Modern Greek
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{{Infobox Language
|name = Modern Greek
|nativename = {{lang|el|Νεοελληνικά}}/{{lang|el|Ρωμαίικα}} <br>''{{ISOtranslit|Neoelliniká|el}}''/''{{ISOtranslit|Romaíika|el}}''
|states = [[Greece]], [[Cyprus]], [[Albania]], [[Republic of Macedonia|FYR Macedonia]], [[Turkey]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]], [[South Africa]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[France]], and the rest of the [[Greek diaspora]].
|speakers = 12 million<ref name=Encarta>{{cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html |title=Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People |accessdate=2007-12-30 |publisher=Microsoft Encarta 2006}}</ref>
|rank = 52
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[Proto-Greek]]
|fam3 = [[Attic Greek]]
|script = [[Greek alphabet]]
|nation = {{GRE}}<br>{{CYP}}<br>{{EUR}}<br>recognised as minority language in parts of:<br> {{ALB}}<br>{{ITA}}<br>{{TUR}}
|iso1=el |iso2b=gre |iso2t=ell
|lc1=grc|ld1=Ancient Greek
|lc2=ell|ld2=Modern Greek
|map =
}}
{{History of the Greek language}}
'''Modern Greek''' ({{lang|el|Νέα Ελληνικά}} or {{lang|el|Νεοελληνική}}, lit. 'Neo-Hellenic', historically also known as Ρωμαίικα, lit. 'Romaic') refers to the fifth stage of the evolution of the [[Greek language]], i.e. the varieties of Greek spoken in the modern era. Greek is spoken today by approximately 14-17 million people{{Fact|date=April 2008}}, mainly in [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]] but also by minority and immigrant communities in many other countries. The start of the period of the Greek language known as "Modern Greek" is symbolically assigned in the fall of the [[Byzantine Empire]] ([[1453]]), although strictly speaking it has been shaped since at least the 11th century. During much of this time, the language existed in a situation of [[diglossia]], with regional spoken dialects existing side by side with learned, archaic written forms. Most notably, during much of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was known in the competing varieties of popular Demotic and learned [[Katharevousa]]. Today, '''[[Standard Modern Greek]]''', based on Demotic, is the official language of both Greece and Cyprus.
==Classification==
[[Greek language|Greek]] forms an independent branch of the [[Indo-European languages]]. Within Greek, all surviving forms of Modern Greek, except the [[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]] dialect, are descendants of the common supra-regional ([[Koine Greek|Koiné]]) as it was spoken in late antiquity. As such, they can ultimately be classified as descendants of [[Attic Greek|Attic]], the dialect spoken in and around [[Athens]] in the classical era. [[Tsakonian]], an isolated dialect spoken today by a dwindling community in the [[Peloponese]], is a descendant of the ancient [[Doric Greek|Doric]] dialect. Some other dialects have preserved elements of various ancient non-Attic dialects, but Attic Koiné is nevertheless regarded by most scholars as the principal source of all of them.
{{Further|[[Greek language#Classification|Greek language]]}}
== Geographic distribution ==
{{main|Greek diaspora}}
Modern Greek is spoken by about 14-17 million people mainly in [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]]. There are also traditional Greek-speaking settlements in the neighboring countries [[Albania]], the former Yugoslav [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Turkey]], as well as in several countries in the [[Black Sea]] area ([[Ukraine]], [[Russia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Armenia]]) and around the [[Mediterranean Sea]] ([[Southern Italy]], [[Israel]], [[Egypt]]). The language is also spoken by emigrant communities in many countries in Western Europe, North America, [[Australia]], as well as in [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]] and others. Countries with notable number of speakers of Greek as a [[foreign language]] are [[Serbia]], [[Albania]], [[FYROM]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Romania]].
== Official status ==
Greek is the [[official language]] of [[Greece]] where it is spoken by about 99.5% of the population. It is also, alongside [[Turkish language|Turkish]], the official language of [[Cyprus]]. Because of the membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the [[languages of the European Union#official languages of the European Union|23 official languages]] of the [[European Union]]. Greek is officially recognised as a minority language in parts of [[Turkey]], [[Italy]] and [[Albania]].
== Varieties ==
{{main|Varieties of Modern Greek}}
The main [[dialect]]s of Modern Greek are:
*'''Demotic Greek''' (Δημοτική): Strictly speaking "Demotic" refers to all ''popular'' varieties of Modern Greek which followed a common evolution path from [[Koine Greek|Koine]] and have retained a high degree of [[mutual intelligibility]] to the present day. As shown in Ptochoprodromic and [[Digenis Acritas|Acritic]] poems, Demotic Greek was already before the 11th century the vernacular, "Roman" language of the [[Byzantine Greeks]], notably in peninsular [[Greece]], the [[Greek islands]], coastal [[Asia Minor]], [[Constantinople]] and [[Cyprus]]. Today, a standardised variety of Demotic Greek is the official language of the [[Hellenic Republic]] (Greece) and Cyprus, and is referred to as the "Standard Modern Greek", or less strictly simply as "Modern Greek" or "Demotic".
{|class="infobox" style="width:270px;cell-padding:none;"
|-
|[[Image:Modern Greek dialects en.svg|center|250px]]
|-
|<small>Map showing the distribution of major Modern Greek dialect areas<ref>Based on: Brian Newton: ''The Generative Interpretation of Dialect. A Study of Modern Greek Phonology'', Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0521084970</ref></small>
|-
|[[Image:Griechisch Isoglossen 1900.png|center|250px]]
|-
|<small>Map showing important [[isoglosses]] between the traditional Modern Greek dialects (c.1900).<ref>Map based on: Peter Trudgill: ''Modern Greek dialects. A preliminary Classification'', in: Journal of Greek Linguistics 4 (2003), p. 54-64 [http://www.benjamins.com/jbp/series/JGL/4/art/0003a.pdf pdf]</ref>
*Purple: Area of "northern vocalism" (/ski'li/ > [skli])
*Green: Area of palatalisation of /k/ > [ts] (/kiria'ki/ > [tsirja'tsi])
*Yellow: Area of palatalisation of /k/ > {{IPA|tʃ}} (/kiria'ki/ > {{IPA|[tʃirja'tʃi]}}
*Brown: Geminated initial consonants (/ne/ > [nne])
*Red: Retention of word-final /n/
*Dark brown: Historical /y/ > /u/</small>
|}
:Demotic Greek comprises various regional varieties with minor linguistic differences, mainly in phonology and vocabulary. Due to their high degree of mutual intelligibility, Greek linguists refer to those varieties as "idioms" of a wider "Demotic dialect", known as "Koine Modern Greek" (''Koini Neoelliniki'' - 'common Neo-Hellenic'). Most English-speaking linguistics tend to refer to them as "dialects", emphasising degrees of variation only when necessary. Demotic Greek varieties are divided into two main groups, Northern and Southern:
:Examples of Northern dialects are [[Rumelia]]n, [[Epirus (region)|Epirote]], [[Thessaly|Thessalian]], [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]]n, [[Thrace|Thracian]].
:The Southern category is divided into groups that include variety groups from:
:#[[Megara]], [[Aegina]], [[Athens]], [[Cyme]] (Old Athenian) and [[Mani Peninsula]] (Maniot)
:#[[Peloponnese]] (except Mani), [[Cyclades]] and [[Crete]], [[Ionian Islands]], [[Northern Epirus]], [[Smyrna]] and [[Constantinople]]
:#[[Dodecanese]] and [[Cypriot Greek|Cyprus]].
:Demotic Greek has officially been taught in [[Monotonic orthography|monotonic]] Greek script since 1982. Polytonic script remains popular in intellectual circles.
*'''[[Katharevousa]]''' (Καθαρεύουσα): A semi-artificial [[sociolect]] promoted in the 19th century at the foundation of the modern Greek state, as a compromise between [[Classical Greek]] and modern Demotic. It was the official language of modern Greece until 1976. Katharevousa is written in [[Polytonic orthography|polytonic]] Greek script. Also, while Demotic Greek contains loanwords from Turkish, Italian, Latin, and other languages, these have for the most part been purged from Katharevousa. See also [[Greek language question]].
*'''[[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]]''' (Τσακωνικά): Spoken in its full form today only in a small number of villages around the city of [[Sparta]] in the region of [[Laconia]] in Southern [[Peloponnese]], but partially spoken further afield in the area. Tsakonian evolved directly from Laconian (ancient Spartan) and therefore descends from the [[Doric Greek|Doric]] branch of the Greek language. It has limited input from Hellenistic Koine and is significantly different from all its daughter dialects (such as [[Demotic Greek]] and [[Pontic Greek language|Pontic]]).
*'''[[Pontic Greek|Pontic]]''' (Ποντιακά): Originally spoken in the [[Pontus]] region of [[Asia Minor]] until most of its speakers were displaced to mainland Greece during the great population exchange between Greece and Turkey that followed the Destruction of [[Smyrna]]. It hails from [[Hellenistic Greek|Hellenistic]] and [[Medieval Greek|Medieval Koine]] but preserves characteristics of [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] since ancient colonisations. Pontic evolved as a separate dialect from Demotic Greek as a result of the region's isolation from the Greek mainstream that followed the [[Battle of Manzikert]]. {{Fact|date=June 2007}}
*'''[[Cappadocian Greek language|Cappadocian]]''' (Καππαδοκικά): A dialect close to and of the same fate as Pontic. Hails directly from the Alexandrian dialect, and its speakers settled in mainland Greece during the great population exchanges.
*'''Southern Italian''' or '''Italiot''' (Κατωιταλιώτικα ): Comprising both [[Greek-Calabrian dialect|Calabrian]] and [[Griko]] varietes, it is spoken by around 15 villages in the regions of [[Calabria]] and [[Apulia]]. The Southern Italian dialect is the last living trace of Hellenic elements in Southern Italy that once formed [[Magna Graecia]]. Its origins can be traced to the [[Dorian Greeks|Dorian Greek]] settlers who colonised the area from [[Sparta]] and [[Corinth]] in 700 BC. However, it has received significant Koine Greek influence through [[Byzantine Greek]] colonisers who re-introduced Greek language to the region, starting with [[Justinian I|Justinian]]'s conquest of [[Italy]] in late antiquity and continuing through the Middle Ages. Griko and Demotic are mutually intelligible to some extent, but the former shares some common characteristics with Tsakonian.
*'''[[Yevanic]]''': A recently extinct language of [[Romaniote]] [[Jew]]s. The language was already in decline for centuries until most of its speakers were killed in the [[Holocaust]]. Afterward, the language was mostly kept by remaining Romaniote emigrants to [[Israel]], where it was displaced by [[Modern Hebrew]].
== Demotic as Koiné (Standard) Modern Greek ==
'''Koiné Modern Greek''' (Κοινή Νεοελληνική) refers to the [[idiom]] of Demotic that was chosen as the official language of the [[Hellenic Republic]] and [[Cyprus]]. In English it is usually referred to as Standard Modern Greek. In its pure form it is spoken mainly in the urban parts of Greece, while its various idioms are the [[vernacular]] language of most rural Greece and the Greek [[Diaspora]] throughout the world. Koiné Modern Greek evolves from the Southern Demotic idioms, mainly the ones of [[Peloponnese]].
In short, Koiné Modern Greek is the natural continuation of [[Koine Greek]], an ancient Greek dialect (known also as the "Alexandrian language") which came into existence after the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] and the [[Hellenization]] of the known world. Hellenistic Koiné had assimilated many elements from various different Greek dialects (such as [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]], [[Doric Greek|Doric]] and [[Aeolic Greek|Aeolic]]) but its nucleus had always been [[Attic Greek|Attic]] (the dialect of [[Athens]]). Hellenistic Koine had been spoken in several different forms in the region of Greece and the Greek speaking world during the entire [[Hellenistic]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] periods, until it took the shape of Demotic in the Middle Ages.
After Greece gained independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]], the same dual-language status of the late [[Byzantine Empire]] was re-adapted. The vernacular speech was Demotic (a term similar to "popular") and the official state dialect was [[Katharevousa]] ("purified"). Demotic was the language of daily use, and the latter was an archaic form (closer to Attic), used for official documents, literature, newscasting and other formal purposes. In 1976 Katharevousa was replaced by Demotic as the official language of the Greek state.
During its long history the Greek language assimilated vocabulary from various languages such as [[Latin]], [[Italian language|Italian]], and [[Ottoman Turkish]], a substantial part of which lapsed during its long-lasting co-existence with Katharevousa.
==Phonology==
{{main|Modern Greek phonology}}
A series of radical [[sound shift]]s, which the Greek language underwent mainly during the period of [[Koine]], has led to a phonological system in Modern Greek that is significantly different from that of Ancient Greek. Instead of the rich vowel system of Ancient Greek, with its four vowel-height levels, length distinction, and multiple diphthongs, Modern Greek has a very simple system of five vowels. This came about through a series of mergers, especially towards /i/ ([[iotacism]]). In the consonants, Modern Greek has two series of [[fricative]]s in lieu of the Ancient Greek [[voiced]] and [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] [[voiceless]] [[plosive]]s. Modern Greek has not preserved length distinctions, either in the vowels or in the consonants.
===Writing system===
{{main|Greek orthography}}
{{Table_Greekletters}}
{{main|Greek alphabet}}
Modern Greek is written in the Greek alphabet, which has 24 letters, each with a capital and lowercase (small) form. The letter [[sigma]] additionally has a special final form. There are two diacritical symbols, the [[acute accent]] which indicates [[stress (linguistics)|stress]] and the [[diaeresis]] marking a vowel letter as not being part of a [[digraph]]. Greek has a mixed historical and phonemic [[orthography]], where historical spellings are used if their pronunciation matches modern usage. The correspondence between consonant [[phoneme]]s and [[grapheme]]s is largely unique,<ref>Exceptions include the spelling of /z/, which may be spelled <σ> or <ζ> and the pronunciation of <ντ>, which may be pronounced /nt/, /nd/, or /d/.</ref> but several of the vowel phonemes can be spelled in multiple ways.<ref>''cf.'' [[Iotacism]]</ref> Thus [[reading]] is easy but [[spelling]] is difficult.<ref>G. Th. Pavlidis and V. Giannouli, "Spelling Errors Accurately Differentiate USA-Speakers from Greek Dyslexics: Ιmplications for Causality and Treatment" ''in'' R.M. Joshi ''et al.'' (eds) ''Literacy Acquisition: The Role of Phonology, Morphology and Orthography''. Washington, 2003. ISBN 1586033603</ref>
A number of diacritical signs were used until 1982, when they were officially dropped from Greek spelling as no longer corresponding to the modern pronunciation of the language. See [[monotonic orthography]] for the simplified modern set, and [[polytonic orthography]] for the traditional set. Monotonic orthography is today used in official usage, in schools and for most purposes of everyday writing in Greece. Polytonic orthography, besides being used for older varieties of Greek, is still used in book printing, especially for academic and belletristic purposes, and in everyday use by some conservative writers and elderly people. The Greek Orthodox Church continues to use polytonic and Archbishop [[Christodoulos]] of Athens<ref name="Christodoulos">{{cite web |url=http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=708357 |title=«Φιλιππικός» Χριστόδουλου κατά του μονοτονικού συστήματος |accessdate=2007-02-23 |format=HTML |work=in.gr News }}</ref> and the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece<ref name="RelationsProject">{{cite web |url=http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=657799 |title=Την επαναφορά του πολυτονικού ζητά η Διαρκής Ιερά Σύνοδος |accessdate=2007-02-23 |format=HTML |work=in.gr News }}</ref> have requested the reintroduction of polytonic as the official script.
The Greek vowel letters with their pronunciation are: <α> {{IPA|[a]}}, <ε> {{IPA|[e̞]}}, <η> {{IPA|[i]}}, <ι> {{IPA|[i]}}, <ο> {{IPA|[o̞]}}, <υ> {{IPA|[i]}}, <ω> {{IPA|[o̞]}}. There are also vowel digraphs which are phonetically monophthongal: <αι> {{IPA|[e̞]}}, <ει> {{IPA|[i]}}, <οι> {{IPA|[i]}}, <ου> {{IPA|[u]}}, <υι> {{IPA|[i]}}. The three digraphs <αυ>, <ευ> and <ηυ> are pronounced {{IPA|[af]}}, {{IPA|[e̞f]}} and {{IPA|[if]}} except when followed by voiced consonants or vowels, in which case they are pronounced {{IPA|[av]}}, {{IPA|[e̞v]}} and {{IPA|[iv]}} respectively.
Modern Greek has also four diphthongs: <αη> (or <άη>) {{IPA|[aj]}}, <αϊ> (or <άι>) {{IPA|[aj]}}, <οη> (or <όη>) {{IPA|[o̞j]}} and <οϊ> (or <όι>) {{IPA|[o̞j]}} (diphthongs can better be transcribed using the IPA non-syllabic diacritic under {{IPA|[i]}} instead of the approximant {{IPA|[j]}}).
The Greek letters <β> and <δ> are pronounced {{IPA|[v]}} and {{IPA|[ð]}} respectively. The letter <γ> is generally pronounced {{IPA|[ɣ]}}, but before the mid or close front vowels, it is pronounced {{IPA|[ʝ]}} (or {{IPA|[ʑ]}} and {{IPA|[ʒ]}} in some dialects, notably those of Crete and the Mani). Μoreover, before the mid or close back vowels, tends to be pronounced further back than a prototypical velar, between a velar {{IPA|[ɣ]}} and an uvular {{IPA|[ɢ]}} (transcribed {{IPA|[ɣ̄]}}).
The letters <θ>, <φ> and <χ> are pronounced {{IPA|[θ]}}, {{IPA|[f]}} and {{IPA|[x]}} respectively. The letter <χ>, before mid or close front vowels, is pronounced {{IPA|[ç]}} (or {{IPA|[ɕ]}} and {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in some dialects, notably those of Crete and the Mani) and before the mid or close back vowels, tends to be pronounced as a postvelar {{IPA|[x̱]}}. The letter <ξ> stands for {{IPA|[k͡s]}} and <ψ> stands for {{IPA|[p͡s]}}. The digraphs <γγ> and <γκ> are generally pronounced {{IPA|[ɡ]}} in everyday speech, but are pronounced {{IPA|[ɟ]}} before the front vowels {{IPA|[e̞]}} and {{IPA|[i]}} and tend to be pronounced {{IPA|[ɡ̄]}} before the back {{IPA|[o̞]}} and {{IPA|[u]}}. When these digraphs are preceded by a vowel, they are pronounced {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}} in formal speech ({{IPA|[ɲɟ]}} before the front vowels {{IPA|[e̞]}} and {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[ŋ̄ɡ̄]}} before the back {{IPA|[o̞]}} and {{IPA|[u]}}). The digraph <γγ> may be pronounced {{IPA|[ŋɣ]}} in some words ({{IPA|[ɲʝ]}} before front vowels and {{IPA|[ŋ̄ɣ̄]}} before back ones). The pronunciation {{IPA|[ŋk]}} for the digraph <γκ> is extremely rare, but could be heard in literary and scholarly words or when reading ancient texts (by a few readers); whereas retains its "original" pronunciation {{IPA|[ŋk]}} only in the trigraph <γκτ> where <τ> prevents the sonorization of <κ> by <γ> (hence {{IPA|[ŋkt]}}).
==Grammar==
{{main|Modern Greek grammar}}
Modern Greek is still largely a [[synthetic language]]. It is one of the few Indo-European languages that has retained a synthetic [[passive voice|passive]]. Noticeable changes in grammar (compared to classical Greek) include the loss of the [[dative case]], the [[optative mood]], the [[infinitive]], the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual number]], and the [[participle]]s (except the past participle); the adoption of the [[gerund]]; the reduction in the number of noun [[declension]]s, and the number of distinct forms in each declension; the adoption of the [[modal particle]] ''{{polytonic|θα}}'' (a contraction of ''{{Polytonic|ἐθέλω ἵνα}}'' > ''{{polytonic|θέλω να}}'' > ''{{polytonic|θε' να}}'' > ''{{polytonic|θα}}'') to denote future and conditional tenses; the introduction of [[auxiliary verb]] forms for certain tenses; the extension to the future tense of the aspectual distinction between present/imperfect and aorist; the loss of the third person imperative, and the simplification of the system of grammatical prefixes, such as [[augment (linguistics)|augmentation]] and [[reduplication]]. Some of these features are shared with other languages spoken in the Balkan peninsula (see [[Balkan linguistic union]]), although not others, such as the postposed article.
Because of the influence of Katharevousa, however, Demotic is not commonly used in its purest form, and [[archaism]]s are still widely used, especially in writing and in more formal speech, as well as in some everyday expressions, such as the dative {{polytonic|εντάξει}} ('OK', literally 'in order') or the third person imperative {{polytonic|ζήτω}}! ('long live!').
==Examples==
===Some common words and phrases===
*Greek (man): <Έλληνας> [{{IPA|ˈe̞liˌnas}}].
*Greek (woman): <Ελληνίδα> [{{IPA|ˌe̞liˈniða}}].
*Greek (language): <Ελληνικά> [{{IPA|e̞ˌliniˈka}}].
*good morning: <καλημέρα> [{{IPA|ˌkaliˈme̞ra}}].
*good evening: <καλησπέρα> [{{IPA|ˌkaliˈspe̞ra}}].
*good night: <καληνύχτα> [{{IPA|ˌkaliˈnixta}}].
*good-bye: <χαίρετε> [{{IPA|ˈçe̞re̞ˌte̞}}] (formal); <αντίο> [{{IPA|aˈdiˌo̞}}] (semi-formal); <γεια σου> [{{IPA|ˈʝasu}}] or <γεια σας> [{{IPA|ˈʝa-sas}}] (informal).
*please: <παρακαλώ> [{{IPA|paˌrakaˈlo̞}}].
*sorry: <συγγνώμη> [{{IPA|siˈɣno̞mi}}].
*thank you: <ευχαριστώ> [{{IPA|e̞fˌxariˈsto̞}}].
*that: <αυτό> [{{IPA|afˈto̞}}], <(ε)κείνο> [{{IPA|(e̞)ˈcino̞}}].
*this: <αυτό> [{{IPA|afˈto̞}}], <(ε)τούτο> [{{IPA|(e̞)ˈtuto̞}}].
*yes: <ναι> [{{IPA|ne̞}}].
*no: <όχι> [{{IPA|ˈo̞çi}}].
*generic toast: <εις υγείαν!> [{{IPA|ˌis iˈʝiˌan}}] (literally "to health") or more colloquially: <γεια μας!> [{{IPA|'ʝa-mas}}] (literally "our health").
*juice: <χυμός> [{{IPA|çiˈmo̞s̠}}].
*water: <νερό> [{{IPA|ne̞ˈro̞}}].
*wine: <κρασί> [{{IPA|kraˈsi}}].
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
{{Wikibooks}}
*{{cite book
| last = Ανδριώτης (Andriotis)
| first = Νικόλαος Π. (Nikolaos P.)
| year = 1995
| origyear=
| title = Ιστορία της ελληνικής γλώσσας: (τέσσερις μελέτες) (History of the Greek language: four studies)
| publisher = Ίδρυμα Τριανταφυλλίδη
| location = Θεσσαλονίκη ([[Thessaloniki]])
| id = ISBN 960-231-058-8
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Vitti
| first = Mario
| year = 2001
| origyear=
| title = Storia della letteratura neogreca
| publisher = Carocci
| location = Roma
| id = ISBN 88-430-1680-6
}}
==External links==
*[http://www.greek-language.gr/ Portal for the Greek Language (modern & ancient)]
*[http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/georgakas/index.html Greek-English Dictionary Georgacas for Modern Greek Literature]
*[http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/triantafyllides/index.html Triantafyllides Dictionary for Modern Greek]
*[http://kypros.org/LearnGreek/ Greek online course "Greek by Radio" from Cyprus radio broadcasting CyBC in English, 105 lessons with Real audio files]
* [http://www.czudovo.info/list.php?what=1&ln=el&in=from_en English-Greek Dictionary (Modern Greek)]
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