michigan]] causes a convection current to form around mid-afternoon in light wind regimes, resulting in the so-called ''[[lake breeze]], a smaller scale version of the more common [[sea breeze]]''. The lake breeze is most common between the months of March and June. This onshore flow causes temperatures to remain milder near the lake compared to inland locations. "Cooler near the lake" or "CNTL" is practically boilerplate language for local meteorologists during the spring and early summer. As the sun sets, the convection current reverses and an offshore flow ensues causing a [[land breeze]]. After a land breeze develops, warmer temperatures surge east toward the lakeshore, sometimes causing high temperatures to be reached during the late evening. The lake breeze is not a daily occurrence and will not form if southwest to northwest winds generally exceed 15 mph. The lake also acts to moderate cold air outbreaks along the lakeshore during winter months. Despite Lake Michigan, overnight lows in downtown Milwaukee are often much warmer than suburban locations due to the [[urban heat island effect]]. Also, more snow falls in Milwaukee than surrounding areas, due to periodic episodes of [[Lake effect snow]]. Onshore winds cause higher daytime [[relative humidity]] levels in Milwaukee as compared to other cities at the same latitude. Milwaukee's all-time record high temperature is 105°F (41°C) set on [[July 17]] [[1995]]. The coldest temperature ever experienced by the city was -26°F (-32°C) on both [[January 17]] [[1982]] and [[February 4]] [[1996]]. The 1982 event, also known as [[Cold Sunday]], featured temperatures as low as -40°F (-40°C) in some of the [[suburb]]s as little as 10 miles (16km) to the north of Milwaukee, although the city itself did not approach such cold temperatures. In Milwaukee, the wettest month is August, due to frequent [[thunderstorm]]s. These can at times be dangerous and damaging, bringing [[hail]] and high winds. In rare instances, it can bring a [[tornado]] to the more inland parts of the city. However, almost all summer rainfall in the city is brought by these storms. In spring and fall, longer events of prolonged, lighter rain bring most of the precipitation. [[Snow]] commonly falls in the city from early November until the middle of March, although it has been recorded as early as [[September 23]], and as late as [[May 31]]. The city receives an average of 47.0 inches (1.19m) of snow in winter, but this number is highly variable. In 2000, 49.5 inches (1.26m) of snow fell solely in the month of December. ===Cityscape=== The city runs largely on the grid system, although in the far northwest and southwest corners of the city, the grid pattern gives way to a more suburban-style streetscape. This is no coincidence as former mayor [[Henry Maier]] sought to create "suburbs within the city"{{Fact|date=November 2007}} using recently annexed land to help counteract the urban sprawl that was damaging the city's economy. North-south streets are numbered, and east-west streets are named. However north-south streets east of 1st street are named, like east-west streets. The north-south numbering line is along the Menomonee River (east of Hawley Road) and Fairview Avenue/Golfview Parkway (west of Hawley Road), with the east-west numbering line defined along 1st Street (north of Oklahoma Avenue) and Chase/Howell Avenue (south of Oklahoma Avenue). This numbering system is also used to the north by [[Mequon, Wisconsin|Mequon]] in [[Ozaukee County, Wisconsin|Ozaukee County]], and by some [[Waukesha County, Wisconsin|Waukesha County]] communities. It is crossed by [[Interstate 43]] and [[Interstate 94]], which come together downtown at the [[Marquette Interchange]], which is currently under an extensive construction project set to be completed in 2008. [[Interstate 894]] bypass runs through portions of the city's southwest side, and [[Interstate 794]] comes out of the Marquette interchange eastbound, bends south along the lakefront and crosses the harbor over the [[Hoan Bridge]], then ends near the [[Bay View, Wisconsin|Bay View]] neighborhood and becomes the "Lake Parkway" ([[Wisconsin Highway 794|WIS-794]]). ===Neighborhoods=== {{See|List of Milwaukee neighborhoods}} ==Demographics== {{USCensusPop |1850= 20061 |1860= 45246 |1870= 71440 |1880= 115587 |1890= 204468 |1900= 285315 |1910= 373857 |1920= 457147 |1930= 578249 |1940= 587472 |1950= 637392 |1960= 741324 |1970= 717099 |1980= 636212 |1990= 628088 |2000= 596974 |estimate= 602782 |estyear=2006 |estref= <ref>[[United States Census Bureau]]. [http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=683335]</ref> |footnote=Source: U.S. Census<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html| last=Gibson| first=Campbell| title=Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States: 1790 to 1990| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| month=June| year=1998}}</ref> }} ===Population=== As of the [[United States Census Bureau|census]] estimate of 2006, there are 602,782 people residing in Milwaukee [http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=683335]. As of 2000, there were 232,188 households, and 135,133 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] is 2,399.5/km² (6,214.3 per square mile). There are 249,225 housing units at an average density of 1,001.7/km² (2,594.4 per square mile). There are 232,188 households out of which 30.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.2% are [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 21.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.8% are non-families. 33.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.50 and the average family size is 3.25. According to the 2000 Census, there were at least 1,408 same-sex households in Milwaukee which accounts for 0.6% of all households in the city.<ref name="samesex">{{cite news| url=http://www2.jsonline.com/news/metro/aug01/samesex22082101a.asp| title=Census finds more same-sex households| first=Nahal| last=Toosi| date=[[2001-08-22]]| work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]| accessdate=2006-11-24}}</ref> Although this number is slightly lower than other cities in the region such as Chicago and Minneapolis, Milwaukee continues to be noted for its generally accepting attitudes towards the [[LGBT]] community. As a result, many gay-friendly communities have developed in neighborhoods such as [[List of Milwaukee neighborhoods#Walker's Point|Walker's Point]], [[List of Milwaukee neighborhoods#Bay View|Bay View]], [[List of Milwaukee neighborhoods#Historic Third Ward|Historic Third Ward]] and [[List of Milwaukee neighborhoods#Riverwest|Riverwest]]. Milwaukee and later the State of Wisconsin became the first in the nation to not discriminate against sexual orientation. In 2001, Milwaukee was named the #1 city for [[lesbians]] by ''[[Girlfriends (magazine)|Girlfriends]]'' magazine.<ref name="lesbians">{{cite news| url=http://www.milwaukeemagazine.com/062002/milwaukee_health.asp| title=Vital Statistics| first=Erin| last=Killian| date=June 2002| work=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]| accessdate=2006-11-24}}</ref> In the city the population is spread out with 28.6% under the age of 18, 12.2% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 31 years. For every 100 females there are 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.2 males. The median income for a household in the city is $32,216, and the median income for a family is $37,879. Males have a median income of $32,244 versus $26,013 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city is $16,181. 21.3% of the population and 17.4% of families are below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 31.6% of those under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. At 43% in 2007, Milwaukee has the second highest black male unemployment rate in the country behind [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]].<ref>Milwaukee Community Journal, Inc. [http://www.communityjournal.net/uwmreportfocusesonconnectionbetweenracejoblessness3_21_07.html UWM report focuses on connection between race and joblessness in city]. [[March 21]] [[2007]].</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="float:left;" |- !colspan="3"|Race in Wisconsin and Milwaukee |- !Race!!Milwaukee!!Wisconsin |- |[[Whites|White]]||'''43.6%'''||91% |- |[[African American|Black]]||'''39.5%'''||6.48% |- |[[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]] ||'''0.8%'''||1.3% |- |[[Asian American|Asian]] ||'''3.6%'''||2.21% |- |[[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]] ||'''0.05%'''||0.09% |- |Other race||'''7.3%'''||N/A |- | Two or more races||'''2.1%'''||N/A |- |[[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic]]||'''14.9%'''||N/A |- |colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller;"|''Note: Hispanics may be of any race.'' |} ===Race and ethnicity=== According to the 2000 census, 39.5% of Milwaukeeans reported having African-American ancestry and 38% reported German ancestry. Other significant population groups include Polish (12.7%), Irish (10%), English (5.1%), Italian (4.4%), French (3.9%), with Hispanic origin totaling 14.9%. The [[Greater Milwaukee|metropolitan area]] was cited as being the most segregated in the U.S. in a Jet Magazine article in 2002. <ref name="hypersegregation">{{cite web| url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_26_102/ai_95632042| publisher=''Jet'' magazine| title=Milwaukee is most segregated city: U.S. Census analysis| date=[[December 16]], [[2002]]}}</ref> The source of this information was a segregation index developed in the mid 1950s and used since 1964. In 2003, a more detailed study was conducted by researchers at University of Wisconsin Milwaukee which proved that while segregation does run deep in Milwaukee, as in most northern and midwest cities, it is not "hypersegregated" and actually ranks as the 43rd most integrated city in America. <ref>[http:http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=109872 //</ref> Due to continued dialogue between Milwaukee's citizens, the city is making an effort to reduce racial tensions and reduce the rate of segregation.<ref name="segregation">{{cite web| url=http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/CED/pdf/fairhousing.pdf| publisher=The Metropolitan Milwaukee Fair Housing Council| format=PDF| last=Levine| first=Marc V.| title=Citizens and MMFHC Respond to Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Article: Getting the Facts Right on Segregation in Milwaukee| work=Fair Housing Keys| date=Spring 2004}}</ref> With demographic changes in the wake of [[white flight]], segregation in metropolitan Milwaukee is primarily in the suburbs rather than the city as in the era of [[James Groppi|Father Groppi]].<ref name="integration">{{cite web| url=http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/ETI/integration/integration.htm| publisher=University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Employment and Training Institute| format=htm| last=Quinn| first=Lois M.| last=Pawasarat| first=John| title=Racial Integration in Urban America: A Block Level Analysis of African American and White Housing Patterns|date=January 2003}}</ref><ref name="QuinnCensus">{{cite web| url=http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/ETI/integration/QuinnCensus.pdf| publisher=University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Employment and Training Institute| format=PDF| last=Quinn| first=Lois M.| title=Assumptions and Limitations of the Census Bureau Methodology Ranking Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in Cities and Metro Areas|date=October 2004}}</ref> ===Religion=== [[Image:Basilica of St. Josaphat.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[St. Josaphat Basilica]], in Milwaukee's [[Mitchell Street District, Milwaukee|Historic Mitchell Street District]]]] Milwaukee is home to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee]], the [[Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee]], the [[List of ELCA synods|Greater Milwaukee Synod]] of the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] and the headquarters of the [[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]]. The [[School Sisters of the Third Order of St Francis]] have their mother house in Milwaukee and several other religious orders have a significant presence in the area, including the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] and [[Franciscan]]s. The Association of Religion Data Archives reported on the religious composition of the Milwaukee-Racine area [[as of 2000]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/metro/5082_2000.asp| title=Metro Area Membership Report: Milwaukee-Racine, WI CMSA| accessdate=2006-11-24| year=2002| publisher=[http://www.thearda.com/ Association of Religion Data Archives]}}</ref> Approximately 55% of residents were adherents to one of the 188 groups included in the data. Of them, 58% were [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]], 23% [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]], 3% [[Methodism|Methodist]], and 2.5% [[Judaism|Jewish]]. Others included adherents to other [[Protestantism|Protestant]] denominations, Orthodox churches, and Eastern religions. Historically African-American denominations were not included in the data. [[Elmbrook Church]], an [[evangelical Christian]] [[megachurch]], is located in the Milwaukee suburb of [[Brookfield, Wisconsin|Brookfield]], and is the largest church in Wisconsin. Also, the [[Muslim]] community has 5 mosques in the area with the biggest being located on S.13th street. ==Education== [[Image:Golda meir library.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Golda Meir Library]] at the [[University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee]]]] ===Higher education=== While not typically thought of as a "[[college town]]" Milwaukee has one of the highest per capita student populations in [[North America]]. A January 2000 study from [[McGill University]] ranked Milwaukee 6th in a list of U.S. and Canadian cities with the highest number of college students per 100 residents.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.metromilwaukee.org/quickfacts.html| title=Quick Facts| publisher=MetroMilwaukee.org| accessdate=2006-11-21}}</ref> The [[University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee]] is the city's largest higher education institution and the only public university. It is the second largest university of Wisconsin and one of the two public doctoral research institutions of the state. The largest private university of the city is [[Marquette University]], which is also one of the largest Jesuit universities in the United States and was ranked #82 by U.S. News & World Report in 2007.<ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drglance_3863_brief.php USNews.com: America's Best Colleges 2008: Marquette University: At a glance<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In addition, Milwaukee is also home to [[Alverno College]], [[Cardinal Stritch University]], [[Milwaukee Area Technical College]], [[Milwaukee Institute of Art and Design]], [[Milwaukee School of Engineering]], and [[Mount Mary College]] The campus of two other colleges, [[Medical College of Wisconsin]] and [[Wisconsin Lutheran College]] partially lie within the city's borders. Several other small national clerical and career colleges, such as [[Bryant and Stratton]] and [[ITT Technical Institute]] also maintain campuses in the area. ===Primary and secondary schooling=== {{main|Milwaukee Public Schools}} Milwaukee maintains [[Milwaukee Public Schools]] (MPS), the largest school district in Wisconsin and [[List of the largest school districts in the United States by enrollment|one of the largest]] in the nation. As of 2006, it has an enrollment of 97,762 students and employs 6,100 full-time and substitute teachers in 223 schools. Milwaukee Public Schools operate as [[magnet school]]s, with individualized specialty areas for interests in academics, or the arts. [[Washington High School]], [[Riverside University High School]], [[Rufus King High School]], [[Golda Meir School]], [[Milwaukee School of Languages]], [[Milwaukee High School of the Arts]] and [[Lynde & Harry Bradley Technology and Trade School]] are just some examples of the magnet schools in Milwaukee. In addition to its public schools, Milwaukee is home to over two dozen private high schools, such as [[University School of Milwaukee]], [[Marquette University High School]], [[Divine Savior Holy Angels High School]], and [[Pius XI High School]] among others, and many private and [[parochial school|parochial]] middle and elementary schools. Of persons in Milwaukee aged 25 and above, 84.5% have a high school diploma, and 27% have a Bachelor's degree or higher. (2000)<ref name="education">{{cite web| url=http://www.mmac.org/display/router.asp?docid=237| publisher=Metropolitan Milwaukee Association of Commerce| title=Metro Milwaukee Demographics| accessdate=2006-03-21}}</ref> ==Government and politics== {{main|Government of Milwaukee}} Milwaukee has three state Senate districts, each of which is composed of three Assembly districts. All 12 of the officials representing the city in the State Legislature are [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]. Milwaukee makes up the overwhelming majority of [[Wisconsin's 4th congressional district]]. Because of the district's loyalty to the Democratic Party, the Democratic primary for the seat is often considered more important than the general election.<ref>[http://www.emilyslist.org/team_emily/wcaarchive/gwenmoore.html Emily's List website]</ref> The district is currently represented by Democrat [[Gwen Moore]]. The small portions of the city located in [[Washington County, Wisconsin|Washington]] and [[Waukesha County, Wisconsin|Waukesha]] counties are in the [[Wisconsin's 5th congressional district|5th district]], represented by [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Jim Sensenbrenner]]. However, a Republican has not represented a significant portion of the city since [[1949]]. Milwaukee has a [[mayor-council]] form of government with a strong-mayor plan. The mayor oversees a Common Council of elected members, each representing one of 15 districts in the city. [[Milwaukee County, Wisconsin|Milwaukee County]] residents also elect a county executive who oversees the County Board of Supervisors, or representatives from 19 districts of which nine are entirely within the city's borders. Milwaukee has a very strong history of supporting it's mayor over many terms. Starting with [[Frank Zeidler]], then passing to [[Henry Maier]], then [[John Norquist]], and continuing with [[Tom Barrett]], there had been a total of four mayors in power over a total of 60+ years. When the honorable [[Mayor Maier]] retired, he was on record as having the record for longest term of service for a city of its' size. ==Economy== [[Image:256896915 06e9ed1b4c.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Northwestern Mutual]]'s home office in downtown Milwaukee]] Milwaukee and its suburbs are the home to the headquarters of 13 [[Fortune 1000]] companies, including [[Johnson Controls]], [[Northwestern Mutual]], [[Manpower Inc.]], [[Kohl's]], [[Harley-Davidson]], [[Rockwell Automation]], [[Fiserv]], [[Marshall & Ilsley Corp.]], [[Wisconsin Energy]], [[Briggs & Stratton]], [[Joy Global]], [[A.O. Smith]],<ref>[http://www.aosmith.com/about/Locations/Locations.htm Locations<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[MGIC Investment Corporation|MGIC Investments]]. The Milwaukee metropolitan area ranks fifth in the United States in terms of the number of [[Fortune 500]] company headquarters as a share of the population. [[Brookfield, Wisconsin|Brookfield]] is the leading commercial suburb of Milwaukee. Milwaukee also has a large number of financial service firms, particularly those specializing in mutual funds and transaction processing systems, and a number of publishing and printing companies, including [[Quad/Graphics]]. Milwaukee is also the headquarters of [[Midwest Airlines]], the [[Koss Corporation]] and [[Master Lock]]. Service and managerial jobs are the fastest-growing segments of the Milwaukee economy, and [[health care]] alone makes up 27% the jobs in the city.<ref>[http://www.uwm.edu/Course/448-440/employers.html Milwaukee's 10 largest employers<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Twenty-two percent of Milwaukee's workforce is involved in manufacturing, second only to [[San Jose, California]], and far higher than the national average of 16.5%. {{Fact|date=April 2008}} ===Brewing=== Milwaukee was once the home to four of the world's largest breweries ([[Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company|Schlitz]], [[Valentin Blatz Brewing Company|Blatz]], [[Pabst Brewing Company|Pabst]], and [[Miller Brewing|Miller]]), and was the number one beer producing city in the world for many years. Despite the decline in its position as the world's leading beer producer after the loss of three of those breweries, its one remaining major brewery, [[Miller Brewing]] Company, remains a key employer by employing over 1,700 of the city's workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millerbrewing.com/images/inthecommunity/pdf/millerWIimpact.pdf| format=PDF|title=Connected to Wisconsin — its people and its economy| publisher=Miller Brewing Company| month=February| year=2005}}</ref> Due to Miller's solid position as the second-largest beer-maker in the U.S., the city remains known as a beer town despite now only representing a fraction of its economy. The historic Milwaukee Brewery, located in "Miller Valley" at 4000 West State Street, is the oldest still-functioning major brewery in the United States. Daily brewery tours are available in Miller Valley. In July 2008, it was announced that Coors beer would be added to the list of beers brewed in Miller Valley. This created additional brewery jobs in Milwaukee, as its world headquarters moved 100 miles south from Milwaukee to Chicago. Besides Miller and the heavily-automated [[Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Company|Leinenkugel's]] brewery in the old [[Valentin Blatz Brewing Company|Blatz]] 10th Street plant, the only other currently operating stand-alone brewery in Milwaukee is [[Lakefront Brewery, Inc.|Lakefront Brewery]], a [[microbrew]]ery located in Riverwest. The suburb of [[Glendale, Wisconsin|Glendale]] is home to [[Sprecher Brewery]], another locally popular microbrew. Various [[brewpub]]s can also be found throughout the Milwaukee area. ==Crime== {{Expand-section|date=January 2008}} Violent crime in Milwaukee has declined substantially since the late 1990s: For several years, Milwaukee ranked among the ten most dangerous large cities in the United States,<ref>see e.g, [http://www.morganquitno.com/cit01pop.htm Violent crime rankings, 2001] Milwaukee is ranked 7th among large cities</ref> however in recent years, Milwaukee no longer appears even among the top 25 most dangerous cities.<ref>[http://www.morganquitno.com/cit07pop.htm#25 Top 25 most dangerous cities, 2007]</ref> However, despite its improvement, Milwaukee still fares worse than average when comparing specific crime types to the national average (e.g., homicide, rape, robbery); only aggravated assaults occur less frequently in Milwaukee than the national average.<ref>[http://www.cityrating.com/citycrime.asp?city=Milwaukee&state=WI Milwaukee Crime Ratings] Comparison of Milwaukee crime reports to the national averages</ref> One of Milwaukee's most notorious crimes that came to national media attention was in the summer of 1991. [[Jeffrey Dahmer]] was discovered to be among the nation's worst serial killers, having killed and cannibalized 17 people. ==Culture== ===Museums=== [[Image:Milwaukee-Art-Museum.JPG|thumb|right|230px|The [[Milwaukee Art Museum]]]] Milwaukee is home to a wide variety of museums: *The [[Milwaukee Art Museum]] is perhaps Milwaukee's most visually prominent cultural attraction; especially its $100 million wing designed by [[Santiago Calatrava]] in his first American commission.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} The museum includes a "brise soleil," a moving sunscreen that unfolds like the wing of a bird. *The [[Milwaukee Public Museum]] has been Milwaukee's primary [[natural history]] and [[history|human history]] museum for 125 years. *[[America's Black Holocaust Museum]], founded by lynching survivor [[James Cameron (civil-rights activist)|James Cameron]], features exhibits which chronicle the injustices suffered throughout history by African Americans in the United States. *[[Discovery World]], a hands-on children's science museum. *[[Betty Brinn Children's Museum]] *[[Villa Terrace Decorative Arts Museum]] *[[Charles Allis Art Museum]] *[[William F. Eisner Museum of Advertising & Design]] *[[Mitchell Park Horticultural Conservatory]] *[[Milwaukee County Zoo]] *[[Haggerty Museum of Art]] *[[Harley-Davidson]] Museum ===Performing arts=== Milwaukee is home to the [[Florentine Opera]], the [[Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra]], the [[Festival City Symphony]], the [[Milwaukee Ballet]], [[Milwaukee Repertory Theatre]], [[Milwaukee Shakespeare]], [[Skylight Opera Theatre]], [[First Stage Children's Theater]], [[Milwaukee Youth Theatre]], and a number of other arts organizations including the [[Pioneer Drum and Bugle Corps]]. Additionally, Milwaukee is home to artistic performance venues such as the [[Marcus Center for the Performing Arts]], [[Pabst Theater]], [[The Rave/Eagles Ballroom]], [[Riverside Theater]], and [[Milwaukee Theatre]]. The [[Milwaukee Youth Arts Center]], a first-of-its-kind Arts-in-education facility, is a national model. Famous actors that have called Milwaukee home include: [[Alfred Lunt]], [[Spencer Tracy]], [[Gene Wilder]],[[Oprah Winfrey]], and [[Deidre Hall]]. Famous [[Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra]] (MSO) conductors include: Principal Pops Conductor [[Marvin Hamlish]] ([[The Way We Were]], and [[The Chorus Line]]) and [[Doc Severinsen]] band leader on ]]The Tonight Show]] with [[Johnny Carson]]. [[Doc Severinsen]] retired from active conducting with MSO in 2007, and was named Pops Conductor Emeritus in Milwaukee. ===Festivals=== [[Image:Summerfest Pabst Showcase 1994.jpg|right|thumb|230px|Henry Maier Festival Grounds during [[Summerfest]]]] Milwaukee, "A Great Place on a Great Lake" has also advertised itself as the "City of Festivals," The Milwaukee metropolitan area hosts the [[Wisconsin State Fair]], as well as an annual lakefront fair called [[Summerfest]]. Listed in the ''[[Guinness Book of Records|Guinness Book of World Records]]'' as the largest [[music festival]] in the world, Summerfest attracts around 1,000,000 visitors a year to its twelve stages. Milwaukee is also home to a variety of primarily ethnically themed festivals throughout the summer. Held generally on the lakefront Summerfest grounds, these festivals span several days (typically Friday plus the weekend) and celebrate Milwaukee's history and diversity. In 2008 Riversplash, which markets itself as 'the official opening of summer', kicks off festival season on the last weekend of May. Festivals for the [[LGBT]] ([[PrideFest]]) and [[Polish-Americans|Polish]] communities follow in June. Summerfest spans 11 days at the end of June and beginning of July. There are [[French-Americans|French]] ([[Bastille Day]]), [[Greek-Americans|Greek]], [[Italian-Americans|Italian]] and [[German-Americans|German]] festivals in July. The [[Wisconsin State Fair]], [[African-Americans|African]], [[Arab-Americans|Arab]], [[Irish-Americans|Irish]], [[Mexican-Americans|Mexican]] and [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] festivals wrap it up from August through the first week of September. <ref>[http://www.milwaukee.org/docs/2008_Major_Events.pdf|title=2008 Major Events Calender]</ref> ===Music=== {{mainarticle|Music of Milwaukee}} Milwaukee has a long history of musical activity. The first organized musical society, called "Milwaukee Beethoven Society" formed in 1843, three years before the city was incorporated.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} This was later replaced with the Milwaukee Musical Society.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} The large concentrations of German immigrants contributed to the musical character of the city. Saengerbund festivals were held regularly.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Also notable is the founding of the Wisconsin Conservatory of Music in 1899.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} More recently, Milwaukee has enjoyed a vibrant history of [[Rock music|rock]], [[hip hop]], [[jazz]], [[soul]], [[blues]], [[punk rock|punk]], [[ska]], [[industrial music]], [[electronica]], [[world music]], and [[pop music]] bands. Venues such as [[Pabst Theater]], Marcus Center for Performing Arts, Marcus Amphitheater (Summerfest Grounds), [[Riverside Theater]], The Northern Lights Theater, and The Rave frequently bring internationally-known and critically acclaimed acts to Milwaukee. 'Jazz in the Park', a weekly jazz show held at downtown Cathedral Square Park, has become a summer tradition. They are free, public performances with a kind of picnic environment for the audience. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easttown.com/info/Jazz%20in%20the%20Park/jipindex|title=Easttown: Jazz in the Park}}</ref> The Milwaukee area is known for producing such national talents as Steve Miller (rock), Al Jarreau (jazz), Daryl Stuermer (rock), BoDeans (rock), the Violent Femmes (punk), Sigmund Snopek III, Arms & Legs & Feet, The Gufs, and Absinthe. ===Municipal wireless=== Through its Milwaukee Wireless Initiative, the city has contracted with Midwest Fiber Networks to invest $20 million in setting up [[municipal wireless network]] city-wide. Under the plan, the city will designate numerous government and public service websites for free access, and city residents will be able to access unlimited content for a monthly fee. Full wireless coverage was expected by March 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.govtech.net/digitalcommunities/story.php?id=102178|title=Milwaukee Wireless Initiative Needs More To Be Digitally Inclusive|accessdate=2006-11-21}}</ref> but delays have been reported<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2007/tc20070814_929868.htm?chan=technology_technology+index+page_telecom|title=Why Wi-Fi Networks Are Floundering|accessdate=2007-08-19}}</ref> The city had previously established free wireless networks in two downtown city parks: [[Cathedral Square]] and [[Pere Marquette Park]]. ===Recreation=== The [http://www.countyparks.com/ Milwaukee County Parks] offer facilities for sunbathing, picnics, grilling, [[disc golf]] and ice skating. Milwaukee County known for its well developed park system is home to over 140 parks with over 15,000 acres of parks and parkways that enhance the quality of life for residents in southeastern Wisconsin. Early Commissioners conceived of a park system that would form a "green belt" or series of scenic drives and parks encircling the county. Parks were located in outlying areas to allow for population expansion. Commissioners selected land not only for its natural beauty and interest, but also for its fitness for various forms of active and passive recreation. Sailing: The [[Milwaukee Community Sailing Center]], [[The Milwaukee Yacht Club]], and [[The Southshore Yacht Club]] also offer social, educational and recreational sailing opportunities. The [[Queens Cup]] Sailing race departs fom Milwaukee to Michigan each summer. Golf: The [[U.S. Bank Championship in Milwaukee]] (formerly the [[Greater Milwaukee Open]]) is a [[PGA Tour]] event held at [[Brown Deer Park Golf Course]] in the bordering suburb of [[Brown Deer, Wisconsin|Brown Deer]]. Kohler's Whistling Straights is less than 60 minutes north of Milwaukee ad provides world-class golf. Zoo: Additional recreational resources include the [[Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens|Milwaukee County Zoo]] Gardens: The [[Boerner Botanical Gardens]] and [[Mitchell Park Domes]] provide additional recreational actvities. Outdoor Activities: The [[Kettle Morraine]] State Forest, located 35 miles west of Milwaukee, provide camping, mountain biking, horseback-riding and other recreational activities through the US National Park Service. Skiing: [[Olympia Village]], Oconomowoc 35 miles west of Milwaukee Fishing: [[Lake Michigan]] and interior lakes including Oconomowoc, Pewaukee, Beaver, Okauchee, Nemobin (upper/lower, Nagawika provide various opportunities for sports fishing. ==Sports== {{mainarticle|Sports in Milwaukee}} [[Image:MillerPark.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Miller Park]], home of the [[Milwaukee Brewers]]]] Milwaukee has a rich history of involvement in professional and nonprofessional sports, going back to the 19th century. Currently, its major sports teams include: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Club !! Sport !! Founded !! Current League !! Stadium |- |[[Milwaukee Brewers]] |[[Baseball]] |[[1969]] <br>(moved to Milwaukee in [[1970]]) |[[National League]] ([[Major League Baseball|MLB]]) |[[Miller Park]] |- |[[Milwaukee Bucks]] |[[Basketball]] |[[1968]] |[[National Basketball Association]] |[[Bradley Center]] |- |[[Milwaukee Admirals]] |[[Ice hockey|Hockey]] |[[1970]] |[[American Hockey League]] |[[Bradley Center]] |- |[[Milwaukee Wave]] |[[Indoor soccer]] |[[1984]] |[[Major Indoor Soccer League]] |[[U.S. Cellular Arena]] |- |[[Milwaukee Iron]] |[[Arena football]] |[[2009]] |[[af2]] |[[Bradley Center]] |- |[[Milwaukee Bonecrushers]] |[[Indoor football]] |[[2008]] |[[Continental Indoor Football League]] |[[U.S. Cellular Arena]] |} Milwaukee is also the host city of [[The Point Premium Root Beer International Cycling Classic]], presented by [[Time Warner Cable]], which includes the men's and women's ''[[Superweek]]'' Pro Tour races, featuring top professional and elite amateur cyclists and teams from across the U.S. and more than 20 foreign countries. ==Transportation== {{seealso|General Mitchell International Airport|Milwaukee (Amtrak station)}} Two of Wisconsin's main [[Interstate highway]]s intersect in Milwaukee. [[Interstate 94]] comes north from Chicago to enter Milwaukee and continues west to [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]]. [[Interstate 43]] enters Milwaukee from the southwest and continues north to [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]]. Milwaukee has two branch interstate highways, [[Interstate 894]] and [[Interstate 794]]. I-894 extends from the western suburbs to the southern suburbs, bypassing downtown. I-794 extends east from the [[Marquette Interchange]] to Lake Michigan before turning south over the [[Hoan Bridge]] toward the [[General Mitchell International Airport|airport]], turning into [[Highway 794 (Wisconsin)|Highway 794]] along the way. Milwaukee is also served by three [[United States Numbered Highways|US highways]]. [[U.S. Route 18]] provides a link from downtown to points west. [[U.S. Route 41]] and [[U.S. Route 45]] both provide north-south freeway transportation on the western side of the city. U.S. Route 41, connects the city with the [[Fox River (Wisconsin)|Fox Valley]], is being considered for expansion which will qualify it for an upgrade to [[Interstate highway|Interstate]] status.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The proposed [[Interstate 41#Interstate 41|Interstate 41]] would become Milwaukee's third main Interstate. [[Amtrak]], the national passenger rail system, serves Milwaukee, operating its [[Empire Builder]] daily in both directions between [[Chicago Union Station]] and the Pacific Northwest from the [[Milwaukee Intermodal Station]], which was remodeled in 2007 and now also houses the city's [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] operations and the traffic management headquarters for the [[Wisconsin Department of Transportation]]. The city is also served by the [[Hiawatha (Amtrak)|Hiawatha]] Amtrak express service six times daily between Milwaukee and Chicago, and also has a stop at a new [[Milwaukee Airport Rail Station|rail station]] located just west of Mitchell Field which opened in 2005. The [[Milwaukee County Transit System]] provides a bus transit system. In addition, Milwaukee is home to two airports, [[General Mitchell International Airport]] on the southern edge of the city, and the smaller [[Timmerman Field]] on the north side. A tram system known as the [[Milwaukee Connector]] was proposed and passed by the common council, but mayor [[Tom Barrett (politician)|Tom Barrett]] vetoed the bill over problems of cost and availability. Currently, a 0.5% sales tax is being proposed for the counties of [[Milwaukee County|Milwaukee]], [[Racine County, Wisconsin|Racine]] and [[Kenosha County, Wisconsin|Kenosha]] by the Southeast Wisconsin Regional Transit Authority to fund a commuter rail from Kenosha to downtown Milwaukee. The tax would also be used to fund the bus systems in those counties which currently rely on property taxes [http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=544511]. In recent years, Milwaukee has become one of the more bicycle friendly cities in the Untied States. [http://www.bfw.org The Bicycle Federation of Wisconsin] holds an annual Bike to Work Week. The event, held in May each year, has frequently featured a commuter race between a car, a bus, and a bike; and also a morning ride into work with the mayor. In 2006, it obtained bronze-level status from the League of American Bicyclists [http://www.bicyclefriendlycommunity.org/AllBicycleFriendlyCommunities.htm], a rarity for a city its size [http://www.silentsports.net/madison_makes_sense.html]. The city currently has over 65 miles of bicycle lanes and trails, most of which run alongside or near its rivers and [[Lake Michigan]]. The city also has identified over 250 miles of streets on which bike lanes will fit. It has created a plan labeling 145 miles of those as high priority to receive bike lanes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.milwaukee.gov/BikeLanesandBikeRout14143.htm |title=Bike Lanes and Bike Routes |accessdate=2008-03-22 |author=City of Milwaukee}}</ref> As part of the city's Bicycle and Pedestrian Task Force's mission to "make Milwaukee more bicycle and pedestrian friendly", over 700 bike racks have been installed throughout the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.milwaukee.gov/BicycleTaskForce3727.htm |title=Bicycle and Pedestrian Task Force |accessdate=2008-03-22 |author=City of Milwaukee}}</ref> See see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Express Lake Express high-speed ferry http://www.lake-express.com/ to Muskegon, Michigan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon. ==Media== Milwaukee's only surviving daily [[newspaper]] is the ''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]'' which was formed when the morning paper the ''Milwaukee Sentinel'' merged with the afternoon paper ''Milwaukee Journal''. The most prominent alternative weekly is ''[[Shepherd Express]]'', a free publication. Other local newspapers, city guides and magazines with large distributions include ''[[M Magazine]]'', ''[[Milwaukee Magazine]]'', ''Vital Source,'' and ''Riverwest Currents''. [[OnMilwaukee.com]] is an online magazine providing news and events. The [[UWM Post]] is the independent, student-run weekly at the [[University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee]]. ''[[The Onion]]'', a weekly satirical publication, is distributed free in Milwaukee in addition to nine other U.S. cities.<ref name="Onion Media Kit 2006">{{cite web |url=http://mediakit.theonion.com/print_main.html |title=Onion Media Kit 2006 |accessdate=2008-03-22}}</ref> Milwaukee's major [[network television]] affiliates are [[WTMJ-TV|WTMJ]] 4 ([[NBC]]), [[WITI-TV|WITI]] 6 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]), [[WISN-TV|WISN]] 12 ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]), [[WVTV]] 18 ([[The CW Television Network|CW]]), [[WCGV]] 24 ([[MyNetworkTV]]), and [[WDJT-TV|WDJT]] 58 ([[CBS]]). Spanish language programming is on [[WBWT-LP|WBWT]] 38 ([[Azteca America]]) and [[WYTU-LP]] 63 ([[Telemundo]]). Milwaukee's [[Milwaukee Public Television|public broadcasting stations]] are [[WMVS-TV|WMVS]] 10 and [[WMVT-TV|WMVT]] 36. Other television stations in the Milwaukee market include [[WMKE-CA|WMKE]] 7 ([[America One]]), [[WVCY]] 30 ([[FamilyNet|FN]]), [[WMLW]] 41 ([[Independent station|Independent]]), [[WBME]] 49 ([[ME-TV]]), [[WWRS]] 52 ([[TBN]]), and [[WPXE]] 55 ([[ION Television|ION]]) There are numerous [[radio]] stations throughout Milwaukee and the surrounding area. [[Journal Communications]] (a [[NYSE]]-traded corporation), in addition to owning the ''Journal Sentinel'', also owns: WTMJ-TV; WTMJ and WKTI radio stations; and well over a dozen local weekly newspapers in the metropolitan area. ''See also:'' *[[List of television stations in Wisconsin#Milwaukee and area|List of Milwaukee area television stations]] *[[List of radio stations in Wisconsin#Milwaukee-Racine|List of Milwaukee area radio stations]] ==Sister cities== The city of Milwaukee has four [[town twinning|sister cities]] as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc (SCI) and Milwaukee's Sister Cities:<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/WI| title=Sister Cities International| accessdate=2006-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.milwaukee.gov/sistercities| title=Milwaukee's Sister Cities| accessdate=2007-09-04}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Republic of Ireland}} '''[[Galway]]''', [[Republic of Ireland]] * {{flagicon| Cuba}} '''[[Nuevitas]]''', [[Camagüey Province|Camagüey]], [[Cuba]] * {{flagicon| Germany}} '''[[Schwerin]]''', [[Germany]] * {{flagicon| Tanzania}} '''[[Morogoro]]''', [[Tanzania]] * {{flagicon| Israel}} '''[[Tiberias]]''', [[Israel]] ==See also== * [[List of mayors of Milwaukee]] * [[List of Milwaukeeans]] * [[Flag of Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] * [[Seal of Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] * [[Third Coast]] ==In popular culture== *Milwaukee was depicted in popular [[United States|American]] television shows in the 1970s and 1980s, including ''[[Happy Days]]'' and ''[[Laverne and Shirley]]''. *Milwaukee appeared in scenes in the films ''[[Blues Brothers]]'', ''[[Major League]]'' and ''[[Mr. 3000]]''. * The film ''[[American Movie]]'' was shot in Milwaukee. Director [[Chris Smith (filmmaker)|Chris Smith]] and actor/director [[Mark Borchardt]] both attended the [[University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee]]'s film school. *In the film ''[[Wayne's World (film)|Wayne's World]]'', Milwaukee is the setting for an [[Alice Cooper]] concert; and the film includes a mock-solemn discussion by Alice about Milwaukee's [[Sewer Socialism|Socialist history]]. *In [[Sweets and Sour Marge|an episode]] of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', when Springfield is declared the "fattest city in the world," Homer proudly shouts, "In your face, Milwaukee!" The comment was a reference to Milwaukee's former ranking as the most overweight city in the United States during the 1990s.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} The city has also been named the "drunkest city in the U.S." by Forbes. .<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2006/08/22/nightlife-cities-drunk_cx_de_nightlife06_0822intro.html America's Drunkest Cities - Forbes.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *The ''[[Star Wars]]'' [[card game]], ''[[Star Wars Customizable Card Game]]'' by [[Decipher, Inc.|Decipher]] introduced a [[star system|system]] named '''Wakeelmui''', which was Decipher's nod to Milwaukee, which was host to [[Gen Con]] at the time.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} Wakeelmui had previously not appeared in any licensed Star Wars [[canon]] up until that point. *"[[What's Made Milwaukee Famous (Has Made a Loser Out of Me)]]" (''i.e.'', [[beer]]) is a song written and originally by [[Glenn Sutton]] that has been performed by [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], [[Lynn Anderson]], [[Rod Stewart]], and the band [[Flogging Molly]]. The song has also influenced the name of the Texas-based band, [[What Made Milwaukee Famous]]. *Milwaukee was declared as the Romance Capitol in an episode of ''[[Futurama]]''. *Many scenes in the upcoming movie ''[[Public Enemies]]'' (a tale depicting gangsters from Chicago and Milwaukee starring [[Johnny Depp]] and [[Christian Bale]]) take place in various locations in Milwaukee; the film was being shot (in part) in Milwaukee in the summer of 2008. *Milwaukee will unveil a life-sized, bronze statue of Fonzie from ''Happy Days'' along the downtown Riverwalk on August 19th 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=711484 |title=Happy day for 'The Fonz' |accessdate=2008-03-22 |author=Tom Daykin |date=[[January 25]], [[2008]] |publisher=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel}}</ref> ==References== <!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. For more information, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php --> {{reflist|2}} ==External links== *{{wikitravel|Milwaukee}} {{sisterlinks|Milwaukee, Wisconsin}} * [http://www.city.milwaukee.gov/ City of Milwaukee website] * [http://www.mpw.net/ City of Milwaukee, Department of Public Works website] * [http://www.visitmilwaukee.org/ VISIT Milwaukee website], from the Greater Milwaukee Convention & Visitors Bureau * [http://www.mmac.org/ Metro Milwaukee Association of Commerce] * [http://www.onmilwaukee.com OnMilwaukee.Com] Milwaukee's online daily magazine * [http://www.linkstothepast.com/milwaukee/index.php Milwaukee Genealogy and History] {{Mapit-US-cityscale|43.05|-87.95}} {{Milwaukee}} {{USLargestCities}} {{Milwaukee Metropolitan Area}} {{Milwaukee County, Wisconsin}} {{Washington County, Wisconsin}} {{Waukesha County, Wisconsin}} {{Wisconsin}} [[Category:Cities in Wisconsin]] [[Category:Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]] [[Category:Washington County, Wisconsin]] [[Category:Waukesha County, Wisconsin]] [[Category:Milwaukee, Wisconsin| ]] [[Category:Port cities in the United States]] [[Category:Cities on the Great Lakes]] [[Category:County seats in Wisconsin]] {{Link FA|af}} [[af:Milwaukee]] [[ar:ميلواكي، ويسكنسن]] [[bs:Milwaukee]] [[br:Milwaukee]] [[bg:Милуоки]] [[cs:Milwaukee]] [[da:Milwaukee]] [[de:Milwaukee]] [[et:Milwaukee]] [[es:Milwaukee]] [[fa:میلواکی]] [[fr:Milwaukee]] [[ko:밀워키]] [[hr:Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] [[id:Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] [[ia:Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] [[it:Milwaukee]] [[he:מילווקי]] [[pam:Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] [[ka:მილუოკი]] [[la:Milvauchia]] [[lv:Milvoki]] [[lt:Milvokis]] [[nl:Milwaukee]] [[ja:ミルウォーキー]] [[no:Milwaukee]] [[pl:Milwaukee (Wisconsin)]] [[pt:Milwaukee]] [[ro:Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] [[ru:Милуоки (Висконсин)]] [[simple:Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] [[sk:Milwaukee]] [[sr:Милвоки]] [[fi:Milwaukee]] [[sv:Milwaukee]] [[ta:மில்வாக்கி]] [[vi:Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] [[tr:Milwaukee]] [[uk:Мілуокі]] [[vo:Milwaukee]] [[zh:密尔沃基]]